Chapter 16 Overview

The Rise of Totalitarianism 1919-1939

•Totalitarianism- governments total

control over citizens public and private
lives

This type of government was on the rise

during 1919-1939

Why do you think people were willing to

accept totalitarian leaders and
government?

•Chapter Objective-What political and

economic challenges did the Western Topics we will cover in Chapter 16:
World face in the 1920’s and 1930’s and Postwar Social Changes
how did carious countries react to these World Depression and problems with western democracies
challenges? Rise of Fascism in Italy All are
Rise of Stalinism in Russia totalitarian
Rise of Nazism in Germany governments
Rise of Militarism in Japan (chapter 15 section 5)
 Chapter 16 Section 1
Postwar Social Change
Objectives
• Analyze
how Western society changed after
World War I.
• Explainhow some people reacted against new
ideas and freedoms.
• Describe
the literary and artistic trends that
emerged in the 1920s.
• List
several new developments in modern
scientific thought.
 Terms and Places
• flapper – young woman who rejected the
moral values of the Victorian era in favor of
new, exciting freedoms
• Prohibition – a ban on the manufacture and
sale of alcoholic beverages in the United
States
• speakeasies – illegal bars where alcohol was
served during Prohibition
• Harlem Renaissance – African American
cultural awakening
 Terms and Places (continued)
• psychoanalysis – a method of studying how
the mind works and treating mental disorders
• abstract – a form of art composed of lines,
colors, and shapes, sometimes with no
recognizable subject
• dada – artistic movement that rejected all
traditional conventions
• surrealism – an art movement that attempted
to portray the workings of the unconscious mind
 What changes did Western
society and culture experience
after World War I?
Society and culture were shaken by the
experience of the war. This reaction occurred in
Europe, the United States, and many other parts
of the world.
In science, discoveries changed what people
understood. These shifts were mirrored in music,
literature, and the fine arts. The world had
changed, and the culture that existed before
World War I no longer seemed to fit this new
world.
 During the 1920s, new
technologies changed the way
people lived in the world.
• Affordable cars
These • Improved telephones
included:
• Motion pictures
• Radio

• Labor-savingdevices
These advances
such as washing
helped create a
machines and vacuum
mass culture.
cleaners
 Jazz emerged in the United
States in the 1920s.
• This new form of music combined
Western harmonies with African
rhythms.
• Nightclubs
and the sounds of jazz
became symbols of freedom.
• Jazzattracted young people who
rejected Victorian values. The 1920s
became known
Women enjoyed new opportunities.
• Asa result of their war work,
women in many Western
nations won the right to
vote.
• Morewoman worked outside
the home and more careers
opened up for women.
• Labor-saving
devices gave
women more leisure time.

French flappers • Flappers, who embraced

model jazz and new freedoms,
the new shorter became a symbol of rebellion
against Victorian values.
 Some people reacted against
new freedoms and ideas.
Many Americans Under Prohibition,
favored Prohibition. organized crime and
A constitutional speakeasies
amendment in 1919 flourished. The
banned alcohol. amendment was
repealed in 1933.

A rising Christian John T. Scopes was

fundamentalist convicted of breaking a
movement supported Tennessee law that
traditional values and banned teaching
ideas about the Bible. Darwin’s theories about
evolution.
 Postwar literature had a different
focus than Victorian writings.
• Wartime experiences led some authors to
portray the modern world as spiritually
barren. Writers such as Ernest
Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald were
dubbed the “lost generation.”
• Writers such as James Joyce and Virginia
Woolf experimented with “stream of
consciousness,” portraying the workings
of the inner mind without imposing logic
or order.
 Postwar literature had a different
focus than Victorian writings.
• African
American writers of the Harlem
Renaissance expressed pride in their
unique culture.
 New artistic movements rejected
realistic representation of the world.

