Presented By:: J.Ambaji (07W81A1247)

PRESENTED BY:
J.AMBAJI
(07W81A1247)
 It is a microprocessor optimized for 2D/3D graphics,
video, visual computing, and display.
 A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is essentially it is
a hardware device that is responsible for translating
data into a 2D image formed by pixels.
 It provide real-time visual interaction with computed
objects via graphics images, and video.
 Heterogeneous Systems: combine a GPU with a CPU.
 Main function is to designing the 3-D Graphics.
 GPUs form the heart of modern graphics cards,
relieving the CPU (central processing units) of much of
the graphics processing load.
 It’s also known as a video card, video accelerator,
video adapter , graphics adapter.
 The functional purpose of a GPU then is to provide a
System resources are namely..
 Central Processing Unit.
 Main Memory.
 System Bus.
 graphical operations and I/O requests.
 The first graphics cards, introduced in August of 1981
by IBM, were monochrome cards designated as
Monochrome Display Adapters (MDAs).
 Color for IBM-compatible computers appeared on the
scene with.
 4-color Hercules Graphics Card (HGC),

 8-color Color Graphics Adapter (CGA),
 16-color Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA).
 The Video Electronics Standards Association
(VESA) agreed on a standard implementation of
Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA) that provided
up to 16.8 million colors and 1280x1024 resolution.
 1997 – 3D acceleration functions:
Hardware for triangle setup and rasterization,
Texture mapping
Shading.
 New GPU are being developed every 12 to 18
months
 GPU visual computing application:
OpenGL, and DirectX
 There are a lot of incredibly complex components
in a computer. a bus is the channel or path between
the components in a computer.
 It provides direct access to system memory for

connected devices, but uses a bridge to connect to the
front side bus and therefore to the CPU.
 PCI originally operated at 33 MHz using a 32-bit-

wide path. PCI cards use 47 pins to connect.
 AGP has 32 lines for multiplexed address and
data. AGP is a high-performance interconnect
between the core-logic chipset.
 The need for streaming video and real-time-

rendered 3-D games requires an even faster through
put than that provided by PCI.
 The graphics controller for enhanced graphics

performance for 3D applications put than that
provided by PCI.
 CPU-GPU system architecture
 – The Historical PC
 – contemporary PC with Intel and AMD CPUs.
 Graphics Logical Pipeline.
 Basic Unified GPU Architecture.
 This stage is also referred to as the "Transform and
Lighting" stage. In order to translate the scene from 3D
to 2D.
 This stage is performing by mathematical and as well as
diagrammatically.
 The 2D image and convert the data into a number of
"pixel-candidates", so-called fragments.
 A fragment is a data structure that contains attributes
such as position, color, depth, texture coordinates, etc.
There are several components on a typical graphics
card:
Graphics Processor
The graphics processor is the brains of the card,
and is typically one of three configurations:
Graphics co-processor:
A card with this type of processor can handle all
of the graphics chores. these are typically found on
high-end video cards.
Display Connector:
Mostly Graphics cards use the 15-pin connector.
Graphics accelerator:
This configuration graphics based on commands
from the computer's CPU.
Memory :
The most popular types of RAM used on a dual-
ported configuration. Dual-ported cards can write to
one section of memory while it is reading from
another section.
Frame buffer:
This chip simply controls the memory on the card
and sends information to the digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) .
There are many factors that affect the performance
of a GPU.
Memory Bandwidth:
 It is the data transfer speed between the graphics chip
and its local frame buffer. More bandwidth usually
gives better performance with the image.
Memory Management:
 The performance of the GPU also depends on how
efficiently the memory is managed properly.
 550 MHz memory clock.
 256-MB memory size.
 35.2 GByte/second memory bandwidth.
 600 million vertices/second.
 64 pixels per clock cycle early z-cull (reject rate).

 There are mainly two types of GPUs, those are mainly
used for Digital Content Creation like 3D animation as it
supports a lot of 3D functions.
 These are used for 3D gaming and such smaller tasks.
 Some of them are..

