Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals: Reproduction and Development

Compare and Contrast
Process in Plants and

Animals:
Reproduction and
Development
By Kim Timbol, Justin Garcia, Alyssa Flores &
Nathaniel Gardose
REPRODUCT
ION OF
PLANTS
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
TWO TYPES OF
POLLINATION
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Nathaniel Gardose
Reproduction
of Animals
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction occurs in
prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria
and archaea) and in many eukaryotic,
single-celled and multi-celled organisms.
There are several ways that animals
reproduce asexually, the details of
which vary among individual species.
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FISSION
Fission, also called binary fission, occurs in some
invertebrate, multi-celled organisms. It is in some
ways analogous to the process of binary fission of
single-celled prokaryotic organisms. The term
fission is applied to instances in which an organism
appears to split itself into two parts and, if
necessary, regenerate the missing parts of each
new organism.
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BUDDING
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction that results
from the outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a
separation of the “bud” from the original organism and
the formation of two individuals, one smaller than the
other. Budding occurs commonly in some invertebrate
animals such as hydras and corals. In hydras, a bud
forms that develops into an adult and breaks away
from the main body.
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FRAGMENTATION
Fragmentation is the breaking of an individual into parts
followed by regeneration. If the animal is capable of
fragmentation, and the parts are big enough, a separate
individual will regrow from each part. Fragmentation
may occur through accidental damage, damage from
predators, or as a natural form of reproduction.
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Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which
an egg develops into an individual without being
fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either haploid or
diploid, depending on the process in the species.
Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water
fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, and ants, wasps, and
bees. Ants, bees, and wasps use parthenogenesis to
produce haploid males (drones). The diploid females
(workers and queens) are the result of a fertilized egg.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction is the combination of
reproductive cells from two individuals to form
genetically unique offspring. The nature of the
individuals that produce the two kinds of gametes
can vary, having for example separate sexes or
both sexes in each individual. Sex determination,
the mechanism that determines which sex an
individual develops into, also can vary.
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Hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism occurs in animals in which one
individual has both male and female reproductive
systems. Invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs,
tapeworms, and snails are often hermaphroditic.
Hermaphrodites may self-fertilize, but typically
they will mate with another of their species,
fertilizing each other and both producing
offspring.
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SEX
DETERMINATION
Mammalian sex is determined genetically by the
combination of X and Y chromosomes. Individuals
homozygous for X (XX) are female and heterozygous
individuals (XY) are male. In mammals, the presence of a
Y chromosome causes the development of male
characteristics and its absence results in female
characteristics. The XY system is also found in some
insects and plants.
FERTILIZATION
The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called
fertilization. This can occur either inside (internal
fertilization) or outside (external fertilization) the
body of the female. Humans provide an example of
the former, whereas frog reproduction is an example
of the latter.
EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
External fertilization usually occurs in aquatic
environments where both eggs and sperm are
released into the water. After the sperm reaches
the egg, fertilization takes place. Most external
fertilization happens during the process of
spawning where one or several females release
their eggs and the male(s) release sperm in the
same area, at the same time.
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INTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
Internal fertilization occurs most often in terrestrial
animals, although some aquatic animals also use
this method. Internal fertilization may occur by
the male directly depositing sperm in the female
during mating. It may also occur by the male
depositing sperm in the environment, usually in a
protective structure, which a female picks up to
deposit the sperm in her reproductive tract.
INTRODUCTIO
N
• All cells of a plant develops from a zygote.
• Zygote produces a number of cells which organize into tissues and organs.
• Development referring to the sum of all changes and stages that an organism
undergo through a life cycle from seed germination, growth, maturation,
flowering, and senescene.
• During the process of development, a complex body organization is formed that

produces roots, leaves, branches, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and eventually they
die.
• Plant development shares many similarities with animal development processes,

but the fact that plants are non - motile (unmovable), photosynthetic organisms
requires the addition of unique developmental processes to the common ones.
ANIMAL
DEVELOP
MENT
ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
> The processes that lead eventually to
the formation of a new animal starting
from cells derived from one or more
parent individuals
> As an animal embryo develops, its cells
divide, grow, and migrate in specific
patterns to make a more and more
elaborate body

4 Stages in early animal development
• Fertilization
• Cleavage
• Gastrulation
• Organogenesis
.
fertilization
The process of single sperm
cell combining with single
egg cell to form a zygote.
CLEAVAGE
Rapid, multiple rounds of mitotic cell
division where the overall size of the
embryo does not increase. The
developing embryo is called a blastula
following completion of cleavage.
BLASTOMERE
A type of cell produced by cleavage
(cell division) of the zygote after
fertilization and is an essential part
of blastula formation.
GASTRULATION
The dramatic rearrangement (movement)
of cells in the blastula to create the
embryonic tissue layers. These tissue
layers will go on to produce the tissue
and organs of the adult animal.
3 Germ Layers (Embryonic
Tissues)
● • Ectoderm: skin and nervous system
● • Mesoderm: connective tissues,
circulatory system, muscles and bones
● • Endoderm: digestive system, lungs,
and urinary system
ORGANOGENES
The processIS
of organ and
tissues formation via cell
division and differentiation.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
● Gastrulation and organogenesis
together contribute to morphogenesis
● Morphogenesis: the biological
processes that results in an organism’s
shape and body organization .
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!

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Process in Plants and

• During the process of development, a complex body organization is formed that

• Plant development shares many similarities with animal development processes,

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