Second Language Acquisition

Second Language
Acquisition
DAVID DWI SENJAYA ODYSSEY MIRZA G M
MOHAMAD HARIZA SOFIA LATHIFAH Y A
RIZKY ALLIVIA L H YANUAR LUHUR K
Overview
 Second-language acquisition (SLA) is the process by which people learn

a second language.
 A person's second language or L2 is a language that is not the native language of
the speaker, but that is used in the locale of that person. The fundamental idea is
different to foreign language
Father tongue", "Mother tongue",

Foreign language is a language that
"Native speaker", and "Native
is learned in an area where that
tongue" redirect here. For the
language has no presence or is not
theory that proposes that humans
commonly spoken by the
tend to speak their fathers' language
community as a whole
Criteria on Learning SLA
 A. Personality “The way people view themselves and reveal

themselves in communication.
 B. Learning SLA often intertwined with second culture.
 C. gaining further insight in utilizing many facilitative sources and
resource in process.
 D. communicative competence
Criteria for Viable Theory
 according to Diane Larsen-Freeman(1977) SLA is much dynamic,

complex, nonlinear system.
Larsen-Freeman (1997) has wrote that there are several lessons from chaos
theory in order to design SLA theories and achieving adequacy
1. Beware of false dichotomie

2. Beware of linear, causal approaches to theorizing
3. Beware of overgeneralization
4. Beware of reductionist thingking
Michael Long (1990) also provides theory for a comprehensive theory of SLA.
1. Covering for Universals.

2. Covering environmental factor
3. Covering for variability in age, acquisition rate, and proficiency level
4. Explain both cognitive and affective factors
5. Covering for form focused learning.
6. Covering for other variable
7. Covering for cognitive/innate factors which explain interlanguage systemically
8. Recognize that acquisition is not a steady accumulation of generalizations.

Hot Topics in SLA Research
Awareness
Explicit and implicit Input and output

learning
Frequency
Explicit and Implicit Learning
 Definition  The distinction
 Explicit learning definition: Explicit learning involves conscious
“explicit learning is input processing to find out awareness and intention.
whether the input information contains regularities
and, if so, to work out the concepts and rules Implicit learning is the learning
which these regularities can be captured.” without conscious attention or
Hulstijn (2005, p. 131) awareness.
 Implicit learning definition:

“implicit learning occurs without intention to learn
and without awareness of what has been learned.”
John Williams (2005, p. 269)
Input and Output
Input Output
Reading Listening Writing Speaking

KRASHEN’S INPUT
HYPOTHESIS
Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
Language acquisition is an subconscious process and intuitive process developed

through using language meaningfully.nit is the only way competence in a second
language can develop.
Language learning is consciously learning or discovering rules about a language.

Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
There are two independent system of second language performance
Acquisition Learning
A subconscious process and intuitive process Consciously learning or discovering rules

developed through using language about a language (formal learning).
meaningfully. A product of subconscious
processes very similar to the prosses children
undergoes when they acquire their first language  Formal situations
 Depends on aptitude
 Needs natural communication in the target  Uses grammatical ‘’rules’
language
 Informal situations
 Depends on attitude
 Uses grammatical ‘feel’
The Monitor Hypothesis
 Acquisition has the central role

 Learning functions as a monitor
 3 conditions needed to use monitor
 Time
 Focus on form
 Know the rule
 When monitor is not used, errors are natural.
Natural Order Hypothesis
Natural order is found in both language acquisition

by children and adults alike. In case of L2, natural
order exist regardless of acquirers’ L1. later findings
show that this hypothesis is valid for other language.
Input Hypothesis
 An important condition for language to occur is that the

acquirer understand (hearing or reading) input language
that contains structure ‘a bit beyond’ his or her current
level of competence.
 Speechwill be emerge once acquirer has built up enough
comprehensible input
Affective Filter Hypothesis
 Krashen has further claimed that the best

acquisition will occur in environments where
anxiety is low and defensiveness absent
 Krashen’s terms: low ‘affective filter’

Cognitive Model
 McLaughin’s Attention-Processing Model
Controlled Automatic
Focal Performance Based on Performance in a test
formal rule learning language
Peripheral Performance Based on Performance in

Implicit learning or communication situations
analogic learning
Table Information Processing

Controlled: capacity limited and temporary
Automatic: Permanent
Implicit and Explicit Models
 Explicit are the facts that the person knows about language and the ability to
articulate those facts in some way.
 Implicit Knowledge is information that is automatically and spontaneously used

in the language tasks. e.g(children implicitly learn phonological, syntactic,
semantic and pragmatic rules for language but do not access to an explenation,
explicitly, of those rules.)
 Automatic:
knowledge that can can be retrieved easily and quickly.
 Nonautomatic:
knowledge that takes time and effort to retrieve.
From Theory to Practice
 Excelling in the theories doesn’t mean we are good on practice, in the pursuit of
better theory there are many questions that may appear when we go down on
practice may appear on which method is best, there are some suggestions to start.
 A. Play both the believing game and doubting game.

 B. Appreciate the art and science of SLA.
 C. trust (to some extent) your intuition.

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Second Language

 Second-language acquisition (SLA) is the process by which people learn

Father tongue", "Mother tongue",

 A. Personality “The way people view themselves and reveal

 according to Diane Larsen-Freeman(1977) SLA is much dynamic,

1. Beware of false dichotomie

1. Covering for Universals.

8. Recognize that acquisition is not a steady accumulation of generalizations.

Explicit and implicit Input and output

 Implicit learning definition:

Reading Listening Writing Speaking

Language acquisition is an subconscious process and intuitive process developed

Language learning is consciously learning or discovering rules about a language.

A subconscious process and intuitive process Consciously learning or discovering rules

 Acquisition has the central role

Natural order is found in both language acquisition

 An important condition for language to occur is that the

 Krashen has further claimed that the best

 Krashen’s terms: low ‘affective filter’

Peripheral Performance Based on Performance in

Table Information Processing

 Implicit Knowledge is information that is automatically and spontaneously used

 A. Play both the believing game and doubting game.

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