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    Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (HCP) : - ABAB... Stacking Sequence - 3D Projection - 2D Projection

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    Aaila Akhter

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    Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (HCP) : - ABAB... Stacking Sequence - 3D Projection - 2D Projection

    Uploaded by

    Aaila Akhter
    30 views7 pages

    Original Title

    Lecture 07 08.10.2020

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    30 views7 pages

    Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (HCP) : - ABAB... Stacking Sequence - 3D Projection - 2D Projection

    Uploaded by

    Aaila Akhter

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure

    (HCP)
    • ABAB... Stacking Sequence
    • 3D Projection • 2D Projection

    A sites Top layer


    c
    B sites Middle layer

    A sites Bottom layer


    a Adapted from Fig. 3.3(a),
    Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

    • Coordination # = 12 6 atoms/unit cell


    • APF = 0.74 ex: Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn
    • c/a = 1.633 1
    Theoretical Density, 

    Mass of Atoms in Unit Cell


    Density =  =
    Total Volume of Unit Cell

    nA
     =
    VC NA

    where n = number of atoms/unit cell


    A = atomic weight
    VC = Volume of unit cell = a3 for cubic
    NA = Avogadro’s number
    = 6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol

    2
    Theoretical Density, 
    • Ex: Cr (BCC)
    A = 52.00 g/mol
    R = 0.125 nm
    n = 2 atoms/unit cell
    R
    Adapted from
    a a = 4R/ 3 = 0.2887 nm
    Fig. 3.2(a), Callister &
    Rethwisch 3e.
    atoms
    g
    unit cell 2 52.00 theoretical = 7.18 g/cm3
    mol
    = actual = 7.19 g/cm3
    a3 6.022 x 1023
    volume atoms
    unit cell mol 3
    Atomic Bonding in Ceramics
    • Bonding:
    -- Can be ionic and/or covalent in character.
    -- % ionic character increases with difference in
    electronegativity of atoms.
    • Degree of ionic character may be large or small:
    CaF2: large
    SiC: small

    Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
    Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by
    Cornell University. 4
    Bond Hybridization
    Bond Hybridization is possible when there is significant
    covalent bonding
    – hybrid electron orbitals form
    – For example for SiC
    • XSi = 1.8 and XC = 2.5
    • Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding
     (X A X B )2 
     
    4
    
    % ionic character = 1 e 
    
       

    where XA & XB are Pauling electronegativities


    • 11.5 % ionic character
    
    • ~ 89% covalent bonding
    • Both Si and C prefer sp3 hybridization
    • Therefore, for SiC, Si atoms occupy tetrahedral sites 5
    Ceramic Crystal Structures
    Oxide structures
    – oxygen anions larger than metal cations
    – close packed oxygen in a lattice (usually FCC)
    – cations fit into interstitial sites among oxygen ions

    6
    Factors that Determine Crystal Structure
    1. Relative sizes of ions – Formation of stable structures:
    --maximize the # of oppositely charged ion neighbors.
    - - - - - -
    + + +
    Adapted from Fig. 3.4,
    Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
    - - - - - -
    unstable stable stable
    2. Maintenance of
    Charge Neutrality: F-
    CaF 2 : Ca 2+ +
    --Net charge in ceramic
    cation anions
    should be zero.
    --Reflected in chemical F-
    formula:
    A m Xp
    m, p values to achieve charge neutrality
    7

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