Research

Factors that influence the selection of the

Problem
• Availability of data
• Time Constraint
• Funds
• Capability of the researcher
• Attitudes and interest of the researcher
• Interest of the sponsor or the benefactor
• Importance of the issues involved
• Recency of such issues
• Cooperation of others
• Facilities and equipment
The title of the investigation
• It summarizes the content of the entire
study
• It is a frame or reference of the whole
study.
• It enables the researcher (you) to claim
the study as his/her (your) own.
• It helps other researchers to refer to it
(your work) as they survey some theories
themselves.
 Parts of the research report

Chapter 1 – The Problem and Review of Literature

Chapter 2 – Methodology

Chapter 3 – Results and Analyses

Chapter 4 – Summary , Conclusions and

Recommendations
Subtopics found in Chapter 1

• Background of the Study

• Review of Related Literature
• Theoretical Framework
• Conceptual Framework
• Research Paradigm
• Statement of the Problem
• Statement of Hypotheses
• Scope and Limitation of the Study
• Significance of the Study
• Definition of Terms
 The Background of the Study
• Statements in this part should not only
signify the importance but shall also cause
an impact to the reader.
• A research report is an objective report,
which shall deal only with the cold facts and
not with a literary piece.
• In this portion, one can give a personal
opinion but backed with statement of
persons or authority, documents or records.
 Review of Related Literature
• Demonstrates mastery of the literature in the field
• Presents pertinent research to acquaint the
reader with existing knowledge on the subject
• Discusses the study in relation to the current or
more recent literature
• Includes the discussion of the theoretical and
conceptual framework
• Provides the researcher with enough information
to achieve the goals of the research
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
A theoretical framework outlines the Theory on
which the research work being proposed or
carried out, is hinged. A theory is a body of
interrelated propositions that attempts to describe,
explain or predict a phenomenon. Oftentimes the
theory is not testable. It is built and verified through
a series of interrelated hypotheses that are
themselves directly testable.
• Is the study going to verify, test or investigate the validity
of an existing theory?
• Or is the study going to build and therefore espouse a
new theory?
Example 1.The study will attempt to
verify Engel’s Law in the context of
Butuanon culture in the Philippines.

(Engel’s Law in Economics states that the higher

is the income of the family, the lesser is the
percentage expenditure of the family on food as
a proportion of the total family income.)
This will verify the spectrum of an existing
theory.
Example No. 2: The study rests on the theory
that supervisory effectiveness is influenced
by the human resource management skills of
leader.
(This will attempt to establish a new theory that
will likewise be tested in actual operation. The
same elements comprising a theory may be used
in a study but the functional relationships among
the elements may be “new”. This will thus
generate another new theory that can be verified
through empirical means.)
 Theoretical Framework
• It is the basis the research problem.
• It explains the phenomena upon which the
investigation hopes to fill the vacuum in the
stream or knowledge.
• The reader may conclude at the end
whether the theoretical framework has been:
– fully supported
– partially supported or
– negated by empirical data.
 Conceptual Framework

• directs the research to focus on the

concepts and its observable indicators and
states which of the concepts will be
indicated independent, dependent and
intervening variables and the visible
indicators of these variables
• somehow has familiar functions with the
theoretical framework but uses more
specific or well-defined concepts
(constructs)
 Conceptual Framework
• a formal way of thinking (conceptualizing)
about process/system under study.
• A concept is an image or symbolic
representation of an abstract idea or
“complex mental formulation of experience”
(Chinn and Kramer, 1999)
• Concepts are the major components of
theory and convey the abstract ideas within
a theory” and further define the theory.
 Conceptual Framework

• Each concept creates a mental image,

which is explained further through the
conceptual definition. When researchers
use conceptual frameworks to guide their
studies, you can expect to find a system of
ideas, synthesized for the purpose of
organizing thinking and providing study
direction.
 Theoretical Framework and
Conceptual Framework

• The theoretical framework is based on

actual theory while the conceptual
framework is a creation of the author.
• Both are organized, logical and coherent
frameworks upon which the problems of
the study are based.
• Can perceive what the study is all about.
 Research Paradigm

- a diagrammatic presentation of the conceptual

framework which depicts in a more vivid way what
the conceptual framework wants to convey
- the detailed presentation of the variables to be
observed in the current study, the concepts
defined in a way the researcher wants
- is the operationalization of the variables
-concepts, the visible indicators, the scheme of
measuring the variables
 Research Paradigm

- provides the researcher the direction of the

research as well as basis for data analysis

- also known as operational framework since it

shows the very specific variables used in the
study

- the constructs in the theory or conceptual

framework used in the study
INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE/S
VARIABLE/S
(presumed or
(presumed
possible
result/s
cause/s
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE/S VARIABLE/S

INTERVENING
VARIABLE/S
INPUT OUTPUT/
PROCESS
PRODUCT
 Statement of the Problem
• This is one of the most important parts of a
research work.

