BCBBH

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
DR OKWUOGORI JOY
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA
CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS DURING EXERCISE
INTRODUCTION
• The aim is to provide more blood supply to the exercising muscles, speed up
the removal of CO2 and other waste products (metabolic wastes) and
removal of excess heat generated during exercise.
• The CVS delivers greater amount of oxygen and nutrients to the active
muscle during exercise.
• the bld. flow to the muscles ↑ >20 fold
• muscular exercise has the most stressful impact on the normal cardivascular
system
• Aerobic activity, is also called endurance activity, improves cardiorespiratory
fitness. this includes brisk walking, swimming, cycling, running etc.
• Based on severity/ Intensity, exercise can be classified as Mild, Moderate

and Severe
1. Changes in Bp
During moderate isotonic exercise (brisk walking, swimming)
- virtually all the ms of the body is involved (keeps the jts. and ms moving)
- there is minimal tension
- there is increase in systolic Bp (usu abt 20-40mmHg) which is due to
vasodilatation in virtually all the skeletal ms.
- but the diastolic Bp remains unchanged because the peripheral resistance
is not affected
• During severe (vigorous) isotonic exercise
- increase in Systolic Bp
- while the diastolic Bp is decreased due to decreased peripheral
resistance secondary to vasodilatation
• In Isometric (static) exercise (pushing heavy objects)

- both the systolic and diastolic Bp increases
- the mean arterial pressure can be as high as 170mmHg
- vasodilatation occurs in only the few ms involved
- high increase in arterial pressure is the due to the greater effect of
generalized vasoconstriction: increased sympathetic discharge (all parts of
the body except in the few active ms) compared to the vasodilatation
• importance of increased arterial Bp

- increase the the force that pushes bld. to the tss (vis a tergo)
2. Changes in HR, SV, and CO

- before commencement of exercise, the HR increases in anticipation
(anticipatory response)
- ↑HR is the main mechanism that increases CO maximally
- increase in HR, SV, and CO are the changes in cardiac funtion that occur
in exercise
• changes in force of contraction of the heart, the HR and CO are due to
- reduced vagal (PΣ) tone to the heart (vagal withdrawal)
- increase sympathetic discharge to the heart
- increase in circulating cathecholamines (E and NE)
- increase in body temp.
• HR in moderate exercise (↑180bpm) and in severe exercise (↑240-
260bpm)
• CO in moderate exercise (↑20L/min) and in severe exercise (↑35L/min)
• SV increases proportionally with exercise intensity. During intense ,
physical activity SV ↑ upto 110- 130ml/beat
• Increased VR to the heart is due to

- venoconstriction
- muscle pump (↑VR to the heart) and thoracic pump (negative pressure
in the chest during inspiration that pulls venous bld into th vena cava)
- mobilization of bld. from the viscera and
- increased pressure is transmitted through the dilated arterioles to the
veins to ↑VR and consequently increase the CO
3. Redistribution of CO
- there is diversion of most of the CO to the exercising ms due to
generalized vasoconstriction except in the coronary (Heart) and
cerebral (brain) circulation.
- marked increase in bld flow to the active (exercising) ms
- bld. flow to the exercising ms can increase upto 85% (from 15%) at a
rate of > 20L/ min (from 750mls/min)
- this is due to marked arteriolar dilatation caused by lactic acid, low
O2 tension, adenosine, CO2 etc. and marked contraction of the
arterioles of the peripheral circulation.
4. Increased delivery of oxygen to the tissues

- due to incresed CO and pulmonary ventilation
- at the tissue level, more rapid diffusion of oxygen to the tissues occurs because
• more capillaries are opened and dilated
• PO2 in the active ms (15mmHg or less) is lower compared to the arterial PO2
(97mmHg), thereby increasing the diffusion gradient
• the distance btw the capillary wall and the body cells is reduced following
dilatation of the vss
• O2- Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right due to ↑temperature, ↑CO2
concentration, fall in pH and ↑2,3- DPG level
2,3 DPG (2,3- diphosphoglycerate) helps to liberate oxygen from Hb in the
peripheral ciculation.
Oxygen- Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve
5. Temperarture regulation
- during exercise excess heat is produced
- a high blood flow rate due to dilatation of the cutaneous bld. vss aids to
conduct heat from the core of the body to the skin
- heat is lost through the skin and lungs (pulmonary ventilation
heat loss from the skin is by
• radiation
• evaporation of water in sweat and insensible evaporation from skin
and lungs
• conduction to air and objects.

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CARDIOVASCULAR

• Based on severity/ Intensity, exercise can be classified as Mild, Moderate

• In Isometric (static) exercise (pushing heavy objects)

• importance of increased arterial Bp

2. Changes in HR, SV, and CO

• Increased VR to the heart is due to

4. Increased delivery of oxygen to the tissues

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