Conveyance of Water

Distr.
Source Intake WTP
System

CONDIUT:- Any structure for transportation of water from source to

WTP & subsequent distribution to city.

Conduit

Gravity Pressure

Open
Aqueducts Tunnels Flumes Pipe Tunnels
Channels
Open Channels:
 Easily & cheaply constructed by cutting the grounds
 Channels should be lined properly to prevent seepage
 Velocity should not exceeds 0.9 m/s

Aqueducts:
 Closed conduit constructed with masonry or concrete
 Old days rectangular aqueducts were used but now days horse shoe or
circular section are used
 Avg. velocity = 1.0 m/s
Tunnels:
 Gravity conduits but sometimes water flows under pressure
 Mostly constructed in horse shoe c/s but pressure tunnels have circular c/s

Flumes:
 Open channels supported over the ground by trestles
 Used for conveying water across valleys & minor low lying areas or over
drains
& other obstruction coming in the way
 Constructed with RCC, wood, metal, etc.
 Common section are rectangular or circular
Tunnels
:
Flumes:
 Pipes:
 Circular conduits in which water flows under pressure or gravity
 Now days pressure pipes have eliminated the use of channels, aqueduct,
tunnels, etc.
 Made up of various material
1) Cast Iron
2) Wrought Iron
3) Steel (MS)
4) Cement Concrete
5) Asbestos Cement
6) Timber
7) Plastic
8) Copper
9) Lead
10) Vitrified Clay
 Factors Affecting Selection of Pipe Material:-
1) Carrying capacity of pipe (Coefficient of roughness)
2) Durability and life of pipe
3) Type of fluid or water to be conveyed & its corrosive effects
4) Internal and external corrosion problems
5) Type of soil
6) Strength of the pipe & measured by its ability to resist internal pressure
and external loads
7) Availability of funds
8) O & M cost
9) Safety, economy, & availability of pipe
10) Maximum permissible diameter
11) Ease or Difficulty of transportation , handling and laying and jointing
under different conditions
12) Skilled labor
 Cast Iron Pipes:
1) Long life about 100 years
2) High corrosion resistant ability
3) Used when pipe diameter is less than 90 cm
4) Length of pipe is 3 to 6m
5) Bell & spigot joints are for CI pipes in distribution system while flanged
joints are for rising main
6) Economical, strong, durable & long life
7) Corrosion resistant
8) Easy to join with each other
9) Impact resistance
10) Cant be used if pressure greater than 7 kg/cm3
11) Uneconomical when dia. More than 120 cm
12) Erosion of pipe from inside
13) Roughness from inside causes reduction of flow
14) Very heavy and difficult to transport
15) Brittle and fragile
 Cast Iron Pipes:

12/21/15
 Steel Pipes:
1) Used for mainlines & where pressure are high & dia. is more
2) Jointed by welding or riveting or flexible joints or other filler
joints
3) Available in small or large diameter
4) Prevented from internal corrosion through coal tar / asphalt lining
5) High Tensile strength
6) Very light weight & withstand high pressure
7) Less thickness as compared to CI pipe
8) Best suited for high dynamic loading
9) Laying & joining easy
10) Life is 25 to 30 years
11) Cant withstand external loads
12) Affected by corrosion & costly to maintain
13) Flow carrying capacity gets reduced due to riveting
14) Cant used in distribution system
Steel Pipes:
 Concrete Pipes:
1) Used when water flows under gravity
2) Plain concrete pipes used when dia. Upto 60 cm & Above 60 cm
dia. RCC pipes are used
3) Normally 1:2:2 concrete mix is used in manufacturing
4) Bell & spigot , collar joint and flush joints are used
5) Corrosion resistant
6) Smooth from inside hence reduces frictional losses
7) Long life = 75 years
8) Carrying capacity doesn’t reduces with time
9) Low maintenance cost
10) Suitable to resist external loads
11) Heavy & difficult to handled
12) May get cracked during transportation
13) Repairing is difficult
14) Cant withstand high pressure
 Concrete Pipes:

