On IC Engines

Combustion and Emissions in Diesel Engines
Dr.J.M.Babu
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
Overview of Combustion and emissions

Contents
• Introduction to heat transfer
• Engines classifications
• Efficiencies -improvements
• Combustion
• Stages of combustion
• Emissions
• Projects related
CONDUCTION
• Modes of heat transfer-Conduction, Convection and Radiation

• The act of conducting or conveying. 2a : transmission through or by means of
a conductor also : the transfer of heat through matter by communication of
kinetic energy from particle to particle with no net displacement of the
particles
CONVECTION
• The action or process of conveying. 2a : movement in a gas or liquid in which

the warmer parts move up and the cooler parts move
down convection currents. b : the transfer of heat by convection foods cooked
by convection — compare conduction, radiation.
RADIATION
• Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space and
may be able to penetrate various materials. ... The kinds of radiation are
electromagnetic (like light) and particulate (i.e., mass given off with the
energy of motion). Gamma radiation and x rays are examples of
electromagnetic radiation.
ENGINES CLASSIFICATION
• Engine: Engine is a device which transforms one form of energy to another

form Ex: Fan, Tube Light, fan etc
• Heat Engine: Heat engine is a device which transforms chemical energy of the
fuel into thermal energy in-turns.
• Engine classifications:
1. Based on no of strokes
2. Type of fuel used
3. Based on no of cylinders
4.Method of ignition
5.Type of cooling
6. Cylinder head type
7. Cylinder arrangement etc..
ENGINE EFFICIENCY
• There are three engine performance parameters which are more important
• Volumetric efficiency- The Breathing ability of the engine- Si engine-80-85%
• Diesel Engine 85-90%
• Thermal efficiency ; upto 35% for both the engines
• Mechanical efficiency: new engine upto 95 %, as the years goes on
efficiency will come down to 65%.
Ignition lag or ignition delay as the name suggests is the time interval
between the passage of spark and the ignition of the fuel-air mixture.
Rate of flame propagation affects the combustion process in
SI engines. Higher combustion efficiency and fuel economy can be
achieved by higher flame propagation velocities.
Unfortunately flame velocities for most of fuel range between 10 to 30
The ignition delay in a diesel engine is defined as the time interval
between the start of injection and the start of combustion.
This delay period consists of (a) physical delay, wherein atomization,
vaporization and mixing of air fuel occur and (b) of
chemical delay attributed to pre-combustion reactions.
• Intake stroke — The intake
valve opens up, letting in air
and moving the piston down.
• Compression stroke — The
piston moves back up and
compresses the air.
• Combustion stroke — As
the piston reaches the top,
fuel is injected at just the
right moment and ignited,
forcing the piston back down.
• Exhaust stroke — The
piston moves back to the top,
pushing out the exhaust
created from the combustion
out of the exhaust valve.
Occurrence of Process in CI Engines
Start of End of
injection injecction
-10
Post Ignition Process in CI Engines
Homogeneous Combustion in CI Engine
Premixed combustion phase (bc) – combustion of the fuel which has
mixed with the air to within the flammability limits (air at high-
temperature and high-pressure) during the ignition delay period
occurs rapidly in a few crank angles.
Start of End of
injection injecction
-20 -10 TC 10 20 30
Emission norms for Heavy diesel vehicles:
Norms CO HC Nox PM
(g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr)
1991 Norms 14 3.5 18 -

1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4 -
stage 2000 Norms 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Bharat stage-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Bharat Stage-III 2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10
Bharat Stage-IV 1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02
Hydrocarbon Emission Sources for CI Engines
Overmixing of fuel and air - During the ignition delay period