• This is the focus of the study and all the

questions stated should be categorically
answered.
How can you make the problem specific?

• Read a lot.
• Define your interest.
• Continue reading the literature.
• What special aspects about your interest did
you gather? Can you identify some
variables?
How do you state the problem?

• Every research starts with (a) problem/s.

• At the start, the problem may be very broad.
which needs to be made specific or the
major problem may be broken into smaller,

limited ones.
 Question Form
• Example 1.

The study tries to find out the leadership skills of the middle managers.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the leadership skills of the middle managers of

the Manpower Corporation in terms of:
1.1 human relation;
1.2 technical;
1.3 administrative; and
1.4 institutional skills?
 What are the three levels of Inquiry?

• Level 1 : Questions that asked about topics that

the researcher has limited knowledge of
– Example:
• What Is the profile of the respondents in
terms of:
1.1 age
1.2 sex, and
1.3 educational attainment?
 What are the three levels of Inquiry?

• Level 2: Questions on relationship or effects of variables

– Example:
• Is there a relationship between long exposure to x-
rays and cancer among radiologists?
 What are the three levels of Inquiry?
• Level 3: Research questions which assume
relationship and effects and ask the “why” of the
results.
– This type of question involves more variables,
outcomes and predictions.
Example:
– To what extent do mental ability and home
environment factors influence learning of
students in Topology?
– How effective is the prediction on grades in
English when information on hours of study
habits and mental ability are known?
 What are the major types of Research
Questions?
• Dickoff (1968) says that there are four major
types of research questions and these are:

– Factor - isolating
– Factor - relating
– Situation - Relating
– Situation - Producing
Factor Isolating - the questions
generally starts with a “what”.
• Examples
• What are the problems faced by
AIDS victims?
• What are the different major
sources of stress met by school
administrators of XYZ University?
 FACTOR - RELATING

• These are two terms pervasively used in this

type of research question and these are:

• Relationships and effects. This question

seeks information on the relationship of
variables or effects of variables on other
variables.
Example:

• What is the relationship between the leadership skills and

levels of job satisfaction of the personnel in the company?
 Situation - Relating

• These are questions that involve the

results of the manipulation of the
variable on the other.

Examples :
• How will early diagnosis of breast cancer
affect the length of survival of patients?
• How will the NCAE results improve the
quality of college entrants in various
universities?
 Situation - Producing

• The questions establish explicit goals or

actions.
• They require development of plans under
which the goals may be achieved.
Examples
• What should be done to prevent post operative
vomiting?
• What plan of action may be proposed to improve the
work performance of the employees?
 Statement of Hypotheses
• These are predictions that are formed when making
deduction that cannot be fully validated at the time.
• It is a guess or inference that is formulated and
adapted to explain observed facts or conditions and
guide to further investigation.
a. Null hypothesis expresses that the relationship
among variables does not exist.
e.g. - There is no significant relationship between
CSAT results and academic performance
of students.
 Statement of Hypotheses
b. Alternative hypothesis is a statement of assumption
which is an expectation based on a theory. This form
is rarely used in quantitative but is often used in
qualitative researches.

e.g. - There is a significant difference between

CSAT results and academic performance
of students.
 Significance of the Study

• This part enhances the study or further describes the impact

of the study which is not contained in the background.

• It is not limited to simply an impact but also provides an

assumption of benefits
 Scope and Limitation

• Provides the extent of the study and the length of time

needed to accomplish the study

• Scope defines the quality and quantity of the subjects, time,

intervention, distance, location and other elements

• Limitations are the elements covered in the study but for a

cause, may have been excluded.
 Definition of Terms
• Can either be conceptual or operational

• Conceptual definitions come from dictionaries

and authoritative sources

• Operational definitions refer to how the term

is used in the study or how it is defined.
THANK
YOU