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    Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

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    CHALIE MEQU
    Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by bacteria. It is estimated to cause 60 million cases and half a million deaths annually worldwide, though widespread vaccination has reduced cases in developed countries by over 99%. The disease is most common and severe in children under 5 years old. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a characteristic cough with violent paroxysms and a "whooping" sound when inhaling. Vaccination is the primary prevention strategy.

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    Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

    Uploaded by

    CHALIE MEQU
    457 views14 pages
    Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by bacteria. It is estimated to cause 60 million cases and half a million deaths annually worldwide, though widespread vaccination has reduced cases in developed countries by over 99%. The disease is most common and severe in children under 5 years old. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a characteristic cough with violent paroxysms and a "whooping" sound when inhaling. Vaccination is the primary prevention strategy.

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    Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by bacteria. It is estimated to cause 60 million cases and half a million deaths annually worldwide, though widespread vaccination has reduced cases in developed countries by over 99%. The disease is most common and severe in children under 5 years old. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a characteristic cough with violent paroxysms and a "whooping" sound when inhaling. Vaccination is the primary prevention strategy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    457 views14 pages

    Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

    Uploaded by

    CHALIE MEQU
    Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by bacteria. It is estimated to cause 60 million cases and half a million deaths annually worldwide, though widespread vaccination has reduced cases in developed countries by over 99%. The disease is most common and severe in children under 5 years old. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a characteristic cough with violent paroxysms and a "whooping" sound when inhaling. Vaccination is the primary prevention strategy.

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    At a glance
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    Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis bacteria. It affects millions of people annually worldwide, especially children under 5 years of age. Vaccination has led to a significant decline in cases but it is still prevalent in developing countries with low vaccination coverage.

    Pertussis has three stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescence stages. The catarrhal stage presents with mild cough and cold-like symptoms. The paroxysmal stage is characterized by sudden bursts of repetitive coughing and post-tussive vomiting. The number and severity of attacks gradually decrease in the convalescence stage.

    Pertussis spreads through respiratory droplets. Bordetella pertussis attaches to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells and produces virulence factors like pertussis toxin and tracheal cytotoxin that damage epithelial cells and facilitate absorption of pertussis toxin.

    Pertussis (Whooping cough)

    Pertussis
    • An acute, highly contagious respiratory
    infection caused by Bordetella Pertussis,
    and Bordetella Parapertussis (in few
    countries)
    Epidemiology
    • ~60 million cases occur annually
    • ~half a million deaths
    • Wide spread use of vaccine led to >99%
    decline in cases
    • High incidence in developing countries is
    related to low vaccination coverage
    • Extremely contagious with attack rate as high
    as 100% in susceptible individuals
    Epidem…
    • In immunized individuals – after
    intense exposure, sub clinical infection
    is as high as 80%
    • Neither natural disease nor vaccination
    provide life-long immunity
    • Peak incidence in children 1-5 years
    • Immunity wanes 3-5 years after
    vaccination
    Transmission
    • By respiratory route via droplet spray
    Pathogenesis
    • B. pertussis is a tiny gram negative cocco-bacilli, which
    produces many biologically active substances
    • Attaches to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells
    • Expresses pertussis toxin (PT) as a major virulence
    protein
    • Tracheal cytotoxin, dermo-necrotic factor and
    demyelate cyclase are responsible for local epithelial
    damage and facilitate absorption of PT
    • PT causes lymphocytosis by re-routing lymphocytes to
    remain in the circulating blood pool
    Clinical Manifestations
    • Incubation period of 3-12 days
    • Three stages, each lasting two weeks:
    • Catarrhal, Paroxysmal and Convalescence
    stages
    • Catarrhal stage
    • Runny nose, sneezing, low grade fever
    • Mild occasional cough similar to common cold
    Clinical…
    • Paroxysmal stage
    • Sudden bursts of repetitive coughing, chin and
    chest held forward, tongue protruding, eyes
    bulging and watering, face purple and ending
    with a long inspiratory effort
    • Post-tussive vomiting and exhaustion common
    • Child appears normal between episodes
    • Attacks occur more frequently at night (15-24
    attacks/24 hours)
    Clinical…
    • Convalescence stage (Recovery)
    • Number, severity and duration of paroxysmal
    attacks decrease
    • Paradoxically in infants, with increase in
    strength, coughs and whoops become louder
    and more classic
    • Immunized children have shortening of all
    clinical stages
    Clinical…
    • Physical examination is generally
    uninformative
    • Diagnosis is by typical manifestation
    • Laboratory:
    • Leucocytosis
    • Culture from naso-pharyngeal lavage is
    confirmatory
    Clinical…
    • Complications
    • Apnea
    • Secondary infections (otitis media, pneumonia)
    • Increased intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal
    pressure during coughing can result in:
    - conjunctivae hemorrhage,
    - subcutaneous emphysema,
    - umbilical and inguinal hernia
    - petechia in the upper body, epistaxsis
    - CNS and retinal hemorrhage, pneumothorax
    Treatment
    • Goals:
    • Limit the number of paroxysms
    • Observe severity and life threatening situations
    to provide support
    • Maximize nutrition, rest and recovery
    • Prevent complications
    • Antibiotics - Erythromycin for 14 days
    • For potential clinical benefit
    • To limit spread of infection
    Treat…
    • Isolation for at least 5 days after
    initiation of antibiotics
    • Treatment of household and other
    contacts
    Prevention
    • Immunization

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