•Abstract art focused on

lines and colors rather
than recognizable subjects.
•Dadaism sought to upset
traditional conventions by
using shocking images.
•Surrealism attempted to An abstract
painting by Russian
portray the inner workings artist Vasily
of the mind. Kandinsky
Scientific discoveries changed the
world and challenged some long-held
ideas.
• MarieCurie, Albert Einstein, and Enrico Fermi
increased understanding of the atom. Their work
would later lead to the development of atomic
energy and nuclear weapons.
• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first
antibiotic, which is used to combat many
diseases.
• Austrian
psychologist Sigmund Freud introduced
new theories about the unconscious mind. His use
of psychoanalysis changed perceptions of the
mind.
Scientific discoveries changed the
world and challenged some long-held
ideas.
•Austrian psychologist
Sigmund Freud
introduced new
theories about the
unconscious mind. His
use of
psychoanalysis
changed perceptions
of the mind.
 Summary
The trauma of World War I
propelled many people to change
the way they thought and acted
during the turbulent 1920s.

• Science,medicine, politics, art, music, and

architecture drove this evolution.
• At
the end of the 1920s, the “lost generation”
would face a new crisis in the form of a
worldwide economic depression.
 Today
• Announcements
• Go to the library to work on
totalitarian projects-YOU HAVE 30
MINUTES to work on them.
• Present countries
• Preview next week’s lesson
 Chapter 16 Section 2
Western Democracies
Between the Wars

Also see
your 16-2
book notes
for this
section
 Objectives
• Summarize the domestic and foreign
policy issues Europe faced after World
War I.
• Compare the postwar economic situations
in Britain, France, and the United States.
• Describehow the Great Depression
began and spread and how Britain,
France, and the United States tried to
address it.
 Terms and People
• Maginot Line – massive fortifications
built by France along its German border
• Kellogg-Briand Pact – an agreement
to renounce war as an instrument of
national policy
• disarmament – the reduction of armed
forces and weapons
• general strike – a strike by workers in
many different industries at the same
time
 Terms and People (continued)
• overproduction – the situation that
exists when production of goods
exceeds demand
• finance – management of money
matters
• FederalReserve – the central banking
system of the United States
• Great
Depression – a time of global
economic collapse
Terms and People (continued)

• Franklin D. Roosevelt –
elected President of the United
States in 1932
• New Deal – a massive package
of economic and social programs
introduced by FDR
What political and economic
challenges did the leading
democracies face in the
1920s and 1930s?
 Post WWI Problems
• Weak governments-democracies lacked
experience and people were frustrated
• Lack of _________________
• Desperate people
• ____________________
• US economic failure-The Great Depression
• Businesses go down ________________
 Unstable Democracies
• After WWI many European Governments were
weak and absolute rulers were overthrown.
• People had little experience in participating in a
democracy
• Temporary governments
(_____________governments) took over and could
not deal with-rebuilding and debt issues from
WWI.
• Frequent changes in government made it hard for
strong leadership to develop. This led to the
acceptance of strong leaders.
Coalition Government Issues/parties
• Labor Party-unions and reforms for Workers
• Socialist Party- make reforms and give out
relief for the poor
• Reparations Party-collect reparations from
Germany now
• Communist party-government take control
of all property and redistribute equally
• Peace Party-work together with other
nations. Lessen Treaty of Versailles rules.
Problems with the Weimar Republic
• Germany’s new _____________ post WWI
• No democratic tradition in Germany
• Millions of Germans blamed this government for
defeat in WWI and for signing the
_______________________
• _____________-the dollar value in Germany was
worthless. The Germans printed more money to
deal with reparations owed after WWI.
Post War Europe-Economic Problems
• Many countries did not raise
_____________ to pay for war
• Germany just printed more money to pay
for debts resulting in massive inflation.
Example- In Berlin, a loaf of bread cost less
than one mark in 1918, over 160 marks in
1922 and over 200 billion by 1923.
 U.S. Financial Collapse by 1929
• Un = distribution of wealth between rich and poor
• Overproduction by business and agriculture-
caused prices to go down
• Americans were buying less
• People could not pay off debts to banks
• Banks then failed with no money coming in
• Stock Market Crashed as companies and investors
were losing money
 Worldwide Depression
• American bankers demanded payment of
loans from other countries
• Investors withdrew their money from Europe
• People in Europe could not afford to buy
products due to unemployment
• Countries were still trying to pay for WWI
• High tariffs were imposed.
• Tariff-tax on imported goods.
 World Depression
• US financial collapse set off world depression
• Each country tries to solve their economic
problems
• Many countries maintain democracy but
make more socialistic reforms (example-New
Deal Programs in US)
• Other countries look to dictators to solve
their problems-Hitler, Mussolini
Three Democracy in
governmental Britain and
systems competed France
for influence in
postwar Europe.

