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Chapter 8.dynamic Ecosystem

This document discusses the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem. It describes the different types of interactions between biotic components, including symbiosis, predator-prey relationships, competition, and saprophytism. It also discusses food chains, food webs, and trophic levels. Biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Abiotic components include temperature, light intensity, pH, humidity, and topography.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
93 views

Chapter 8.dynamic Ecosystem

This document discusses the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem. It describes the different types of interactions between biotic components, including symbiosis, predator-prey relationships, competition, and saprophytism. It also discusses food chains, food webs, and trophic levels. Biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Abiotic components include temperature, light intensity, pH, humidity, and topography.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem

8.1 The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

Environment

Biotic
Biotic Abiotic
Abiotic
components
components components
components
Producers pH
Consumers Temperature
Light intensity
Humidity
Topography
Micro-climate
Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran

Persekitaran

Komponen
Komponen Komponen
Komponen
biosis
biosis abiosis
abiosis
Pengeluar pH
Pengguna Suhu
Keamatan cahaya
Kelembapan
Topografi
Iklim mikro

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

Food Chain And Trophic Levels

Food Chain

(Producer) (Primary (Secondary (Tertiary


consumer) consumer) consumer)

Each stage in a food chain is known as trophic level

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran

Rantai Makanan Dan Aras Trof

Rantai Makanan

(Pengeluar) (Pengguna (Pengguna (Pengguna


pertama) kedua) ketiga)

Setiap peringkat pada rantai makanan dikenali sebagai aras trof

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

Food Chain, Food Web And Trophic Levels

Food Web

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran

Rantai Makanan, Jaringan Makanan Dan Aras Trof

Jaringan
Makanan

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

The Interaction Between Biotic Components In


Relation To Feeding

Commensalism
• Commensal benefits while other
(host) neither derives any benefit.

Mutualism
Symbiosis • A relationship between two species
in which both organisms benefit.

Parasite
• A relationship between two
organisms in which one organism
(parasite) and other (host) is harmed.

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran

Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari Segi


Pemakanan

Komensalisme
• Komensal mendapat faedah tetapi
perumah tidak mendapat sebarang
faedah

Mutualisme
Simbiosis • Kedua-dua organisma mendapat
faedah

Parasit
• Parasit mendapat faedah manakala
perumah mendapat kerugian.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

The Interaction Between Biotic Components In


Relation To Feeding

Living organisms feed on dead


Saprophytism
organic matter for food.

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran

Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari Segi


Pemakanan

Organisma hidup memakan bahan


Saprofitisme
organik mati sebagai makanan.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

The Interaction Between Biotic Components In


Relation To Feeding

Predator will hunt and kill prey for


Prey-predator
food

Prey Predator

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran

Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari Segi


Pemakanan

Mangsa- Pemangsa akan memburu dan


pemangsa membunuh mangsa untuk makanan

Mangsa Pemangsa

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment

The Interaction Between Biotic


Components In Relation To Competition

Intraspecific Interspecific
competition competition

Competition between Competition between


same species different species

Interaction among living organisms in a habitat and


competing for the same, limited resouces

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran

Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari


Segi Persaingan

Persaingan Persaingan
Intraspesies Interspesies

Persaingan antara Persaingan antara


spesies yang sama spesies yang berbeza

Interaksi antara organisma hidup di dalam


sebuah habitat dan bersaing untuk
mendapatkan sumber yang sama dan terhad

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem

8.2 Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem
Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem

Ecosystem A community of organisms which interact with their non-living environment

Habitat A natural environment where organism live

Species Population Community

A group of similar
organisms and are Several populations of
A group of organism of
capable of different species living
same species living in
interbreeding among in the same habitat in
same habitat
themselves to produce an ecosystem
offspring

Niche Role that an organism plays in an ecosystem

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Di Dalam Ekosistem
Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Di Dalam Ekosistem

Ekosistem Satu komuniti organisma yang berinteraksi dengan persekitaran bukan hidupnya

Habitat Persekitaran semulajadi dimana organisma tinggal

Spesies Populasi Komuniti

Beberapa populasi
Sekumpulan Sekumpulan
daripada spesies yang
organisma yang sama organisma dari spesies
berlainan tinggal di
jenis dan mampu untuk yang sama tinggal di
satu habitat yang sama
saling membiak untuk habitat yang sama
di dalam satu
menghasilkan anak
ekosistem

Nic Peranan suatu organisma dalam sesebuah ekosistem

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem
Colonisation And Succession

Bare Pioneer Successor Dominant species Climax community


ground species species

Colonisation occurs in newly formed areas where no life previously existed


Colonisation occurs in newly formed areas where no life previously existed

Succession is when one community begin to change environment of new habitat


Succession is when one community begin to change environment of new habitat
and make it more suitable to other species.
and make it more suitable to other species.

