Biology Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Archaebacteria
Methanogens
These Archebacteria are
anaerobes. They make
methane (natural gas) as
a waste product. They are
found in swamp
sediments, sewage, and
in buried landfills. In the
future, they could be
used to produce methane
as a byproduct of sewage
treatment or landfill
operation.
Halophiles
These are salt-loving Archaebacteria that grow in
places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah or salt ponds
on the edge of San Francisco Bay. Large numbers of
certain halophiles can turn these waters a dark pink.
Pink halophiles contain a pigment very similar to the
rhodopsin in the human retina. They use this visual
pigment for a type of photosynthesis that does not
produce oxygen. Halophiles are aerobes, however,
and perform aerobic respiration.
Extreme halophiles can live in extremely salty environments. Most
are photosynthetic autotrophs. The photosynthesizers in this
category are purple because instead of using chlorophyll to
photosynthesize, they use a similar pigment called
bacteriorhodopsin that uses all light except for purple light,
making the cells appear purple.
Thermophiles
These are Archaebacteria from hot springs and other
high temperature environments. Some can grow
above the boiling temperature of water. They are
anaerobes, performing anaerobic respiration.
Thermophiles are interesting because they contain
genes for heat-stable enzymes that may be of great
value in industry and medicine. An example is taq
polymerase, the gene for which was isolated from a
collection of Thermus aquaticus in a Yellowstone
Park hot spring. Taq polymerase is used to make
large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA
sample. It is invaluable to medicine, biotechnology,
and biological research. Annual sales of taq
polymerase are roughly half a billion dollars.
Eubacteria
• Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular.
• Bacteria have cell walls, contain peptidoglycan, not

cellulose
• Bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids
• Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes.
• Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs.

Struktur dasar sel bakteri
Sitoplasma
Ribosom
Nukleoid (DNA)
Membran plasma
Peptidoglikan
Dinding sel Membran luar
Kapsul
Bacterial Structures
Characteristics used
for Classification:
• RNA sequences and structure
• type of nutrition
• ability to produce endospores- resistant structures
with cytoplasm and DNA
• method of movement
• shape, and the way the cells are grouped
• composition of cell wall and it’s ability to absorb stain
General Characteristics
• are found almost everywhere
• are often pathogenic (they make us sick!)
• are divided into groups according to:
– their shape
– grouping
– cell wall
– ability to absorb stains
• Bacteria can be autotrophs or hetertrophs.
• Those that are classified as autotrophs are

either photosynthetic, obtaining energy from
sunlight or chemosynthetic, breaking down
inorganic substances for energy .
• Bacteria classified as
heterotrophs derive energy
from breaking down
complex organic
compounds in the
environment. This includes
saprobes, bacteria that
feed on decaying material
and organic wastes, as well
as those that live as
parasites, absorbing
nutrients from living
organisms.
Oxygen Preferences
• obligate aerobes must have oxygen
• obligate anaerobes cannot live in
oxygen
• facultative anaerobes can grow with
or without oxygen
• Depending on the
species, bacteria can be
aerobic which means
they require oxygen to
live
or
• anaerobic which means

oxygen is deadly to
them.
Green patches are green sulfur
bacteria. The rust patches are
colonies of purple non sulfur bacteria.
The red patches are purple sulfur
bacteria.
Shapes of Bacteria
What a slide of Typical coccus looks like in
a microscope.
Coccus
http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1010/Coccus1.jpg
Diplococcus
Streptococcus aurelius
Staphylococcus
Typical Bacillus
Bacillus
http://er1.org/docs/photos/Anthrax/bacillus%20anthracis%20-03.jpg
Typical Bacillus in a Microscope
Spirochetes
Gram Stain
• A staining method to differentiate
bacteria
• Gram-negative refers to the inability to

retain the deep violet dye
• Gram-positive refers to the ability to

retain the deep violet dye
• The Gram stain, which divides most clinically
significant bacteria into two main groups, is
the first step in bacterial identification.
• Bacteria stained purple are Gram + - their cell

walls have thick petidoglycan and teichoic
acid.
• Bacteria stained pink are Gram – their cell

walls have have thin peptidoglycan and
lipopolysaccharides with no teichoic acid.
In Gram-positive bacteria, the purple crystal violet stain is
trapped by the layer of peptidoglycan which forms the outer
layer of the cell. In Gram-negative bacteria, the outer
membrane of lipopolysaccharides prevents the stain from
reaching the peptidoglycan layer. The outer membrane is then
permeabilized by acetone treatment, and the pink safranin
counterstain is trapped by the peptidoglycan layer.
Gram Staining