12/21/15
 Asbestos Cement Pipes:-
1) Mixture of Portland cement and asbestos fibers
2) Manufactured from 5 to 130 cm in dia.
3) Withstand high pressure from 3.5 to 25 kg/cm2
4) Not affected by salt, acids & other corrosive materials & remains
smooth
5) Very light therefore easy to transport & handle
6) Easily cut, fitted, drilled trapped and jointed
7) Offer less friction therefore good carrying capacity
8) Costly
9) Fragile and brittle
10) Very weak in sustaining impact
11) Not durable
12) Cant be laid in exposed places
 Asbestos Cement Pipes:-

12/21/15
 Plastic Pipes:-
1) Now days plastic pipes are extensively used
2) Corrosion resistance, light weight, economical
3) PVC pipes most commonly used among plastic pipes in
India
4) Internal plumbing and rural supply scheme
5) High smooth flow with reduced friction losses
6) Withstand to high moist & corrosive environment
7) Immune to chemicals
8) Do not provide any favorable condition to bacteria
9) Joining, bending & installation is easy
10) Not strong like CI pipe
11) Thermal expansion coefficient is high
12) Plastic imparts taste to water
 Wrought Iron Pipes:
1) Manufactured by rolling the flat plates of the metal to the proper diameter
& welding the edges
2) Coated or galvanized with zinc to increase the life
3) Should be used in building to protect from corrosion

Cement lined Cast Iron Pipes:

4) Cast iron pipes are lined with cement to protect them against corrosion
5) Have very small coefficient of friction

Vitrified Clay Pipes:

6) Extensively used for carrying sewage and drain water
7) Provide smooth surface and free from corrosion
8) Length of pipe = 60 to 120 cm
Vitrified Clay Pipes:
 Copper and Lead Pipes:
1) Copper pipes are not liable to corrosion
2) Used in house connection and carrying hot water
3) Can withstand high internal pressure
4) Lead pipes are not used in India bcoz causes lead
poisoning
5) Used in sanitary fitting & chlorination & alum dosing

Wooden Pipes:
1) Light weight, Easy to laid
2) Easily repaired, Cheap, Life = 30 to 35 years
3) Corrosion resistance, Low coefficient of friction
4) Leak under varying pressure hence, not suitable for intermittent supply
system
5) Collapse under heavy external load
 Pipe Joints:-
 Pipe are manufactured in small length of 2 to 6 m for the facilities in
handling, transportation and placing in position.
 These small pieces of pipes are then joined together after placing in position,
to
make one continuous length of pipe line.
Types of Joints:-
1) Bell & Spigot Joint
2) Flanged Joined
3) Mechanical Joined
4) Flexible Joint
5) Expansion Joint
6) Screwed Joint
7) Collar Joint
8) A. C. Pipe Joint
BELL AND SPIGOT
JOINT
1) Socket and Spigot joint.
2) Commonly used for CI pipes.
3) One end is enlarged is called socket or
bell while other is normal end (spigot).
4) Spigot inserted into socket & empty space
is filled by molten lead
5) Joint is flexible but requires skilled labor
6) May be used for RCC pipes
7) For economy sometimes cement mortar
are also used in place of lead
8) Hemp yarn fiber uses to maintain
the alignment
FLANGED
JOINT
1) Mostly used for temporary pipe lines
(CI, Concrete pipes, etc.)
2) Flanges at both ends
3) Pipes two ends are brought in perfect
level to join each other.
4) Before flanges bolted rubber gasket are
placed.
5) Cant be used where vibration
and deflection of pipes, etc.
MECHANICAL
JOINT
1) Two plain ends are joined together by
means of mechanical coupling.
2) Used in CI, Wrought Iron & Steel pipes.
3) Mechanical Victaulic joint consist of a U
shaped rubber ring enclosed by a metal
housing made in two parts.
4) These two parts are then bolted together to
form a ring around the pipe.