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With the Great Depression and the difficulties
that faced the Western democracies, other
nations looked to fascist leaders for guidance.
 The Great Depression caused many people
to lose faith in the ability of democratic
governments to solve problems.

Some European
nations turned to
authoritarian leaders
who promised to
restore order and
prosperity.

Unemployed men in Britain take part in a

“hunger march.”
 Chapter 16 Section 2-Western Democracies Face Problems

Britain France US
•Was in good shape financially Germany
•Political parties fought •Government in France •Germans hated the
over supporting middle (Third Republic) was after the WWI
•Feared foreigners in their democratic Weimar
class business interests weak and plagued with Republic government
(Conservative Party) or political divisions and country especially from Russia
(Red Scare) People didn’t want for signing the Treaty of
workers rights (Labor financial scandals
immigrants bringing in Versailles
Party) •Had differing views
communist ideas due to the •Germany was forced to
•Massive strikes on how to get
communist revolution that pay reparations but
occurred-general strike Germany’s war struggled due to loss of
•Britain lost control of its reparations occurred in Russia
•Favored loosening restrictions land and colonies
colony Ireland-only the •Feared German •Inflation caused major
Northern part of Ireland invasion so they set up of Treaty of Versailles towards
Germany problems in Germany
remains part of the UK a series of forts on the and the value of their
•Favored loosening border called the •By 1929, US economic
prosperity collapsed due to: low money decreased
restrictions over Treaty of Maginot Line •The US helped
Versailles towards •Wanted strict demand and overproduction of
goods this leads to Germany recover their
Germany punishment of
unemployment (25%), stock money by sending $
Germany under the
market crashed, Federal 200 million dollars to
Treaty of Versailles
Reserve increased the interest them under the Dawes
rate making borrowing difficult, Plan
US banks stopped loaning •US made loans to
money, tariffs were raised and German businesses to
other countries responded by help spark the economy
Most countries post WWI: raising theirs, world trade
•Struggled economically
•Favored international peace and working together-
dropped which increased
Kellog-Briand was signed and countries agreed to unemployment world wide
renounce war to get what they wanted from other
countries and agreed to disarmament (reducing
their armies)
 Today-Objectives
• Recall concepts from section 1 and 2 by
playing Kahoot
• Understand how conditions post WWI led to
the rise of totalitarian governments
• Understand the principles of a totalitarian
government
• Create a fictional totalitarian country in
groups.
 Totalitarianism-total control of citizens public and private lives
• Totalitarian government started in Italy during the 1920’s and other countries followed
suit
• People accepted these governments because they promised help and a strong country
again when people were in the midst of suffering economic depression
• Democracies world wide were weak and people needed strong leadership

Totalitarian governments use six principles to control their citizens and maintain absolute
power:

____________________-use of fear and force to intimidate and control citizens

____________________ – brainwashing or using tactics to mind control citizens into believing the
leader/political party is the best

_____________________- use of advertisements or media to promote only good things about a leader
or party. Ex-billboards showing Hitler reading to children, books about Hitler’s heroics in WWI, radio
broadcasts about a leader or newspapers that only report good things about the government

_____________________-limiting information that people see through the media-newspapers, tv, radio,
internet, cell phones. You block access to differing opinions or other ways of life.