Climax community is a stable community which is equilibrium with its


Climax community is a stable community which is equilibrium with its
environment.
environment.
ITeach – Biology Form 4
Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Di Dalam Ekosistem
Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran

Tanah Spesies Spesies Spesies dominan Komuniti klimaks


perintis sesaran

Pengkolonian berlaku pada kawasan baru dimana tiada hidupan pernah wujud
Pengkolonian berlaku pada kawasan baru dimana tiada hidupan pernah wujud
sebelumnya.
sebelumnya.

Sesaran adalah apabila suatu komuniti mula untuk mengubah pesekitaran


Sesaran adalah apabila suatu komuniti mula untuk mengubah pesekitaran
habitat baru dan menjadikannya lebih sesuai kepada spesies lain.
habitat baru dan menjadikannya lebih sesuai kepada spesies lain.

Komuniti klimaks merupakan komuniti stabil yang seimbang dengan


Komuniti klimaks merupakan komuniti stabil yang seimbang dengan
persekitaran.
persekitaran.
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4
Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem
Mangrove Swamps

Bruguiera sp. zone Rhizophora sp. Aviciennia sp. Mud banks


zone and Sonneratia without any
• Adaptation:
Have viviparous • Prop / stilt roots sp. zone plants
seedlings help Rhizophora • Can withstand
sp. to breath salt water
• Characters of
leaves: • Aviciennia sp.
1. Hydathodes has viviparous
seed
2. Thick, fleshy
leaves
3. Waxy cuticles

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Di Dalam Ekosistem
Paya bakau

Zon Bruguiera sp. Zon Rhizophora Zon Aviciennia Tebing lumpur


sp. sp. dan tanpa tumbuhan
• Adaptasi:
Mempunyai biji • Akar jangkang Sonneratia sp.
benih viviparati membantu • Boleh tahan air
Rhizophora sp. masin
• Ciri-ciri daun:
untuk bernafas
• Aviciennia sp.
1. Hidatod mempunyai biji
benih viviparati
2. Daun tebal dan
berisi
3. Kutikel berlilin

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem

8.3 Population Ecology

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Population Ecology

Estimating The Population Size

To estimate plant populations

Can be used to determine frequency, density and percentage coverage.

Quadrat
Sampling Frequency = Number of quadrats containing the sp.× 100
Techniqu Number of quadrats

e
Density = Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats Number of quadrats x quadrat
area

Percentage coverage = Aerial coverage of all quadrats (m 2) ×100


Number of quadrats × quadrat area

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Ekologi Populasi

Menganggar Saiz Populasi

Untuk menganggar populasi tumbuhan.

Digunakan untuk menentukan frekuensi, kepadatan dan peratus litupan.

Teknik
Per- Frekuensi = Bilangan kuadrat yang mengandungi sp.× 100
sampelan Bilangan kuadrat

Kuadrat
Kepadatan = Jum.bil. Individu spesies dalam semua kuadrat
Jumlah kuadrat x luas kuadrat

Peratus litupan = Jum. luas litupan spesies di semua kuadrat ×100 Bilangan kuadrat × luas
kuadrat

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Population Ecology

The Capture, Mark, Release And Recapture Technique

• To estimate the population of mobile animals

• The steps involves are:


i. A specific animal sample is captured, marked and then released
ii. After a period of time, a second sample is captured and number
of marked animal is recorded

• Population size = (Number of individuals in the first sample) ×


(Number of individuals in the second sample)

Number of marked individual recaptured

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Ekologi Populasi

Kaedah Tangkap-Tanda-Lepas dan Tangkap Semula

• Untuk menganggar populasi haiwan bergerak.

• Langkah-langkah yang terlibat adalah:


i. Haiwan yang dikehendaki ditangkap, ditanda dan dilepaskan.
ii. Selepas beberapa ketika, sampel kedua ditangkap dan haiwan bertanda
direkodkan.

• Saiz populasi = (Bilangan individual pada sampel pertama) ×


(Bilangan individual pada sampel kedua)

Bilangan haiwan bertanda yang ditangkap

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem

8.4 Biodiversity

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Biodiversity

Biodiversity

 Biodiversity refers to the various species of organisms on earth

Monera
 Unicellular

Protista
 Have nuclear membrane

Fungi
Classification
 Have chitin wall
Of Organisms
 Multicellular

Plantae
 Have chlorophyll
 Multicellular

Animalia
 Multicellular

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Biokepelbagaian

Biokepelbagaian

 Biokepelbagaian merujuk kepada pelbagai spesies organisma di atas muka bumi

Monera
 Unisel

Protista
 Ada membran nuklear

Fungi
Pengelasan
 Mempunyai dinding berkitin
Organisma
 Multisel

Plantae
 Mempunyai klorofil
 Multisel

Animalia
 Multisel

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Biodiversity

The Hierarchy In The Classification Of Organisms

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalian

Primates

Hominidae

Homo

sapiens

The hierarchy in the classification of human

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Kepelbagaian

Hierarki Pengelasan Organisma

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Primate

Hominidae

Homo
sapiens

Hierarki Pengelasan Manusia

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Biodiversity

The Methods Of Naming Organisms

Linnaeus Binomial System

The two names must be in Latin


The genus and species name are written in italics or underlined
separately
The first name (genus) begins with a capital letter while the second
name (species) begins with a small letter

