Ac Motor: Induction Motor (Asynchronous Motor) Synchronous Motor

Chapter 6
AC MOTOR
Induction Motor (Asynchronous Motor)

Synchronous Motor
Induction Motor
 Induction motors are used worldwide in many residential,
commercial, industrial, and utility applications.
 Induction Motors transform electrical energy into

mechanical energy.
 It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some

other form of mechanical equipment such as a winder,
conveyor, or mixer.
 Main features: cheap and low maintenance
 Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy.

Applications
3
Construction
 The three basic parts of an AC motor are the rotor,
stator, and enclosure.
 The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that
perform as electromagnets.
4
Construction (Stator construction)
• The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor.
• The stator circuit has three sets of coils.
• The coils are separated by 120’ and are excited by three-
phase supply.
Construction (Rotor construction)
 The rotor is the rotating part of the
electromagnetic circuit.
 It can be found in two types:
- Squirrel cage
- Wound rotor/ slip rings
 However, the most common type of rotor is the
“squirrel cage” rotor.
 Motor rotor windings are connected in wye and
the terminals are connected to the three slip
rings.
Construction (Rotor construction)
 Induction motor types:
 Squirrel cage type:
 Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in the
rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
 Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
 Wound/ SLIP RING rotor type:

 Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals can
be connected to external circuits through slip rings and
brushes.
 Easy to control speed, more expensive.
SLIP RING
Squirrel cage type
Short circuits all

rotor bars.
/rotor winding
Construction (Enclosure)
 The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and
two end brackets (or bearing housings). The
stator is mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits
inside the stator with a slight air gap separating
it from the stator. There is NO direct physical
connection between the rotor and the stator.
• The enclosure also protects the electrical
and operating parts of the motor from
harmful effects of the environment in which
the motor operates. Bearings, mounted on
the shaft, support the rotor and allow it to
turn.
10
Construction (Enclosure)
Concept of rotating fields
 The three-phase stator windings are
excited by a three-phase source with
sinusoidal waveform separated by 120‘.
 The current of the three-phase produce a
three-phase flux.
 Because of the arrangement of the stator
windings, the flux of each phase travels
along the windings‘ axes.
Three-phase fields
When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a

3 phase voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow
in the windings, which also will induced 3 phase
flux in the stator.
Pole
Two-pole induction motor:
 Each phase has a coil and there are two
poles, one north and the other south.
In this arrangement, the rotor moves
360‘ mechanical for every one
complete ac cycle.
Pole (cont)
Four-pole induction motor:
 Each phase has two coils and there are
four poles, 2 northes and 2 southes
In this arrangement, the rotor moves

180‘ mechanical for every one
complete ac cycle.
Synchronous speed
 These flux will rotate at a speed called a
Synchronous Speed, ns. The flux is called
as Rotating magnetic Field (RMF).
Synchronous speed: its magnitude is
synchronous with the supply frequency.
(1)
(2)
Synchronous speed (cont)
(3)
(1)
f = the frequency of supply

Slip,s
 Slip : the difference between the rotor speed (n or W)
and the synchronous speed (ns or Ws).
 In an actual operation, the rotor speed always lags the
magnetic field's speed, allowing the rotor bars to cut
magnetic lines of force and produce useful torque.
(4)
 Slip at starting, when the motor speed is zero, is equal to

one.
 Slip = 0, when Ws = W.
Slip (Cont)
Slip and Voltage
When the motor starts rotating the slip is 100 %
and the voltage is at maximum. The slip and
voltage are reduced when rotor starts to turn.
Slip and Frequency

Frequency decrease when slip decrease.
Principle of Operation
 Torque producing mechanism
 When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a
3 phase voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow
in the windings, hence the stator is energized.
 A rotating flux Φ is produced in the air gap. The
flux Φ induces a voltage Ea in the rotor winding
(like a transformer).
 The induced voltage produces rotor current, if
rotor circuit is closed.
 The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ,
producing torque. The rotor rotates in the
20
direction of the rotating flux.
Direction of Rotor Rotates
Q: How to change the direction of rotation?
A: Change the phase sequence of the power
supply.
21
Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Motor
Equivalent circuit of the stator
Equivalent circuit of the stator
(cont)
 The stator is a set of windings made of copper
material mounted on the core.
 The windings have a resistance R1 and inductive
reactance X1
 The core, whice is made of steel alloy can be
represented by a linear combination of a parallel
resistance and a reactance (Rm and Xm).
 Im : magnetizing current
 N1 : Stator windings
 E1 : Effective voltage drop that is equal to
voltage source V.
Equivalent circuit of the rotor
Standstill
Equivalent circuit of the rotor (cont)
 The rotor can be represented by a winding
impedance composed of a resistance R2
and an inductance X2.
 N2 : Turns of rotor windings.
 E2 : induced voltage across the rotor
windings.
Standstill
 The induced voltage E2 is
(5)
 Keep in mind the induced voltage at

standstill E2 is proportional to synchronous
speed ns.
Rotor is spinning at speed n
 The induced voltage across the rotor Er is proportional
to the relative speed between the rotor and the field.
(6)
 The rotor Er at any speed n, is
(7)
Frequency of rotor circuit

