Scope and Importance of Biotech

Scope and Importance
of Biotechnology
What is BIOTECHNOGY ?
Biology + Technology
Involves the exploitation of biological agents or their components for
generating useful products/services
The use of living microorganisms in systems or processes for the manufacture
of the useful products , it may be algae, fungi, yeast bacteria ,viruses ,
cells of higher plants and animals or their subsystems or isolated
components from living matter
- It consists of scaling up of biological processes
Aspects of Biotechnology
Biotechnology
We’ll examine:
Animal cloning
Gene cloning for

pharmaceutical production
The promise and perhaps

perils of embryonic stem cells
BIOTECHNOLOGY- ITS APPLICATION
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Biochemistry
Cell biology
Computer science
Genetics
Immunology
Physiology
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Biochemical engineering
BIOTECNOLOGICAL TOOLS
Biosensor technology
Cell & tissue culture technology
Genetic engineering technology(recombinat
DNA tech)
Monoclonal antibody technology
Protein engineering technology
Antisense technology
Bioprocessing technology
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental monitoring
Pollution prevention
Bioremediation
AGRICULURAL FIELD
DEVLOPMENT OF GOOD QUALITY CROPS

PREVENTION OF DISEASES IN LIVESTOCK SECTOR
NEWER VARITIES OF CROP YIELD
TRANSGENIC PLANT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Alternatives of expensive fertilisers
MEDICAL SECTOR
Efficient diagnostic technique
Vaccine production & application
Therapeutics
BIOSENSORS
Biosensor technology couples our knowledge of biology
with advances in microelectronics
A biosensor is composed of a biological component, such
as cell, enzyme, or antibody, linked or tiny transducer.
HELPFUL IN
1- Measuring nutritional value, freshness & safety of food
2-Locate & measure the environmental pollution
3-Detect & quantify explosive, toxins and bio warfare
agents
CELL CULTURE
It is the growing of cells outside the living

organisms
1- Plant cell culture
2- Animal cell culture
3- Insect cell culture
BENEFICIAL
Production of transgenic plant & animal
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
1- Recombinant DNA technology, joining together

of DNA molecules from two different species that
are inserted into a host organism to produce new
genetic combinations those are of value to
science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
2- Since the focus of all genetics is the gene, the
fundamental goal of laboratory geneticists is to
isolate, characterize, and to manipulate genes
A Site With Three Alleles Useful for DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fragments of different size will be produced by a restriction

enzyme that cuts at the points shown by the arrows.
DNA Fingerprinting Basics
If DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme

that recognizes sites on either side of
the region that varies, DNA fragments
of different sizes will be produced.
A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing

the sizes of DNA fragments produced
from a number of different sites in the
genome that vary in length.
The more common the length variation at

a particular site and the greater the
number the sites analyzed, the more
informative the fingerprint.
NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanobiotechnology is a new technology that works at the scale
of a single molecule or about a thousandth of a micron. It is the
study and manufacture of super‐small structures and tiny
machines made on the molecular scale.
• These can be used to build structures that might be used in
microchips for super‐fast computers made of DNA rather than
silicon.
• Nano biotechnology could be used to miniaturize sensors and
improve drug delivery
BIOTECHNOLOGY – DIAGNOSTIC
• Help diagnose prostate cancer or cholera or high
cholesterol
Determine if women have a predisposition to breast
cancer
Ensure that our blood supply is safe and doesn’t
carry diseases from blood donors, such as HIV or mad
cow disease and find out if a baby in the womb have
issues like Down syndrome
Biotechnology is allowing us to diagnose disease
earlier in the disease process, which greatly improves
patient’ s prognosis
PROTEIN ENGINEERING
Protein engineering is used often in conjunction
with recombinant DNA technology to
improve existing proteins, such as enzymes,
cell receptor, antibodies.
These proteins may be used in drug
development, food processing, industrial
development
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
• Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large
amounts of pure antibodies in the following way: We can obtain
cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a
class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture. If we form
a hybrid that combines the characteristic of "immortality" with
the ability to produce the desired substance, we would have, in
effect, a factory to produce antibodies that worked around the
clock.
• In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can
replicate endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce
an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a "hybridoma," which
will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called
monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell.
Biotechnology
Dolly and
surrogate Mom
Embryonic stem cells and

gene therapy Genetically modified rice.
Carbon Copy– the First Cloned Pet
(Science (2002) 295:1443)

