Wrought Metal Alloys

WROUGHT METAL ALLOYS
 Wrought metal—A metal that has been

plastically deformed to alter the shape of the
structure and certain mechanical properties,
such as strength, hardness, and ductility.
 Because of plastic deformation, the
microstructure of an alloy is altered and the
alloy exhibits properties that are different
from those it had in the as-cast state.
 The most significant changes are its
proportional limit and ductility
The applications of wrought metals in
dentistry include:
1. Orthodontic wires,
2. Clasps for removable partial dentures,
3. Direct -filling gold,
4. Root canal files and reamers,
5. Preformed crowns in pediatric dentistry,
6. Surgical instruments.
CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS
1. Point defects.- When lattice positions
have missing atoms, displaced atoms or
extra atoms,
2. Line Defect (Dislocations):- the atomic
arrangement is regular except for the
single vertical plane of atoms that is
discontinuous.
The edge dislocation (symbolized by ⊥) is
located at the edge of the half plane.
Point defects:
A. Vacancy.
B. Divacancy (two missing atoms).
C. Interstitial (extra atom). Different colors are
used to show that the atoms have been
distorted by adapting to the space available.
Line Defect (Dislocations)
A. An edge dislocation in a schematic cubic crystal
structure.
B. The dislocation has moved one interatomic distance
along the slip plane under the action of the shearing
force indicated by the arrows.
C. The dislocation has reached the edge of the crystal,
and a unit amount of slip has been produced.
TYPES OF STAINLESS STEELS
 When approximately 12% to 30% chromium
by weight is added to carbon steel, the alloy
is commonly known as stainless steel.
 Chromium forms a very thin, transparent,
adherent layer of Cr2O through a process
called passivation, which provides a barrier
to diffusion of oxygen and other corrosive
species and it prevents further corrosion of
the underlying alloy.
 There are three major types of stainless
steels.
1) Ferritic Stainless Steels
2) Martensitic Stainless Steels
3) Austenitic Stainless Steels
1. Ferritic Stainless Steels
 These alloys provide good corrosion
resistance at a low cost when high
strength is not required.
 They cannot be hardened by heat
treatment or readily work-hardened.
 Consequently they have little
application in dentistry.
2. Martensitic Stainless Steels
 These alloys can be heat-treated in the same
manner as plain carbon steels, with similar
results.
 Because of their high yield strength and
hardness, martensitic stainless steels are used
for surgical and cutting instruments.
 The austenitic stainless steels are the most
corrosion-resistant of the three major types and
are the stainless steels used for orthodontic
wires, endodontic instruments, and crowns in
pediatric dentistry.
3. Austenitic Stainless Steels
 The addition of 8% nickel by weight, to the iron-
chromium-carbon composition which contains 18%
chromium stabilizes gives 18-8 stainless steel, and is
the most commonly used alloy for orthodontic
stainless steel wires and bands.
 Austenitic stainless steel is preferable for dental
applications because it has the following properties:
 Greater ductility and ability to undergo more cold work
without fracturing
 Substantial strengthening during cold working
 Greater ease of welding
 Ability to overcome sensitization
 Less critical grain growth
EFFECTS OF ANNEALING WROUGHT
METAL:
 The effects associated with plastic
deformation (e.g., strain hardening,
decreased ductility, distorted grains,
and increased dislocation density) can
be reversed by simply heating the
metal to an appropriate elevated
temperature without melting it. This
process is called annealing
 The mechanical properties that enable
orthodontic wires to move the teeth to a more
desirable alignment are the force the wire
delivers and the working range.
 Consequently, the practical working range is
considered to be the elastic strain at the yield
strength (YS) of the wire, which is termed
springback that is defined as YS/E.
 The mechanical principles described here also
apply to the design of retentive clasps and root
canal files and reamers.
Annealing in three successive stages:
1. recovery,
2. recrystallization, and
3. grain growth.
 The more severe the degree of cold working, the

more rapidly the effects can be reversed by
annealing.
 Also the higher the melting point of the metal, the
higher the temperature needed for annealing.
 A rule of thumb is to use a temperature that is
approximately half the melting point on the absolute
temperature scale.
1. RECOVERY
 Heating increases atom diffusion.
 At the recovery stage, the results of cold
working begin to disappear, but not significantly.
 There is a very slight decrease in tensile
strength and no change in ductility during the
recovery stage, which reduces the number of
dislocations, and relieves internal strain energy
resulting from cold working.
 It is essential that this heat treatment be performed
in the recovery temperature range and not at higher
temperatures where recrystallization occurs.
2. RECRYSTALLIZATION
 When cold-worked metal specimens are annealed,
recrystallization occurs after the recovery stage.
 This process involves a radical change in the
microstructure,
 The atoms at this stage are rearranged into a lower
energy configuration.
 The old, deformed grains disappear completely and a
new structure of strain-free grains with a lower density
of grain boundary per volume emerges.
 After completion of recrystallization, the metal retains
microstructures resembling that before cold-work and
essentially attains its original soft, ductile condition
3. Grain Growth:
 When the cold-worked metal is annealed at an
elevated temperature, the grain size increases
 This increase is called grain growth, which is a
process by which the grain boundary area is
minimized; large grains grow at the expense of small
grains.
 Grain growth does not proceed indefinitely to yield a
single crystal; rather, it ceases after a relatively coarse
grain structure has been produced
 For example, with a sufficiently large grain size in a dental
appliance of small cross-sectional thickness, shear stress
results in a low proportional limit and a substantial amount of
local permanent deformation
NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS:
 A wrought nickel-titanium orthodontic wire alloy
known as Nitinol was introduced commercially
during the 1970s.
 This wire alloy is noted for its much lower elastic
modulus and much wider elastic working range than
those of stainless steel and Co-Cr-Ni wires.
 The alloy name “Nitinol” originally came from the
two elements nickel (Ni) and titanium (Ti) and the
Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) where these
alloys were developed.
 The nickel-titanium alloys used in dentistry contains
55% nickel and 45% titanium by weight.
SUPERELASTICITY AND SHAPE MEMORY OF
NITINOL
 Tooth movement can be achieved by this property of
Nitinol.
 The shape of the appliance, such as an orthodontic
arch wire, is first established when the alloy is heated
at a temperature near 480 °C to stabilize austenitic
structure.
 When it is cooled to room temperature, it converts to
the twinned martensitic phase and retains its shape.
 The appliance is then reshaped at room temperature
by the clinician; the martensitic structure becomes
detwinned because of the stress induced by plastic
deformation.
 When it is placed into brackets bonded to
malpositioned teeth, exposure of the wire to
the body temperature will promote the
detwinned (deformed) martensitic structure
to revert back to the austenitic structure and
it regains its shape established near 480 °C,
allows for further tooth movement.
 This phenomenon is called shape memory
Other wrought metal alloys:
 Direct filling gold
is supplied in three basic forms:
foil (also known as fibrous gold),
electrolytic precipitate (also called crystalline gold)
granular gold (also called powdered gold). They can
all be cold welded.
 BETA-TITANIUM ALLOYS
 NICKEL-TITANIUM ENDODONTIC
INSTRUMENTS

Wrought Metal Alloys

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wrought Metal Alloys

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wrought Metal Alloys

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WROUGHT METAL ALLOYS

 Wrought metal—A metal that has been

 The more severe the degree of cold working, the

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.