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Lecture 12011

This document provides an overview of the CE 374K Hydrology course, including a summary of the syllabus, hydrology as both a science and profession, the hydrologic cycle, and some key properties of water. It discusses how hydrology studies the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of Earth's water, and how hydrologists work in water use, control, and pollution management. Global water balance data is presented showing precipitation, evaporation, outflow and storage quantities.

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Kuba
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55 views13 pages

Lecture 12011

This document provides an overview of the CE 374K Hydrology course, including a summary of the syllabus, hydrology as both a science and profession, the hydrologic cycle, and some key properties of water. It discusses how hydrology studies the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of Earth's water, and how hydrologists work in water use, control, and pollution management. Global water balance data is presented showing precipitation, evaporation, outflow and storage quantities.

Uploaded by

Kuba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 374K Hydrology – Lecture 1

• Syllabus, sequence of topics


• Hydrology as a science and as a profession
• Hydrologic cycle and world water balance
• Water as a physical substance
• Water data sharing (separate Powerpoint presentation)
Readings:
• For today – Applied Hydrology and Chapter 1
• For Thursday, Applied Hydrology, Sections 2.1 and 2.2
Hydrology as a Science
• “Hydrology is the science that
treats the waters of the earth, their
occurrence, circulation and
distribution, their chemical and
physical properties, and their
reaction with their environment,
including their relation to living
things. The domain of hydrology
embraces the full life history of
The “Blue Book”
water on the earth”
From “Opportunities in Hydrologic Science”, National Academies Press, 1992
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=1543
Has this definition evolved in recent years? Are new issues important?
Hydrology as a Profession
• A profession is a “calling requiring specialized
knowledge, which has as its prime purpose the
rendering of a public service”
• What hydrologists do:
– Water use – water withdrawal and instream
uses
– Water Control – flood and drought mitigation
– Pollution Control – point and nonpoint sources

Have these functions changed in recent years? Are priorities different now?
Hydrologic Cycle
Global water balance (volumetric)
Units are in volume per year relative to precipitation on
land (119,000 km3/yr) which is 100 units

Precipitation Atmospheric moisture flow Precipitation Evaporation


100 39 385 424

Evaporation
61
Surface Outflow
38

Land (148.7 km2) Ocean (361.3 km2)


(29% of earth area) Subsurface Outflow (71% of earth area)
1

What conclusions can we draw from these data?


Digital Atlas of the World Water Balance
(Precipitation)

http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishyd98/atlas/world.htm#animations
Global water balance
Precipitation Atmospheric moisture flow Precipitation Evaporation
800 mm (31 in) 316 mm (12 in) 1270 mm (50 in) 1400 mm (55 in)

Evaporation
480 mm (19 in)
Outflow
320 mm (12 in)

Land (148.7 km2) (Values relative to land Ocean (361.3 km2)


(29% of earth area) area) (71% of earth area)

What conclusions can we draw from these data?

Applied Hydrology, Table 1.1.2, p.5


Global Water Resources
105,000 km3 or
0.0076% of total
water
Residence Time
Residence time:
Average travel time for water to pass through a subsystem of the
hydrologic cycle

Tr = S/Q
Storage/flow rate

Residence time of global atmospheric moisture (Ex. 1.1.1)


Volume (storage) of atmospheric water: 12,900 km3
Flow rate of moisture from the atmosphere as precipitation = 577,000 km3/yr
Tr = 12,900/577,000 = 0.022 yr = 8.2 days

One reason why weather cannot be forecast accurately more than a few days
ahead!
Water Molecule
• Electrons desired
– “s” shell – 2
– “p” shell – 8
– Total – 10
• Electrons available:
– Hydrogen H1 – 1
– Oxygen O16 – 8
– For H2O – 10

http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/SDgraphics/PSgraphics/SD.PS.LG.Water.html
Polar Bonding
• 10 – 50 times weaker
than covalent bonds
between atoms in a
molecule
• Water as a solvent
--more substances
dissolve in greater
quantities in water
http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hbond.html
than in any other
liquid
Water Density
• Water as a solid (ice)
is less dense than it is
as a liquid
• Maximum density is
at 4°C

http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/aboutwater.html

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