5) Mechanical Dresser Coupling joint consists

of an iron ring & gasket which are slipped
over each abutting ends of the pipes and an
iron sleeve is inserted.
6)The iron rings are then tighten by nuts &
bolts.
FLEXIBLE JOINT

 Where settlement is likely to occur after

the laying of the pipes specially on curves.
 Pipes can be laid at angle
 If one pipe is given any deflection the ball
shaped portion will move inside the
socket and the joint will remain
waterproof in all the positions.
EXPANSION JOINT

 CI, Concrete Pipes

 Where pipes expand or contract due
to change in temperature
 Thus checks the thermal stresses in
the pipes.
 SCREWED
JOINT
 Connecting small diameter CI, WI, & galvanized pipes.
 Ends of pipes have threads on outside, while coupling or socket
has threads on the inner side.
 Zinc paint or hemp yarn should be placed in the threads of the pipe
to make water tight joint.
 COLLAR
JOINT
 Mostly uses for joining big diameter concrete & asbestos cement pipes.
 Two ends of pipes are brought in one level
 1:1 cement mortar is filled in the space between pipe & collar as
shown.
 SIMPLEX JOINT

 Small diameter Asbestos cement pipe

 Two ends of pipes are kept against each other & then two rubber ring
will be slipped over the pipes.
 The coupling will be pushed over the rubber rings as shown in
figure. Rubber rings make the joint water proof.
 Hydraulic Design Aspects

1) Water pipes can be laid at any depth, below the hydraulic gradient line, the
velocity in the pipes depends on the pressure head at the point.
2) The hydraulic gradient line should neither too high nor too low. It should
be near to pipe line.
3) If the velocity is kept low, large diameter pipe will be required to carry the
required quantity of water.
4) If the velocity is kept high, cost of pumping, pipe & its fitting will
increase.
5) Self cleansing velocity ie no silting or normal velocity- 0.6 to 3 m/s (0.9 to
1.5 m/s) 0.9 m/s
 Manning’s Formula

1) This formula usually used in determining the loss of head in the

gravity conduits.
2) This formula equally applicable to the turbulent flow in pressure pipes.
HL = (m2 x V2 x L) / (R 4 / 3)
HL = Head Loss in m.
m = Manning’s Constant or roughness coefficient = 0.011
L = Length of pipe line in meter.
V = velocity of flow in m/s
R = Hydraulic mean depth = (Area / Perimeter) = (d/4)
d = Diameter of pipe in meter.
 Hazen Williams Formula

1) This formula is widely used now days in designing the pipe lines.
2) The value of CH is more for smoother pipe and less for rough pipe.

V = 0.85 x CH x R 0.63 x S 0.54

HL = (10.68 x L x Q 1.852 ) / ( C 1.852 x D 4.87 )
H

CH = Coeff. Of Hydraulic Capacity = 135

L = Length of pipe line in meter.
V = velocity of flow in m/s
R = Hydraulic mean depth = (Area / Perimeter) =
(d/4) S = slope of energy line or pipe.
 Dracy’s Weisbach Formula

HL = (f x L x V2) / (2 x g x d)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in m2/s = 9.81 m2/s
F = friction factor = 0.02 to
0.075. L = Length of pipe in m.
d = Diameter of pipe in m.
Q = Discharge through pipe in
m3/s
V = Velocity through Pipe in m/s
= Q /A
 Pumps

 The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy is called as pumps.

 The device or machine which is used to lift the water from lower
elevation to higher elevation.
 Classification of Pumps
I. Based on Principle of operation:-
1. Displacement pump
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Rotary pump

2. Centrifugal pump
3. Airlift pump
4. Impulse pump
II. Based on the type of power required:-
1. Electrically Driven Pump
2. Gasoline Engine pump
3. Steam Engine pump
III. Based on the type of service:-
1. Low lift pump
2. High Lift Pump
3. Deep Well pump
4. Booster pump
5. Stand by pump
 NECESSITY OF PUMPING
1) To lift the raw water from the source of supply, such as lake, reservoir, river or
well, etc

2) At WTP, to lift the water for various operation such as back washing of filters,
pumping of chemicals, dewatering of tanks, etc

3) To lift the treated water to overhead tanks or elevated distribution reservoir.