Significantly, Carbon Copy is not a phenotypic carbon copy of the
animal she was cloned from.
CONTINUE...........
ORGANISM BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Help the organism live better or be more productive
• Goal – improve organisms and the conditions in
which they grow
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
 Is important because it brings science closer to

creating life in the lab
 Cells and tissues may be developed to treat human
injury and disease
THERAPEUTICS
Treat cancer, arthritis, asthma, heart disease, and hemophilia.

New drugs have been developed that Produce antibiotics, birth
control pills, vitamins, and growth hormones.
Treat the side effects of chemotherapy and give cancer patients
a better chance for a cure.
Prevent hepatitis, meningitis, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus
through vaccines.
Grow skin replacements for burn victims and materials that help
broken bones heal better
FOOD PRODUCTION & PROCESSING
Agriculture companies are also using biotechnology to improve
production of meat and dairy products and to improve processing of
other foods. Examples include:
• Using Bovine somato‐tropin (BST), a hormone that helps to increase
milk production.
• Cloning cows that are high milk producers or beef stock.
• Reducing soy sauce fermentation from a few months to a few days.
• Improving the processing of cheese, cocoa and tea.
• Using industrial enzymes to process corn syrup to high fructose corn
syrup which is used in many food products such as sodas, sauces,
salad dressings tomato paste and ketchup.
• Developing preservatives to replace sulfur and nitrates.
• Developing healthier vegetable oils with reduced saturated fats
Crop produced
• Have the resistance power against the worms
• Have maximum production ability
• Better improvement prior to previous practice
• High % of food suppliments
CONTINUE...................
HUMAN HEALTH
The biotechnology pharmaceutical industry has grown
immensely in the past 25 years.
The first drug produced through biotechnology,
human insulin, has been helping to save lives since
1981. Since then, the biotechnology industry has
brought to market more than 200 new drugs and
vaccines that treat and prevent diseases. More than
400 new biotechnology drugs are in the process of
being tested to see if they can be brought to market.
MICROARRAYS
Micro arrays technology is transforming
laboratory research because it allows us to
analyse tens of thousands of samples
simultaniously
1- DNA micro arrays
2- Protein micro arrays
3- Tissue micro arrays
4- Whole cell micro arrays
Microarray Experiment
30
31
32
USU’s Contribution
– A Cloned Mule
and the First
Cloned Equine
The Biotechnology
of Reproductive
Cloning
Even under the best of

circumstances, the
current technology of
cloning is very
inefficient.
Cloning provides the

most direct
demonstration that all
cells of an individual
share a common
genetic blueprint.
Plant Tissue Culture
A Requirement for Transgenic Development
Callus
grows
A plant part Shoots
Is cultured develop Shoots are rooted;
plant grows to maturity
Harnessing the Power of Recombinant DNA Technology –
Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
and cut with a restriction enzyme
6) join the plasmid and human fragment

Mix the recombinant plasmid with

bacteria.
Screening bacterial cells to learn which contain the human insulin gene is the
hard part.
Bioremediation
• Bioremediation can be defined as any process
that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to
return the environment altered by
contaminants to its original condition.
Genetically Modified Food
• It’s the blessings of biotechnology.
• Tomato is incorporated with cat fish gene
which will be the fishy in taste

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Scope and Importance

Gene cloning for

The promise and perhaps

DEVLOPMENT OF GOOD QUALITY CROPS

It is the growing of cells outside the living

1- Recombinant DNA technology, joining together

DNA fragments of different size will be produced by a restriction

If DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme

A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing

The more common the length variation at

Embryonic stem cells and

(Science (2002) 295:1443)

 Is important because it brings science closer to

Treat cancer, arthritis, asthma, heart disease, and hemophilia.

Even under the best of

Cloning provides the

and cut with a restriction enzyme

6) join the plasmid and human fragment

Mix the recombinant plasmid with

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