Gram Negative cells Gram Positive Cells

Is this gram stain positive or negative?
Identify the bacteria.
Is this gram stain positive or negative?
Identify the bacteria.
Bacteria Photos
Clostridium perfringes
Anthrax
Bacteria Photos
E. coli
Clostridium tetani
Bacteria Photos
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteria Photos
Strep
• Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation or
asexually by binary fission.
Asexual Reproduction
• Binary Fission – cells grow in size the split in two….
Genetically identical
Sexual Reproduction (exchanging DNA) Conjugation
• two bacteria join together and exchange portions

of DNA
F-Pilus for Conjugation
Transformation
DNA is taken in by a bacterium, and then used.
Transduction
DNA is transferred to a bacterium by a
virus.
Endospore
• Bacteria can survive
unfavorable conditions
by producing an
endospore.
Endospores
• When
environmental
factors become
harsh bacteria
will either die or
form endospores.
• If bacteria have
time, if the
environmental
changes are slow
enough, they
usually form
endospores.
Examples of Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualism – E. coli in the intestines of
mammals aid in digestion.
• Parasitism – some bacteria are parasites. They

live in a host and eventually overpopulate. As
they do they use the host’s food and water,
and eventually they starve the tissues.
Beneficial Uses/Effects
• chemical recyclers (Nitrogen Cycle)
• the production of HGH, Insulin, Etc.,
through Genetic Engineering
• oil spill cleanup
• synthesis of Vitamins in your
intestines
• Bacteria are often
maligned as the causes
of human and animal
disease. However,
certain bacteria, the
actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as
streptomycin and
nocardicin.
Bacterial Diseases
• Anthrax
• Botulism
• Lyme Disease
• Salmonella
• Tetanus
• Tooth decay
• Tuberculosis
Strep Throat
Staph Infection
• Other Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of
animals or elsewhere in their bodies.
• For example, bacteria in your gut produce

vitamin K which is essential to blood clot
formation.
• Still other Bacteria live
on the roots of certain
plants, converting
nitrogen into a usable
form.
• Bacteria put the tang in
yogurt and the sour in
sourdough bread.
• Saprobes help to break

down dead organic
matter.
• Bacteria make up the

base of the food web in
many environments.
Streptococcus thermophilus in yogurt
Cyanobacteria
• are photosynthetic autotrophs that
produce carbohydrates and oxygen
• tend to cling together in chains or
colonies
• contain enzymes that allow them to
“fix” atmospheric nitrogen
Cyanobacteria
This is a group of bacteria that
includes some that are single
cells and some that are chains
of cells. You may have seen
them as "green slime" in your
aquarium or in a pond.
Cyanobacteria can do "modern

photosynthesis", which is the
kind that makes oxygen from
water. All plants do this kind of
photosynthesis and inherited
the ability from the
cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to
do modern photosynthesis and they made the first
oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderbiology7/graphics/mader07b/online_vrl/images/0510l.jpg
Filamentous: Chain of cells
http://www.spea.indiana.edu/joneswi/e455/Anabaena.jpg
Oscillatoria
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu:16080/images/130/Bacteria/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria/Oscillatoria_MC.jpg
Anabaena
_ http://www.bio.mtu.edu/~jkoyadom/algae_webpage/ALGAL_IMAGES/cyanobacteria/Anabaena_jason_dbtow17 2016.jpg
Some filamentous cyanobacteria have Heterocysts,
which are Nitrogen-fixing structures
http://www.people.vcu.edu/~elhaij/IntroBioinf/Scenarios/heterocyst2.JPG
The role of bacteria in the Nitrogen cycle

Biology Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Archaebacteria

• Bacteria have cell walls, contain peptidoglycan, not

• Bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids

• Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes.

• Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs.

• Those that are classified as autotrophs are

• anaerobic which means

• Gram-negative refers to the inability to

• Gram-positive refers to the ability to

• Bacteria stained purple are Gram + - their cell

• Bacteria stained pink are Gram – their cell

Gram Negative cells Gram Positive Cells

• two bacteria join together and exchange portions

• Parasitism – some bacteria are parasites. They

• For example, bacteria in your gut produce

• Saprobes help to break

• Bacteria make up the

Cyanobacteria can do "modern

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.