4) To deliver treated water to the consumer’s taps at reasonable pressure.

5) To increase the discharge or velocity by boosting up the pressure in

water distribution network.

6) To supply water under pressure for fire hydrants.

 SELECTION OF PUMPS

1) Capacity of the pump.

2) Number of pump units required.
3) Suction conditions.
4) Lift (total head).
5) Discharge condition &variations in the load.
6) Floor space requirement.
7) Flexibility of operation.
8) Starting and priming characteristics.
9) Type of drive required.
10) Initial cost and running costs.
11) Labor requirements.
12) Quantity and quality of water to be pumped.
13) Life.
 DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

1) The displacement pumps are those in which liquid is sucked by mechanically

inducing vacuum in a chamber.

2) It actually displaced due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving member.

3) Lifting the liquid (water) to the desired height .

4) The pump consist of one or more chambers which alternatively filled and
emptied with the liquid.

TWO TYPES :-

5) Reciprocating pump

6) Rotary pump
 RECIPROCAING
PUMP
1) The mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy by sucking the
liquid into cylinder in which exerts the thrust on the liquid and increases
its hydraulic energy, the pump is called as reciprocating pump.

2) Suitable for lifting relatively clean water.

3) Against high and fluctuating head.

PARTS:- A cylinder, Suction pipe, Delivery pipe, Suction valve & Delivery
valve

WORKING:-

4) Consist of a piston which move to and fro in a close fitting cylinder

5) Connected to the suction and delivery pipes

6) A non–return valve which admits water in one direction only.

Depending upon the number of cylinder :-

1) Single cylinder pump

2) Double cylinder pump

3) Triple cylinder pump

4) Double action pump

5) Quintuplex pump
ROTARY PUMP:-

1) Two gears or cam a mesh together and rotate in opposite

directions

2) Water is drawn up the suction pipes

3) Trapped between the teeth and casing

4) Forced out into the discharge pipe

5) No valve are required

6) Not in common use in water works

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:-
1) The mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on
the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called is centrifugal pumps
2) Pump under steady low head, through the water may be even turbid
3) Lifting raw water from the river to the treatment plants
4) Lifting treated water to the distributed reservoirs.
 A certain mass of liquid is made to rotate by an external force. It is thrown away from central
axis of rotation and a centrifugal head is impressed which enables it to rise to higher level.
MAIN PARTS:-
1) Impeller
2) Casing
3) Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer
4) Suction valve
5) Delivery pipe
6) Eye or hub of pump
 Types of Centrifugal Pump:--
BASED ON CASING:-
 Volute pump

 Diffuser

NUMBERS OF INPELLER:-

 Single stage pump

 Multi-stage pump

DIRECTION OF FLOW:-

 Radial flow pump

 Axial flow pump

 Mixed flow pump

 WORKING:-
1) The centrifugal pump employs a rotating impellers with water .

2) Discharged through a spiral casing by virtue of the centrifugal

force developed due to the rotation of impeller.

3) As the liquid passes through the revolving wheel or impeller.

4) Angular momentum changes, which also results in increasing the

pressure
of the liquid.
 VOLUTE PUMP:-

 The impeller is surrounded by spiral shape casing (volute chamber ).

 Sectional area of flow around the periphery of the impeller

gradually
increases from the tongue to the delivery pipe.

 Volute chamber purpose:--

1. Reducing velocity.

2. Increases efficiency of pump.

VOLUTE PUMP:-
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP INSTALLATION:-
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP INSTALLATION:-
 Strainer/screen:- Pipe to prevent the entry of debris .

 Foot valve:-prevent water from leaving the pump (self priming device)

 Suction pipe / Delivery pipe :- same dia.

 Accentric reducer:- to prevent air accumulation when the pump is

stopped.