 Quadro series from NVIDIA.
 Wildcat series from 3D Labs.
.
 The GeForce4 MX graphics processing units (GPUs),
NVIDIA provides a new level of cost-effective, high-
performance graphics to the mainstream PC user.
 The standard graphics card comes with 64MB of
RAM.
 The GeForce4 MX has a 64bit bus.
 The GeForce4 MX is the cheapest and worst
performing of the three lines.
 NVIDIA's crown graphics card is the GeForce4 Ti,
Its basic specifications.
 Chip clock 225 - 300 MHz.
 Memory clock 500 - 650 MHz.
 Memory bandwidth 8,000 - 10,400 MB/s.
 128 MB frame buffer by default.
 It has a 128 bit bus , Its considered as the world’s
fastest GPU.
 NV25 series include three- GeForce4 Ti 4600
,GeForce4 Ti 4400 , GeForce4 Ti 4200.
 Given below are some of the terms that are closely
associated with GPUs .
Vertex:
Vertices are the “basic unit” of 3D graphics. All 3D
geometry is composed of vertices. Vertices contain X,
Y and Z positions.
Texture (Bitmap):
A Texture Map is a way of controlling the diffuse
color of a surface on a pixel-by-pixel.
Triangles:
 3D scenes are drawn using only triangles.
Triangles are defined as three x, y, z
coordinates, a properly-oriented texture.
The illusion of curved surfaces (fuselage,
engines, wings, etc.) comes from well-applied
shading of a flat polygon.
Vertices
A basic triangle
Rendering:
A term which is often used as a synonym for
rastarization, but which can also refer to the whole
process of creating a 3D image. Rendering is the
process of producing bitmapped images from a view
of 3-D models in a 3-D scene.
Filtering:
 Filtering is a method to determine the color of a pixel.
 The basic idea is interpolation; this is a technique of
using information of the real pixels surrounding the
unknown pixel to determine its color based on
mathematical averages.
FPS:
FPS stands for Frames per Second. This is the main
a unit of measure that is used to describe graphics and
video performance.
Texture Mapping:
In 3D graphics, texture mapping is the process of
adding a graphic pattern to the polygons of a 3D
scene.
API (Application Program Interface):
It is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for
building software applications. A good API makes it
easier to develop a program by providing all the
building blocks.
Frame buffer:
The memory used to store the pictures you see on
screen. Under Direct3D, there are actually two frame
buffers. The front buffer is being displayed while the
back buffer is being drawn
The three most popular graphical API's
(Application Programming Interface's) are:
 GLide by 3dfx,
 OpenGL by Silicon Graphics (and Microsoft),
 Direct3D by Microsoft as part of their multimedia

DirectX package.
 Nvidia's current top of the line model of graphics
cards is the Geforce.
 In developing GPUs we can surely come to a
conclusion that we will be able to see better and faster
GPUs in the near future.
 Both ATI/AMD and Nvidia have made efforts for
providing a programming interface for GPUs.
 ATI has released CTM (Close To Metal), a low level
programming interface.
1. www.howstuffworks.com
2. www.tomshardware.com
3. www.intel.com
4. www.nvidia.com
5. www.extremetech.com
6. www.pcworld.com
7. Wikipedia entry on GPUs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU
THANK YOU

Presented By:: J.Ambaji (07W81A1247)

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PRESENTED BY:

 4-color Hercules Graphics Card (HGC),

 It provides direct access to system memory for

 PCI originally operated at 33 MHz using a 32-bit-

 The need for streaming video and real-time-

 The graphics controller for enhanced graphics

 256-MB memory size.

 35.2 GByte/second memory bandwidth.

 600 million vertices/second.

 64 pixels per clock cycle early z-cull (reject rate).

 Some of them are..

 OpenGL by Silicon Graphics (and Microsoft),

 Direct3D by Microsoft as part of their multimedia

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