_____________________-discriminating or killing off of a religious group or, you allow no religion at all.
The leader and country must come above all else

_____________________-singling out one or more ethnic groups who do not match up with a supreme
race. Ex. The Jews in Nazi Germany were separated from society in Ghettos and eventually killed.
 Rise of Totalitarian Governments
• Dictators will take over in Italy, Germany, Russia
and Japan
• The rest of Chapter 16 explains how totalitarianism
rises in each country
• Italy-Fascism
• Germany-Nazism
• Russia-communism
• Japan-Militarism-control by the head of military
officials
Chapter 16 Section 3

Fascism in Italy
 Terms and People
• Benito Mussolini – Fascist leader of Italy
• Black Shirts – Fascist party militants
• March on Rome – a rally of tens of
thousands of Fascists who marched on
Rome in 1922 to demand government
changes
• totalitarian state – a one-party
dictatorship that regulates every aspect of
the lives of
its citizens
Terms and People (continued)

• fascism – any centralized,

authoritarian government that is not
communist whose policies glorify the
state over the individual
and are destructive to basic human
rights
How and why did
fascism rise in Italy?
 Fascism Rises in Europe
• Many people lost faith in democratic
governments during the world wide
depression
• People favored an extreme form of
government to take control and solve
problems
• Fascism-a new, militant political
movement that emphasized loyalty to
the state and obedience to its leader.
Characteristics of Fascism-Section 3
• Extreme nationalism
• Pledge loyalty to your leader
• Fascist wore uniforms of a certain color, had special salutes, held
mass rallies
• No belief in equality, every class had a purpose
• Most fascists were aristocrats and industrialists, war veterans
and lower middle class
• Government controls economy
• Government uses, censorship, indoctrination, and secret police
to keep control.
 Problems for Italy Post WWI
• Citizens were angry with treaty of Versailles-
wanted more territory in the Balkan region
but this went to make up Yugoslavia
• People felt like they fought in WWI for no
reason
• Unemployment was high
• Trade was low and the economy suffering
• Violence and strikes were breaking out
• Veterans of WWI were especially angry with
government
 Rise of Fascism

Italy
• Dictator Benito Mussolini created the first fascist
government (fascist party founded in 1919)
• The Italian democratic government was not solving the
countries problems-corruption rampant
• Benito Mussolini promised the people to rescue the
economy and make Italy strong.
• Mussolini began gathering follower(WWI vets and
middle class business men)
• Created the Fascist party-Latin for bundle of sticks
wrapped around an ax-means unity
 Rise of Fascism cont…
• Mussolini created the Black Shirts which
were party militants who used violence to
control parts of Italy
• Black shirts crushed political rallies,
destroyed press that they did not agree
with (socialist or leftist), rigged elections
and used fear and intimidation to control
people/elections
 Mussolini takes control
• October 1922 30,000 fascists marched on Rome
• King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge of
government in an attempt to save his position as the
monarch
• Mussolini “legally took power”
• Mussolini was call Il Duce meaning leader
• Took away democracy and outlawed all political parties
• Opponents were jailed
• Radio and newspapers were censored
• Economy was directed by him
by allying industrialists and land owners
Mussolini preserved capitalism,
but took control
of the state. He favored the
wealthy at the expense of the
workers. • Men were urged to be
selfless warriors fighting
To Fascists, for Italy.
• Women were pushed out
the
of paying jobs to bear
glorious
more children.
state was
all- • Childrenwere taught to
important. obey strict military
 For many in Italy, fascism
promised a strong stable
government and an end to the
political feuding.
Mussolini
projected a
Once Mussolini
sense of power
embarked on
and confidence
foreign conquest,
that was
Western
welcome amid
democracies
the disorder and
protested.
despair of
postwar Italy.
Propaganda Slogans

Believe! Obey! Fight!

“Win the battle of

motherhood!”

