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    Introduction To Databases

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    Ivy Janice
    The document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data storage and how databases and DBMS were created to address these limitations. It also describes the typical components of a DBMS environment, including hardware, software, data, procedures, and roles of various personnel. Finally, it covers the history of DBMS development and some advantages and disadvantages of the database approach.

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    Introduction To Databases

    Uploaded by

    Ivy Janice
    73 views24 pages
    The document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data storage and how databases and DBMS were created to address these limitations. It also describes the typical components of a DBMS environment, including hardware, software, data, procedures, and roles of various personnel. Finally, it covers the history of DBMS development and some advantages and disadvantages of the database approach.

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    The document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data storage and how databases and DBMS were created to address these limitations. It also describes the typical components of a DBMS environment, including hardware, software, data, procedures, and roles of various personnel. Finally, it covers the history of DBMS development and some advantages and disadvantages of the database approach.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    73 views24 pages

    Introduction To Databases

    Uploaded by

    Ivy Janice
    The document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data storage and how databases and DBMS were created to address these limitations. It also describes the typical components of a DBMS environment, including hardware, software, data, procedures, and roles of various personnel. Finally, it covers the history of DBMS development and some advantages and disadvantages of the database approach.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    1

    Chapter 1
    Introduction to Databases
    2

    Chapter 1 - Objectives
    • Some common uses of database systems.
    • Characteristics of file-based systems.
    • Problems with file-based approach.
    • Meaning of the term database.
    • Meaning of the term Database Management
    System (DBMS).
    • Typical functions of a DBMS.
    • Major components of the DBMS environment.
    • Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
    • History of the development of DBMSs.
    • Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
    3

    Examples of Database Applications


    • Purchases from the supermarket
    • Purchases using your credit card
    • Booking a holiday at the travel agents
    • Using the local library
    • Taking out insurance
    • Renting a video
    • Using the Internet
    • Studying at university
    4

    File-Based Systems
    • Collection of application programs that
    perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).

    • Each program defines and manages its own


    data.
    5

    File-Based Processing
    6

    Limitations of File-Based Approach


    • Separation and isolation of data
    ▫ Each program maintains its own set of data.
    ▫ Users of one program may be unaware of
    potentially useful data held by other programs.

    • Duplication of data
    ▫ Same data is held by different programs.
    ▫ Wasted space and potentially different values
    and/or different formats for the same item.
    7

    Limitations of File-Based Approach


    • Data dependence
    ▫ File structure is defined in the program code.

    • Incompatible file formats


    ▫ Programs are written in different languages, and so
    cannot easily access each other’s files.

    • Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application


    programs
    ▫ Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
    ▫ Any new requirement needs a new program.
    8

    Database Approach
    • Arose because:
    ▫ Definition of data was embedded in application
    programs, rather than being stored separately and
    independently.
    ▫ No control over access and manipulation of data
    beyond that imposed by application programs.

    • Result:
    ▫ the database and Database Management System
    (DBMS).
    9

    Database
    • Shared collection of logically related data (and
    a description of this data), designed to meet the
    information needs of an organization.

    • System catalog (metadata) provides


    description of data to enable program–data
    independence.

    • Logically related data comprises entities,


    attributes, and relationships of an
    organization’s information.
    10

    Database Management System (DBMS)


    • A software system that enables users to define,
    create, maintain, and control access to the
    database.

    • (Database) application program: a computer


    program that interacts with database by
    issuing an appropriate request (SQL
    statement) to the DBMS.
    11

    Database Management System (DBMS)


    12

    Database Approach
    • Data definition language (DDL).
    ▫ Permits specification of data types, structures and
    any data constraints.
    ▫ All specifications are stored in the database.

    • Data manipulation language (DML).


    ▫ General enquiry facility (query language) of the
    data.
    13

    Database Approach
    • Controlled access to database may
    include:
    ▫ a security system
    ▫ an integrity system
    ▫ a concurrency control system
    ▫ a recovery control system
    ▫ a user-accessible catalog.
    14

    Views
    • Allows each user to have his or her own view of
    the database.

    • A view is essentially some subset of the


    database.
    15

    Views - Benefits
    • Reduce complexity
    • Provide a level of security
    • Provide a mechanism to customize the
    appearance of the database
    • Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
    structure of the database, even if the
    underlying database is changed
    16

    Components of DBMS Environment


    17

    Components of DBMS Environment


    • Hardware
    ▫ Can range from a PC to a network of
    computers.
    • Software
    ▫ DBMS, operating system, network software (if
    necessary) and also the application programs.
    • Data
    ▫ Used by the organization and a description of
    this data called the schema.
    18

    Components of DBMS Environment


    • Procedures
    ▫ Instructions and rules that should be applied to
    the design and use of the database and DBMS.
    • People
    ▫ People involved with the system
    19

    Roles in the Database Environment


    • Data Administrator (DA) and Database Administrator (DBA)
    • Database Designers
    ▫ Logical-concerned with identifying the data
    ▫ Physical-decides how the logical database design is to be
    physically realized.
    • Application Programmers/developers
    • End Users
    ▫ naive users-typically unaware of the DBMS. They do not need
    to know anything about the database or DBMS
    ▫ Sophisticated-familiar with the structure of the database and
    the facilities offered by the DBMS
    20

    History of Database Systems


    • First-generation
    ▫ Hierarchical and Network

    • Second generation
    ▫ Relational

    • Third generation
    ▫ Object-Relational
    ▫ Object-Oriented
    21

    Advantages of DBMSs
    • Control of data redundancy
    • Data consistency
    • More information from the same amount of
    data
    • Sharing of data
    • Improved data integrity
    • Improved security
    • Enforcement of standards
    • Economy of scale
    22

    Advantages of DBMSs
    • Balance conflicting requirements
    • Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
    • Increased productivity
    • Improved maintenance through data
    independence
    • Increased concurrency
    • Improved backup and recovery services
    23

    Disadvantages of DBMSs
    • Complexity
    • Size
    • Cost of DBMS
    • Additional hardware costs
    • Cost of conversion
    • Performance
    • Higher impact of a failure
    24

    Review questions
    • List two other examples of database systems other than those listed.
    • Discuss each of the following terms:
    ▫ Data
    ▫ Database
    ▫ Database management system
    • Describe the approach taken to the handling of data in early file
    systems. Discuss the disadvantages of this approach.
    • Describe the main characteristics of the database approach and
    contrast it with the file-based approach.
    • Discuss the five components of the DBMS and discuss how they
    relate to each other
    • Discuss the three generations of DBMS.

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