Philosophy comes from the Ancient word: “Philo” –

love and “Sophia” –wisdom. Philosophy literally

means “the love of wisdom.”
 It is a search for meaning. The word
“search” means to look, to find, to seek.
This connotes something more serious
and intense. It is a quest.
 It includes an understanding of the nature of
existence, man, and his role in the world. It is
necessary product of man’s rational mind.
According to (Zulueta, 2010) philosophy makes
man think about the basic foundations of his
outlook in life, his knowledge and his beliefs.
 People may differ in many aspects.
They may differ in size, color of skin,
race, socioeconomic status and
many more.
Despite these differences, they are all
human beings with divergent concepts
and views about human nature.
 Magdalena Villaba of the
University of Santo Tomas.
Some of her thoughts are herein
incorporated.
 The Hindu representatives/ Indian themselves
call their faith– dharma: “eternal law”. The first
meaning of this concept is the eternal divine law,
the eternal principle of Being, the whole of Hindu
faith, eternal consistency, and harmony of the
universe.
Important belief of Hindu:
Another important belief of Hindu:
 The Upanishads served as the Bible
of Hindu. – The sacred writings of the
Hinduism.
 One of the key concepts of Hinduism is the belief
in an ultimate reality called Brahman.
All beings emanate from Brahman; all being will
return back to the same source. Brahman is in all
things and it is the true Self (atman) of all beings.
Hinduism starts with the assumption that at
the bottom of all transformation occurring in
the world is one enduring reality comparable
to the essence of man.
Man is seen as consisting of five
sheaths/ coverings.
Man is seen as consisting of five
sheaths/ coverings.
 These sheaths are considered dark coverings of
ignorance that lie underneath the whole created
world. It is only when these have been torn away
can the true self, atman identified with Brahman,
be known. - Self – Realization
Buddhism is a moral philosophy/religion based upon
the teachings of Siddharta Gautama which is also
known as the Buddha – “one who was awakened”
This means that Buddha taught that there is no soul or self. This is
also called Anatta which means “non-self”, that there is no
unchanging, permanent SELF or SOUL in living beings. Everything
will be destroyed. Man must realize that his existence is also
temporary.
 Five Aggregates (Skandha) is somewhat the
components that come together to make an
individual. They work together to produce a mental
being.
1. Form/Matter (Rupa) – the physical body. It includes our own bodies,
and material objects as well. Specifically the five organs and the
corresponding physical objects of the sense organs.
2. Sensation (Vedana) – It is a physical or mental sensation that we
experience. It could be pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent feelings.
3. Perception – You have sense organs, and each of them has objects. If
we are going to put them together then we have perception. For ex.
Eye and light, nose and smell.
4. Mental Constructs or mental formation – All our concepts and
thoughts, from the most ordinary to the most grandiose.
5. Consciousness – This is our awareness of skandhas 1 to 4.
 The Four Noble Truths contains the essence of the
Buddha’s teachings. It was these four principles that
the Buddha came to understand during his meditation
under the bodhi tree.
 Dukkha – Suffering is an inescapable part of life. Our lives include struggle,
anguish and pain.
Samudāya – suffering stems from the greed, ignorance and hatred that arises
in our minds.
Nirodha – we can end all these if we stop craving and respond differently.
Marga – the recipe for achieving happiness, virtue and eventually Nirvana.
In Buddhism, the eightfold path is meant as a guideline,
to be considered, to be contemplated, and to be taken
on when, and only when each step is fully accepted as
part of the life you seek.
The meaning of Right has several aspects, and includes
an ethical, and a balanced, or middle way. When things
go "right", we often experience a special feeling inside
which confirms that this is the correct decision or
action.
Right Understanding and Thought are the manifestation
of Buddha-Wisdom which ends all suffering, transforms
the personality and produces unshakeable serenity and
tireless compassion.
Right Understanding and Thought are the manifestation
of Buddha-Wisdom which ends all suffering, transforms
the personality and produces unshakeable serenity and
tireless compassion. Right Speech, Action and
Livelihood constitute the training in Virtue or Morality.
Right Effort, Mindfulness and Concentration refer to the
practice of Meditation, which purifies the mind through
the experience of blissful states of inner stillness and
empowers the mind to penetrate the meaning of life
through profound moments of insight.
 According to the Buddha, without perfecting the practice of Virtue it is
impossible to perfect Meditation, and without perfecting Meditation it is
impossible to arrive at Enlightenment Wisdom. Thus the Buddhist Path is a
Gradual Path, a Middle Way consisting of Virtue, Meditation and Wisdom as
explained in the Noble Eightfold Path leading to happiness and liberation.
Confucianism developed from the teachings
of Confucius which focuses on human
morality and wrong action. Man is regarded
 In Confucianism, they believed that a Man is
capable of distinguishing what is right and
wrong. Then, Man is a social being as he
interacts and cooperates with others for certain
reason.
One large aspect of this system is a plan for right living
This plan lays out a structured society based on five
human relationships.
Father – child (In this relationship the son must be completely obedient and
respectful to his father.)
Ruler – subject (The Emperor gains his power through heredity and military
victory, but can only maintain that power as long as he is fulfilling the Will of
Heaven, bringing prosperity, safety, and cultural excellence to his realm.)
 Husband – wife (The wife has the responsibility of not bringing
shame to the family similarly to the role of the younger brother.
The husband on the other hand has the duty to honor his wife as
he instructs her. The husband must also provide a living for his
family.)
 Elder Brother to Younger Brother - he younger brother is to be obedient and
respectful to his older brother. The older brother takes much of the same
responsibilities as the father as he strives to teach younger brother in the same
ways his father has taught him, while maintaining a good example. The younger
brother must do nothing to bring shame to his family.
 Friend to Friend - The relationship of friends is a mutual respect,
one which one becomes worthy of by being worthy of learning the
Classics and showing the incorporation of Confucian ideals
through their thought and actions.
 Human-heartedness (jen) – It is the highest Confucian
principle. People cultivated by it are humane individuals
who exhibit benevolence and care toward others. They
are motivated by a deep empathy for others.
Righteousness (Yi) - is an important concept in Confucianism. It
involves a moral disposition to do good, and also the intuition
and sensibility to do so competently. It only tells us to always act
right and right in which is appropriate from the situation,
without the hassle and by sincerely holding on to the
responsibility one has for others.
Ritual or propriety (li)– Confucius is suggesting that one should,
in all circumstances, act with the attention and care
characteristic of the performance of a sacred rite. One should be
conscientiously attentive to detail, and sensitive to what is most
appropriate to the situation.
Wisdom (chic)– It only tells about the understanding of
the other three virtues (jen,yi and li)