Women who had 14 or

more children were
personally awarded a
medal by Mussolini
 Fascists Communists
Pursued nationalist Worked for international
goals change
Supported a society Spoke of creating a
with defined classes classless society
Blind devotion to the Blind devotion to the
state state
Used terror for power Used terror for power
Flourished in Flourished in economic
economic hard times hard times
Rule by an elite Rule by an elite
 Summary
• Mussolini rose to power during a chaotic time in
Italy
• Citizens were angry over the treaty of Versailles
• Many revolutions occurred-communists, socialist
• Mussolini formed a party and had force through the
Black Shirts
• They were extreme nationalists who took over
Italian government by 1922.
• The King of Italy granted Mussolini the power b/c he
feared civil war if not
 The next totalitarian leader to
rise to power was Joseph Stalin…
 Hitler and Stalin, the rise of evil
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=HR5Sn_xz9HQ
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Chapter 16 Section 4
Objectives
• Describe the effects of Stalin’s five-
year plans.
• Explain how Stalin tried to control how
people thought in the Soviet Union.
• List communist changes to Soviet
society.
• Outline Soviet foreign policy under
Stalin.
 Terms and People

• command economy – an economy

in which government officials make
all basic economic decisions
• collectives– large farms owned and
operated by peasants as a group
• kulaks – wealthy farmers
• Gulag – brutal labor camp
Terms and People (continued)
• socialist realism – an attempt to show
Soviet life in a positive light and
promote hope in the communist future
• russification– making a nationality’s
culture more Russian
• atheism – the belief that there is no
god
• Comintern – a communist group
whose purpose was to encourage
worldwide revolution
 How did Stalin transform the
Soviet Union into a totalitarian
state?

After the death of Lenin in 1924, Stalin

began his plan to ruthlessly control the
Soviet Union and its people.

Through a series of five-year plans,

forced labor, and forced collectivization,
Stalin transformed the Russian
communist vision to that of a totalitarian
state.
 The Soviet Union under Stalin
became a totalitarian state
controlled by a powerful and
complex bureaucracy.
• Build
up heavy
In 1928, he
industry
imposed the first
of several “five- • Improve
year plans” to: transportation
• Increase farm
output
 Stalin increased government control

By bringing all economic activity

under government control, Stalin
created a command economy.

By contrast, in a capitalist system, the

free market determines most
economic decisions.
 Between 1928 and 1939, the
Soviet Union experienced
tremendous growth in industry.
The government:

• Built large factories • Improved oil, coal,

and steel
• Built
hydroelectric production
power stations
• Expanded mining
• Created huge
industrial • Built new railroads
complexes
 Although Stalin’s five-year plans
built industry, overall the standard
of living remained low.
• Consumer products
Central planning
were scarce.
was often
inefficient, • Wages were low.
causing • Workers were
shortages forbidden to strike.
in some areas
• Workers’
and surpluses in
others. movements were
restricted.
 Stalin also brought
agriculture under his control,
but at a terrible cost.
• Leninhad allowed peasants to keep
small plots of land.
• Under Stalin, peasants had to farm on
state-owned collectives. They kept
their houses and belongings, but the
livestock and tools belonged to the
state.
• Thestate set prices and controlled
supplies.
The peasants rebelled, causing
Stalin to respond with brutal
force.
• He believed the kulaks, wealthy
farmers, were responsible for the
resistance.
• He tried to eliminate the kulaks by
taking their land and sending them
to labor camps.
• Thousands were killed or died during
this purge.
 The government’s efforts to
eliminate peasant resistance led to
the Terror Famine of 1932.

Peasants The government

resisted Stalin’s seized all of the
policies by grain to meet
growing only industrial standards,
enough grain to leaving the peasants
feed themselves. to starve.

Between five and eight million

people died in the Ukraine alone.
Under Stalin, the Communist party
used secret police, torture, and
violent purges to
ensure obedience.
• Police spies opened private letters.
• There was no free press.
• Protests were forbidden.
• Critics
were sent to the Gulag, a
system of brutal labor camps.
Even then, Stalin was still fearful that a
rival party was plotting against him.
 In 1934, Stalin launched the
Great Purge.
He targeted former He staged a
Communist army series
heroes, industrial of spectacular
managers, writers, “show trials”
to force false
and ordinary confessions.
citizens.

