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Cie Alevel Biology

This document discusses energy and respiration in living organisms. It explains that all living cells require energy to carry out essential processes and activities. Energy is provided through respiration, which can be aerobic, requiring oxygen, or anaerobic, not requiring oxygen. Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria to fully oxidize glucose and produce significantly more ATP. Anaerobic respiration includes lactic acid fermentation in animals and alcoholic fermentation in yeast, both producing some ATP but also waste products like lactate or ethanol.

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Arun Ghatan
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315 views24 pages

Cie Alevel Biology

This document discusses energy and respiration in living organisms. It explains that all living cells require energy to carry out essential processes and activities. Energy is provided through respiration, which can be aerobic, requiring oxygen, or anaerobic, not requiring oxygen. Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria to fully oxidize glucose and produce significantly more ATP. Anaerobic respiration includes lactic acid fermentation in animals and alcoholic fermentation in yeast, both producing some ATP but also waste products like lactate or ethanol.

Uploaded by

Arun Ghatan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALEVEL BIOLOGY

PRESENTED BY : ANISHA GHATAN


ENERGY AND RESPIRATION
LIVING ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS, AND WITHIN EACH CELL, MANY
ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES ARE CONSTANTLY BEING CARRIED OUT TO MAINTAIN LIFE

WORK IN A LIVING ORGANISM REQUIRES ENERGY AND USABLE CARBON COMPOUNDS


Table of content
 Introduction and uses

 Respiration and its types

 Aerobic and its types

 Anaerobic and its types


Energy and respiration

• ENERGY IS NEEDED FOR WORK IN LIVING ORGANISMS E.G:

• ANABOLIC REACTIONS: SYNTHESIZING COMPLEX SUBSTANCES


FROM ITS MONOMERS EG PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND DNA
REPLICATION.

• ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES EG THE SODIUM-


POTASSIUM PUMP.
 Mechanical work eg muscle contraction and cellular movement such as flagella or
cilia.

 Maintaining body temperature (homeostasis).

 Bioluminescence and nerve impulse transmission

 DNA replication
ATP Adaptation for Universal Energy Currency

 ATP is readily hydrolysed to release


energy

 Immediate source of energy

NOTE
Energy does not come form breaking these bond,
but from changes in chemical potential energy.
 Pi is a good leaving group, as ATP synthase can efficiently reattach the Pi to ADP to
form ATP (reversible).

 Has a high turnover rate

 Links anabolic (energy requiring) and catabolic (energy yielding) reactions

 ATP is produced from a variety of reactions

 Small and water soluble; easily transported around cell


Aerobic
respiration
Respiration

Anaerobic
respiration
Aerobic respiration

AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN A


RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE IN ORDER TO PRODUCE ATP USING OXYGEN

• GLYCOLYSIS
• LINK REACTION (OXYGEN PRESENT)
• KREBS CYCLE (OXYGEN PRESENT)
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (OXYGEN PRESENT)
Glycolysis

 Is the lysis of glucose to form 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C) which occurs


in the cytoplasm of the cell.

 First stage is phosphorylating glucose using 2 ATP, this is done to provide


activation energy for the reaction.

 Note: during phosphorylation, glucose is first converted to glucose


phosphate using ATP, then to its isomer fructose phosphate without the use
of ATP, and finally to fructose bisphosphate using another ATP.
 Net Gain : 2 ATP and 2 Reduced NAD

 Pyruvate, still contains large amount of chemical potential energy therefore if oxygen is available,
then Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation is continued to make use of this energy.
Link Reaction

 Occurs in the matrix of mitochondrion therefore must require pyruvate to actively be transported into matrix

 Decarboxylation occurs; which is the removal of CO2

 Dehydrogenation also occurs: removal of H2

 Coenzyme A is a complex molecule composed of nucleoside (adenine plus ribose) with Vitamin, it acts as a
carrier for acetyl groups (CH3-CO) to the Krebs cycle.
Krebs Cycle

 Closed pathway of enzyme-controlled reactions which also occurs in the matrix.

 Although reaction is part of aerobic respiration, the reactions make use of no oxygen as it is only necessary
for oxidative phosphorylation.

 Acetyl (2C) CoA combines with Oxaloacetate (4C) to produce Citrate (6C).
 Citrate is decarboxylated to produce CO2, and dehydrogenated to reduce NAD and FAD.

 Oxaloacetate is regenerated to continue the cycle.


Oxidative Phosphorylation and the Electron transport chain (ETC)

• REDUCED NAD AND FAD ARE PASSED TO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT


CHAIN.

• REDUCED NADS AND FADS RELEASE HYDROGEN ATOMS WHICH THEN


SPLIT UP INTO H+ AND 1E‑.

• ELECTRONS MOVE DOWN AN ENERGY GRADIENT ACROSS THE ETC TO


RELEASE ENERGY.

• THIS ENERGY IS UTILISED TO PUMP H+ IONS FROM THE MATRIX TO THE


INTERMEMBRANE SPACE PRODUCING A PROTON GRADIENT
 H+ then move down conc. gradient through ATP synthase back into the matrix via
facilitated diffusion.

 ADP + Pi ATP, also occurs while the protons pass through ATP synthase. This happens
by utilising the protons’ electrical potential energy for chemiosmosis.

 Oxygen acts as the final e- acceptor to form water.

 1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O


Anaerobic respiration:

IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN, THE FINAL E- IS NOT ACCEPTED AND


HYDROGEN CAN’T BE DISPOSED OF IN THE ETC. THUS, REDUCED NAD IS
NOT OXIDIZED AND THE CHAIN STOPS.
THIS PRODUCES A SMALL YIELD OF ATP AS ONLY GLYCOLYSIS OCCURS
Alcoholic fermentation (conversion of glucose to ethanol)

 In various microorganisms (e.g. yeast) and in some plant tissues

 The hydrogen from reduced NAD is passed to ethanol (CH3CHO); releasing the NAD

 And allows glycolysis to continue


 Pyruvate is decarboxylated into ethanal, which gets reduced to ethanol (C2H5OH) by

 The enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase

 Irreversible reaction

 NAD regenerated, hence glycolysis can continue


 Glycolysis takes place normally

 Pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal

 Ethanal is reduced to ethanol by accepting hydrogen from reduced NAD, with the help of enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase (this enzyme helps with removal of H from NADH)

 Reaction cannot be reversed, and remaining chemical potential energy in ethanol is wasted
Lactic fermentation (conversion of glucose to lactate)

 In mammalian muscles when deprived of oxygen

 Pyruvate and reduced NAD formed by glycolysis

 Reversible reaction
 Pyruvate is decarboxylated by pyruvate decarboxylase into ethanal – which acts as a
hydrogen acceptor from reduced NAD

 NAD regenerated, hence glycolysis can continue


Oxygen debt

 The post exercise uptake of extra oxygen to pay off oxygen deficiency which is needed for:

 Conversion of lactate to glycogen in the liver

 Oxidation of lactate to Co2 and H20

 Reoxygenation of haemoglobin in the blood

 A high metabolic rate, as many organs are operating above resting level.
THANK YOU !!

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