Examples:

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Garcinia mangostana

Panthera pardus

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Biokepelbagaian

Kaedah Penamaan Organisma

Sistem Binomial Linnaeus

Kedua-dua nama mesti dalam bahasa Latin


Nama genus dan spesies ditulis dalam bentuk italik atau digaris
berasingan
Nama pertama (genus) dimulakan dengan huruf besar manakala
nama kedua (spesies) dimula dengan huruf kecil

Contoh:

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Garcinia mangostana

Panthera pardus

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem

8.5 The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life

Virus Algae
- Have chlorophyll and
- Microscopic microorganisms
chloroplast
- All are parasites Microorganisms
- Have cellulose cell walls

Bacteria Protozoa
- Unicellular - Unicellular organisms
- Have peptidoglycan cell - Have peptidoglycan cell
walls walls

Fungi
- Multicellular or unicellular
- Have chitin walls

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik

Kesan Mikroorganisma Dalam Kehidupan

Virus Alga
- Mempunyai klorofil dan
- Mikroorganisma mikroskopik
kloroplas
- Kesemuanya parasit Mikroorganisma
- Dinding sel berselulosa

Bakteria Protozoa
- Unisel - Organisma unisel
- Mempunyai dinding sel - Dinding sel peptidoglikan
peptidoglikan

Kulat
- Multisel atau unisel
- Berdinding kitin

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life
Nitrogen Cycle

Reservoir of nitrogen
in atmosphere, N2

Lightening,
Denitrifying Volcanic
bacteria Eruption

Nitrogen
Animal waste /
NH3 ,NH4 fixing
plant matter
Decomposed bacteria
by decay
bacteria
Nitrites,
NO2- Fertilizers,
NO4+ NO3-
Absorb by Nitrates,
plants NO3-

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Kesan Mikroorganisma Dalam Hidupan|
Kitar Nitrogen

Takungan nitrogen
dalam atmosfera, N2

Kilat, letusan
Bakteria gunung
pendenitritan berapi

Bahan buangan Bakteria


haiwan / jirim NH3 ,NH4 pengikat
tumbuhan Diuraikan oleh nitrogen
bakteria
pereputan

Nitrit, NO2- Baja, NO4+


NO3-

Diserap
oleh Nitrat, NO3-
tumbuhan

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life

Transmission Of Diseases

Through unclean food


Contagious and contaminated water Droplet
disease transmission

Types Of Transmission
Of Disease

Vector Airborne
Methods of Controlling transmission
Pathogens
• Vaccines
• Disinfectants
• Antiseptic
• Antibiotic
ITeach – Biology Form 4
Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Kesan Mikroorganisma Dalam Hidupan|

Pemindahan Penyakit

Melalui makanan yang


Penyakit kotor dan air tercemar Pemindahan
berjangkit melalui titisan
Jenis Pemindahan
Penyakit
Vektor Pemindahan
Kaedah Mengawal Patogen melalui udara

• Vaksin
• Disinfektan
• Antiseptik
• Antibiotik
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4
Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem

8.6 Appreciating Biodiversity

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Appreciating Biodiversity

Discourage people from buying


things that are made from Laws reinforcement
animal part like snake skin

Activities
Activitiesthat
thatcan
can
be
be carried outto
carried out to
conserve
conserveand
and
preserve
preservethe
the
biodiversity
biodiversity

Educate people on the Designate certain


importance of preservation forests as national parks
and conservation such as Taman Negara

ITeach – Biology Form 4


Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik
Menghargai Biokepelbagaian

Tidak menggalakkan orang


Tidak menggalakkan orang
ramai daripada membeli Penguatkuasaan undang-
ramai daripada membeli
barangan daripada kulit undang-undang
undang
barangan
binatang daripada kulit binatang

Aktiviti
AktivitiYang
YangBoleh
Boleh
Dilakukan Untuk
Dilakukan Untuk
Memelihara&
Memelihara&
Memulihara
Memulihara
Biokepelbagaian
Biokepelbagaian

Mendidikorang
Mendidik orang ramai
ramai akan
akan Mewartakan hutan
Mewartakan hutan tertentu
tertentu
kepentingan memelihara
kepentingan memelihara sebagaikawasan
sebagai kawasan perlindungan
perlindungan
dan
danmemulihara
memulihara seperti
sepertiTaman
TamanNegara
Negara

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4


The End

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