At least four million people were

purged between 1934 and 1938.
Stalin used terror and Gulag labor
camps to control the huge,
multinational Soviet Union.
Stalin tightened his
grip on power.
Soviet citizens
learned the
consequences of
questioning Stalin.

But the purges

deprived the Soviet
Union of many
The Soviet Union, industrial experts,
1928–1941 writers, thinkers,
Stalin used propaganda to appear
like a god and build a “cult of
personality” around himself.
Radios,
loudspeakers,
newspapers,
and billboards
bombarded
citizens with
stories of
communist
successes and
The title below this poster reads: Understanding the
capitalist evils.
Leadership of Stalin - Come Forward With Communism.
 The Soviet government tightly
controlled the arts.
• Thegovernment censored books, music,
and art.
• Stalinrequired artists and writers to
follow the style of socialist realism. Its
goal was to present Soviet life in a
positive light and project hopeful visions
of the communist future.
• Writers,artists, and musicians who failed
to conform faced government
persecution.
 Stalin controlled the culture by
promoting russification and
declaring war on religion.
• Although many Soviet republics were not
Russian, Stalin ordered that the Russian
language had to be used in all schools
and businesses.
• Russians were appointed to high-ranking
positions in non-Russian republics.
• Catholic, Jewish, and Islamic teachings
were suppressed. Atheism became an
official state policy.
 Stalin created a society where a
few elite groups emerged as a new
ruling class.
Elite General Population

The elite had The general population had

privileges some privileges they did not
unavailable to the have before communism.
rest of the
population. Their children attended free
Communist schools and
They lived in the participated in sports,
best apartments cultural activities, and
and shopped in political classes.
special stores.
 • Free medical care
The Soviet
state provided • Free day care
other benefits
• Inexpensive
to the general
population. housing
• Public recreation
In addition, women gained access to
education and a wide range of jobs.
Despite some benefits, most people still
had inadequate food and housing.
 Summary
• Stalin took power in Russia in 1924.
• He reversed Lenin’s New Economic Policy and the state
created a Command Economy.
• Industrial production was massively boosted under the 5
year plan
• Many peopled starved though due to collectivization-5-8
million people
• Stalin used terror and persecuted people-kulaks, Jews, Old
Bolsheviks under Lenin
• Stalin took over all public and private life-religion, schooling,
art, jobs
 Today
• Quick review from yesterday-Kahoot
• Cover Hitler’s rise in Germany
• Play the Hitler Stalin Video-write down 10 interesting
similarities between the two
Tomorrow
• Review Hitler/Stalin’s rise to power
• Cover Japan’s rise to power
• Go over study guide questions
• Play a game
• Finish Hitler/Stalin Video
 Section 4
Hitler and the Rise
of Nazism
 Terms and People

• chancellor – prime minister

• Ruhr Valley – a coal-rich valley where German
workers protested French occupation
• Third Reich – official name of the Nazi party
for its regime in Germany; held power from
1933 to 1945
• Gestapo – Hitler’s secret police
• Nuremberg Laws – laws designed by Hitler to
deprive Jews of German citizenship by placing
severe restrictions on them
How did Hitler and the Nazi
party establish and maintain a
totalitarian government
in Germany?
 Nazism
• Nazism is a Fascist type of
government
• Hitler borrowed Mussolini’s ideas
and created his own form of fascism
based on his political party
 Moderate German leaders created
the Weimar Republic, a democratic
government, in 1919.

The Weimar Republic had:

•A Chancellor, or prime minister
•A constitution
•A parliamentary system
•A bill of rights
•A provision allowing women to vote
 The Weimar government came
under wide attack.

Communists Conservatives
demanded attacked the
radical government
changes. as too liberal.