 At standstill Δn = ns, the frequency of E2 or
I2 is the same as the stator‘s supply
frequency.
(8)
fss = rotor‘s frequency at standstill

 At any other speed, the frequency of the
rotor current depends on the rate by which
the rotor windings cut through the field.
(9)
 Equations (7) & (9) change the equivalent
circuit of the rotor which is a more general
circuit for any rotor speed.
 The rotor inductive reactance in this circuit
is
(10)
The rotor current of the induction motor Ir
(11)
Which can be modified to
(12)
Development of approximate equivalent circuit for
an induction motor
 Let us put stator and rotor equivalent

circuits together.
Development of approximate equivalent circuit for
an induction motor (cont)
 The equivalent circuit can be simplified by eliminating the turn ration
by means of the referring all parameters and variables to the stator.
 The R‘2 and X‘2 of the rotor winding refered to the stator circuit are
computed as follows:
 N1 and N2 are the number of turns of the stator and rotor windings.
Development of approximate equivalent
circuit for an induction motor (cont)
 The rotor current referred to the stator
circuit I‘2 can computed as
• To conveniently analyze the rotor circuit,
let us divide R‘2 /s into two components:
The losses of the rotor
windings can be computed
separately from the developed
power.
 The equivalent circuit can be further
modified by assuming that Im <<< I1, this
makes I1 = ~ I2 and the impedances of the
stator and rotor windings are in series.
 The resistive element represents the
load of the motor, which includes the mechanical
and rotational loads.
 Rotation loads include the friction and windage.
 The value of the load resistance is dependent on
the motor speed.
(i) slip is close to zero, the load resistance is very
large.
(ii) Slip is unity (at starting), the load resistance
is zero.
Power Flow
Pin = input power is consumed
in the stator circuit in the
form of
(i) Winding losses, Pcu1
(ii) Core losses, Piron
(iii) Airgap power, Pg enters
the rotor circuit.
Pg is consumed in the rotor
circuit as:
(iv) Copper losses, Pcu2
(v) Developed Power, Pd
Developed power is ratational losses, Protational due to friction, windage and so on.
The rest is the output power, Pout consuemd by the load.
Power Flow(cont)
 Input power, Pin
Where:
V = phase voltage of source
θ1 = phase angle of the current.
Power Flow – Stator losses
 Copper losses, Pcu1
 Core losses, Piron
 Airgap power, Pg
θ2 = phase angel
between E‘2 and I‘2
Power Flow – Rotor losses
 Pcu2
 Developed power. Pd
Power Flow – Rotor losses (cont)
 The powers of induction motor can be represented by mechanical
terms such as torque and speed.

The first form of mechanical power is airgap power, Pg
 The second form of mechanical power is Pd
Where W = rotor speed.

 Rotational losses reduce the Td, the output power is
Power Flow of the induction motor
Example
TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS
 To establish the speed-torque characteristics, the
equivalent circuit as shown below can be used to
compute the rotor current.
(cont)
(cont)
Rotor Current:
(cont)
Td = Pd / W
(cont)
Developed Torque:
(cont)
V is phase voltage and this equation represents the motor

torque due to the three phase.
Speed-torque characteristics of the
induction motor
Speed-torque characteristics of the
induction motor
At Starting:
 When the motor speed is zero (slip is unity), the
rotor current produces a starting torque Tst.
 If Tst >> the entire load torque  Motor spins.
 When the motor speed increases  Tmax occurs
at slip Smax.
 The rotor speed is close to synchronous (Slip =
2%-7%) speed in normal steady-state operation.
Main Regions of the speed-torque
characteristic
The speed-torque characteristics can be
divided into three major regions:
 Large slip (the starting region)
Large Slip Region
characteristic (Cont)
Small Slip Region
 When the rotor speed is close to
synchronous, the motor torque can be
approximated , assuming that
Small Slip Region
characteristic (Cont)
Tmax Region
The maximum value of torque with respect to slip can be obtained by

differentiating the torque equation with respect to s and setting the derivative
equal to zero.
Small Slip Region
Example 2

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Chapter 6

Induction Motor (Asynchronous Motor)

 Induction Motors transform electrical energy into

 It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some

 Main features: cheap and low maintenance

 Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy.

 Wound/ SLIP RING rotor type:

Short circuits all

When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a

In this arrangement, the rotor moves

f = the frequency of supply

 Slip at starting, when the motor speed is zero, is equal to

Slip and Frequency

 Keep in mind the induced voltage at

 The rotor Er at any speed n, is

Frequency of rotor circuit

fss = rotor‘s frequency at standstill

Which can be modified to

 Let us put stator and rotor equivalent

 Core losses, Piron

 The second form of mechanical power is Pd

Where W = rotor speed.

V is phase voltage and this equation represents the motor

The maximum value of torque with respect to slip can be obtained by

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