evaporated fuel mixes with the air, regions of fuel-air mixture are
produced that are too lean to burn.
Some of this fuel makes its way out the exhaust.
Longer ignition delay more fuel becomes overmixed.
Undermixing of fuel and air - Fuel leaving the injector nozzle at low
velocity, at the end of the injection process cannot completely mix
with air and burn.
Effect of Ignition Delay on HC Emissions in CI Engine
Exhaust HC, ppm
Formation of CO in CI Engines
• The mean air-fuel mixture present in the combustion chamber
per cycle is far leaner in the diesel engine than in the SI engine.
• Due to a lack of homogeneity of the mixture built up by
stratification, however, extremely “rich” local zones are exist.
• This produces high CO concentrations that are reduced to a
greater or lesser extent by post-oxidation.
• When the excess-air ratio increases, dropping temperatures
cause the post-oxidation rate to be reduced.
• The reactions “freeze up”.
• However, the final CO concentrations of diesel engines
therefore are far lower than in SI engines.
• The basic principles of CO formation, however, are the same as
in SI engine.
Particulates
• A high concentration of particulate matter (PM) is manifested
as visible smoke in the exhaust gases.
• Particulates are any substance other than water that can be
collected by filtering the exhaust, classified as:
• Solid carbon material or soot.
• Condensed hydrocarbons and their partial oxidation products.
• Diesel particulates consist of solid carbon (soot) at exhaust gas
temperatures below 500oC, HC compounds become absorbed on
the surface.
• In a properly adjusted SI engines soot is not usually a problem .
• Particulate can arise if leaded fuel or overly rich fuel-air mixture
are used.
• Burning crankcase oil will also produce smoke especially during
engine warm up where the HC condense in the exhaust gas.
Particulate composition of diesel engine exhaust
Mechanism of Formation of Particulates (soot)
The soot formation process is very fast.
10 – 22 C atoms are converted into 106 C atoms in less than 1 ms.
Based on equilibrium the composition of the fuel-oxidizer mixture soot ,
formation occurs when x ≥ 2a (or x/2a ≥ 1) in the following reaction:
y
C x H y  aO2  2aCO  H 2  ( x  2a)C ( s )
2
Experimentally it is found that the critica C/O ratio for onset of soot
formation is between 0.5 and 0.8.
The CO, H2, and C(s) are subsequently oxidized in the diffusion flame
to CO2 and H2O via the following second stage.
1 1
CO  O2  CO2 C ( s )  O2  CO2 H 2  O2  H 2O
2 2
Any carbon not oxidized in the cylinder ends up as soot in the exhaust!
23
NOx Formation in I.C. Engines
Three chemical reactions form the Zeldovich reaction are:
Forward rate constants:

k1, f  1.8 1011 exp  38370 / T 
k 2, f  1.8 107 exp  4680 / T 
k3, f  7.1 1010 exp  450 / T 
Zelodvich reaction is the most significant mechanism of NO
formation in IC engines.
Global Reaction Rate
• Using the chemical reactions given, one can write the following
expression for the rate of change of nitric oxide concentration.
d  NO 
 k1, f  O  N 2   k1,b  NO  N   k 2, f  N  O2   k 2,b  NO  O   k3, f  N  OH   k3,b  NO  H 
dt
• Where the brackets denote concentrations in units of molecules/m3.
• Approximations to solve above equation:
• The C-O-H system is in equilibrium and is not perturbed by N2
dissociation.
• This means that the pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio and
residual fraction of fluid element only are required to calculate NO
concentration.
• N atoms change concentration by a quasi-steady process.
• This means that one can solve for the N atom concentration by
25
setting the rate of change of atoms to zero.
26
Effect of Equivalence Ratio on NO Concentration
27
Emissions Control
• Three basic methods used to control engine emissions:
• 1)Engineering of combustion process -advances in fuel
injectors, oxygen sensors, and on-board computers.
• 2) Optimizing the choice of operating parameters -two Nox
control measures that have been used in automobile engines
are spark retard and EGR.
• 3) After treatment devices in the exhaust system -catalytic
converter.
28
Acknowledgments
• Dr.BheemKumar, Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering-
JAIN University
• Dr.Arulprakasajothi.M, Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering-
Vel Tech University

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Combustion and Emissions in Diesel Engines

Overview of Combustion and emissions

• Modes of heat transfer-Conduction, Convection and Radiation

• The action or process of conveying. 2a : movement in a gas or liquid in which

• Engine: Engine is a device which transforms one form of energy to another

1991 Norms 14 3.5 18 -

Overmixing of fuel and air - During the ignition delay period

Forward rate constants:

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