Germans of all classes hated the Versailles

treaty, which the Weimar government had
signed.
The German people looked for scapegoats
for their troubles. Many blamed German
Jewish people.
In 1923, economic disaster fed
the unrest.
• Germanyfell behind in reparation
payments, so France occupied the Ruhr
Valley.
• When workers in the Ruhr refused to work,
the German government continued to pay
them by printing huge quantities of money.
• Inflation
spiraled out of control and the
German mark became worthless.
• Many middle-class families saw their
Ruhr Valley in Germany-given to
France after WWI
 Hitler and Nazism

• After WWI Hitler joined a small right wing political

group
• The group later became known as the National Socialist
German Worker’s Party or the Nazi Party
• The Nazi’s adopted the swastika or hooked cross
symbol and set up a brown shirt army
• Hitler became leader of the party.
• The Nazi’s tried to seize power of Germany in 1923 and
failed
• They were arrested and jailed.
• In jail Hitler wrote his book Mein Kampf meaning (My
Struggle)
 Mein Kampf

• Germans or “Aryans” were a “master race”

• Declared non-Aryans such as Jews, Slavs and
Gypsies were inferior
• He declared Germany was overcrowded and
needed more living space.
• He promised to regain German lands taken
away by the Treaty of Versailles and conquer
Eastern Europe and Russia.
 Rise of the Nazi’s
• Hitler leaves prison in 1924
• Germany’s President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler
Chancellor of Germany
• Once in power legally Hitler turned Germany into a
totalitarian state
• He banned all political parties besides the Nazi party
• The SS was created (Schutzaffel) a protection squad to take
out and spy on anyone against Hitler and the Nazis
• Gestapo was created the Nazi secret police
• Books that taught things against the Nazi party were
burned
• Churches were controlled
• School children had to join Nazi youth groups
• He made war on the Jewish people
Paul Von
Hindenburg
 Democracy in
Three Britain and
governmental France
systems
competed for
influence in
postwar Europe.

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With the Great Depression and the
difficulties that faced the Western
democracies, other nations looked to fascist
leaders for guidance.
 Other Countries fall to Fascism
•Spain, Hungary,
Poland and Yugoslavia
(Albania, Bulgaria,
Romania) all fell to
fascism
•Only one democracy
remained in Eastern Europe-
Czechoslovakia
•Countries with strong
democratic traditions
maintained democracy
through tough economic times
•Others fell to
dictatorships, stints of
communism and
autocracy
 Chapter 15 Section 5
Japanese Nationalism and
Militarism
Objectives
• Explain the effects of liberal changes
in Japan during the 1920s.
• Analyze how nationalists reacted to
Japan’s problems during the Great
Depression.
• Describe how the militarists embarked
on a course of aggressive overseas
expansion in the 1930s.
Terms and People

• Hirohito– the Japanese

emperor who reigned from
1926 to 1989
• ultranationalist– an
extreme nationalist
• Manchuria – a northern
Chinese province
 How did Japan change in
the 1920s and 1930s?
Japan used its strong economy to become an
imperialist nation, expanding into China and
Korea.
The 1920s were a period of liberal reforms
in Japan. By the 1930s, however, Japan
experienced a backlash against liberalism
due
to the combined effects of the Great
Depression and growing militarism.
 During World War I, Japan grew
into a major economic and
imperial power.
• Annexed Korea as a
colony in 1910
Japan was
• Sought further rights in
a growing
China with the Twenty-
presence in
One Demands
East Asia.
• Was awarded former
German possessions in
East Asia by the Allies at
the 1919 Paris Peace
In 1926, Hirohito became emperor
of Japan.

• According to Japanese
tradition, he was the
nation’s supreme
authority and a living
god.
• He reigned for 63
years, until 1989.
Japanese democracy during the 1920s
was fairly
liberal, but dominated by powerful
business interests.
Strengths Weaknesses
• Political parties grew • Political parties were
stronger. manipulated by the
zaibatsu, Japan’s
• Elected members of
powerful business
the Diet exercised leaders.
their power.
• Women did not win
• All adult men won the
the
right to vote. right to vote until
 As Western powers grew wary
of Japan’s aggressive growth,
Japan agreed to slow down its
foreign expansion.
• Japan signed a 1922 agreement with
the United States, Britain, and France
to limit the size of its navy.
• It also agreed to leave the Shandong
province of China and to reduce its
military spending.
 Japan experienced turmoil in many
parts of its society during the 1920s.
Economy • Rural peasants remained poor while
the rest of the country prospered.
• Factory workers were drawn to
socialist ideas.
Culture • Younger people adopted Western
fashions and philosophies.
• Conservatives blamed Western
influences for the lack of obedience
and respect for authority.
Politics • Tensions grew between the
government and the military.
• Conservatives complained of
government corruption and the
 In 1923, an earthquake in the
Tokyo area killed more than
100,000 people and caused major
property damage and
unemployment.