 Check valve:-To prevent backflow through the pump

 Gate valve or discharge valve:-initially kept closed , gradually opened

as the pump picks up the speed
 COMPARISION OF RACIPROCATIONG & CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:-

Characteristics Reciprocating pumps Centrifugal pumps

1.Discharge  flow Pulsating  continuous flow

constant discharge  does not give constant
even if head on discharge under variable
delivery side varies head
 large amount of  no such trouble
losses due to leakage
through valves etc

2)Speed Run at low speeds ;  Run at high speed(500

Piston’s speed less than to 1000 r.p.m)
30m/min..
3.Efficiency Long stroke engines Efficiency between 40
have 85% efficiency and 80%;more efficiency
while smaller pumps if the head and
have only 40% discharge are
efficiency maintained within
narrow limits.

4.Head Can work against high Better suited to low

heads. heads.

5. Size Large size, bulky and Small, compact and

heavy. Requires large light.
space.
6.Initial and  High initial cost;  Low initial cost.
maintenance cost maintenance cost is also high. maintenance cost low.
7. Running  Starting is difficult  Starting is easy
 more power required  less power required
complicated mechanism  simple mechanism
required  Operation easier.
 operation difficult
 MISCELLANEOUS PUMPS:-

 Jet pump

 Air lift pump

 JET PUMPS:
1) Jet of water is injected at high velocity into the throat of a venturi tube
2) High velocity stream pulls the water upwards around the tip of the nozzle
3) Create a suction at a the that point
4) Water is carried upward with the high velocity stream
5) Enlarged portion of the venturi , velocity decrease while pressure
increase
6) Main advantage :conveniently placed at the ground surface
 AIR LIFT PUMPS:-
1) A compressor is used to force air into a small diameter pipe (air pipe)

2) Air pipe is placed in bigger diameter discharge pipe (education pipe )

3) Air is forced into water, air-water mixture is formed whose specific gravity
is
lower than of water

4) Water rises in education pipe and is discharged out

AIR LIFT PUMPS
Two alternatives to obtain variable discharge at maximum
efficiency:-

 Provision of several pumps of in parallel

 Provision of several pumps in series

 PARALLEL OPERATION OF PUMPS:-

 Several pumps of smaller capacities in parallel

 A variable number can be operated at a capacity depending on

flow requirements

 To operate at maximum efficiency

 Assumed that the head across the each pump is the same
 PUMPS OPERATING IN PARALLEL

Head is
mall
maximu
m ef
 PUMPS OPERARING IN SERIES

 Same discharge is passes through each pump

 Adopted in multistage and bore hole

 Pumps in series operation are to be operated simultaneously.

 Individual pump manometric head at arbitrary discharges.

 PUMPS OPERARING IN SERIES:-

al

A) shown the series configuration

B) shows the resulting head verses discharge
characteristic .
 Appurtenances:

To isolate and drain pipe section for test , installation , cleaning and repairs , a
number of appurtenances are used .
Sluice valve :- (Gate Valve)
1) Used for isolating or scouring the line.
2) Seal wel under high pressure.
3) Offer little resistance to flow when fully open.
Sluice valve :- (Gate Valve)
Butterfly valve :-
1) used to regulate and stop the flow on large sized main .
2) Cheaper than sluice valve for larger sizes and occupy less space .
3) Offer high resistance when fully open.
4) rotating circular plate or a pair of hinged semicircular plates, attached to a
transverse spindle and mounted inside a pipe in order to regulate or prevent
flow.
Air valve :-
1) To release the trapped air at peak points in the
main.
Ball Valve:-
a one-way valve that is opened and closed by pressure on a ball which fits
into a cup-shaped opening.
Globe Valve:-
A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for
regulating
flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a
stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
Plug valve :-
1) Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically tapered "plugs" which
can be rotated inside the valve body to control flow through the valve.
2) The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow passageways going
sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug when the
valve is open.
Scour valve :-
1) In pressure & gravity conduits are provided at low points to drain off
the line.
2) Their function is to allow periodic flushing of the lines to remove
sediment
and to allow the line to be drained for maintenance and repair work.
Fire Hydrant :-
1) A fire hydrant, also called fireplug, is a connection point by which
firefighters can tap into a water supply. It is a component of active fire
protection.