As Tokyo
began to Trade suffered
recover, Japan and urban
faced another unemployment
economic soared. Rural
crisis: the peasants were
Great close to
Depression. starvation.
 Military officials and
ultranationalists blamed the
Depression on Western influences.

• They condemned politicians for agreeing

to Western demands to stop overseas
expansion.
• They resented American laws that
excluded Japanese immigrants.
• They sought renewed expansion to
provide Japan with the natural
resources it needed to fuel its
In 1931, a group
of Japanese army Claiming self-
officers in the defense, the
Japanese army
Chinese province attacked and
of Manchuria conquered
pretended that the Manchuria.
Chinese had They then set
attacked up a puppet
a Japanese-owned state.
railroad line.
The League of Nations condemned
Japan for invading Manchuria, but
took no military action.

• Japan withdrew from the League of

Nations.
• The Japanese army had not told
the government of its plans.
• Politicians were upset, but the
Japanese people sided with the
military.
 In the 1930s, ultranationalists plotted
to overthrow the government. The
unrest forced the government to accept
military domination in 1937.
• Cracked down on
socialists
Shifting focus
to please the • Suppressed most
ultranationalists, democratic freedoms
the • Revived ancient warrior
government: values
• Built a cult around
Emperor Hirohito
 Japan continued its course of
overseas expansion.
•The Japanese government nullified its
agreement to limit the size of its navy.

•Japan attacked China again in 1937,

starting the Second Sino-Japanese
War.

•World War II broke out in Europe in

1939. The following year, Japan signed
the Tripartite Pact with Germany and
Italy, cementing the alliance known as
Japan’s fascist style of government
• When Japan was taken
over by
ultranationalists they
formed a fascist style of
government run by
military officials
• The military officials
said everything they did
was in the name of the
Emperor and Japan
Hideki Tojo-Prime
Minister of Japan who
created a dictatorship
 The Rise of Totalitarian Governments-1910-1939

Reasons for the rise in totalitarian governments-world

depression, weak democracies, desperate people looking
for leadership and answers

Two different
types of
totalitarianism
form
Fascist- Communist-
Extreme govt. control based on extreme Extreme government control based on
nationalism. The government takes all your nationalism and equality. No social classes
rights away and builds up a strong military exist and the govt. determines what will be
society. Social classes are allowed and the produced, where you work.,etc.
upper classes benefit.

Italy-Mussolini creates Fascist party and takes over power through the March on Soviet Union- Staling takes over after Lenin
Rome. Mussolini uses his Black Shirt Army to suppress opposition. Once in power, died in 1924. Stalin makes the USSR an
he controls citizens through the 6 principles of totalitarianism. Citizens call him Il extreme dictatorship .
Duce (leader) -Stalin overhauls the economy through the 5
Germany-Hitler creates his form of Fascism call Nazism. He uses his Brown shirts yr. plan-massive industrial and farm
and secret police the SS and Gestapo to stop any opposition. Implements 6 production
principles of totalitarianism. Citizens call him Fuhrer. Carries out plans in his book -Citizens lack in domestic goods and higher
Mein Kempf(my struggle) Persecute Jews and others to make lebensraum-living wages from the 5 yr. plan
space for Aryan race. -He leads massive purges against any
Japan- a fascist style of government develops led by military dictators who are groups or people that resist him (popular
considered ultranationalists. (people who are extreme nationalists )Emperor Hirohito leaders, kulaks)
is left as the symbol of the government but military leaders really hold the control. -Cult of personality- to create followers-
Under military control, japan invades surrounding countries like China for more extreme propaganda, atheism, controlled art