Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 120 views

    Medical Uses of Ultrasound

    Uploaded by

    Nyma Alamgir
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. Bats and dolphins use echolocation to navigate by emitting ultrasound pulses and listening to the echoes. Ultrasound imaging works similarly by using a probe to emit pulses and receive echoes to map internal structures. Doppler ultrasound detects the frequency shift of echoes from moving structures like blood cells to measure their velocity and image blood flow. While 2D ultrasound is considered safe for fetal imaging, more research is needed on the safety of 4D ultrasound which requires higher energies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Medical Uses of Ultrasound

    Uploaded by

    Nyma Alamgir
    120 views31 pages
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. Bats and dolphins use echolocation to navigate by emitting ultrasound pulses and listening to the echoes. Ultrasound imaging works similarly by using a probe to emit pulses and receive echoes to map internal structures. Doppler ultrasound detects the frequency shift of echoes from moving structures like blood cells to measure their velocity and image blood flow. While 2D ultrasound is considered safe for fetal imaging, more research is needed on the safety of 4D ultrasound which requires higher energies.

    Original Title

    ultrasound

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. Bats and dolphins use echolocation to navigate by emitting ultrasound pulses and listening to the echoes. Ultrasound imaging works similarly by using a probe to emit pulses and receive echoes to map internal structures. Doppler ultrasound detects the frequency shift of echoes from moving structures like blood cells to measure their velocity and image blood flow. While 2D ultrasound is considered safe for fetal imaging, more research is needed on the safety of 4D ultrasound which requires higher energies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    120 views31 pages

    Medical Uses of Ultrasound

    Uploaded by

    Nyma Alamgir
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. Bats and dolphins use echolocation to navigate by emitting ultrasound pulses and listening to the echoes. Ultrasound imaging works similarly by using a probe to emit pulses and receive echoes to map internal structures. Doppler ultrasound detects the frequency shift of echoes from moving structures like blood cells to measure their velocity and image blood flow. While 2D ultrasound is considered safe for fetal imaging, more research is needed on the safety of 4D ultrasound which requires higher energies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    Medical uses of ultrasound

    Bats!
    Bats navigate using ultrasound
    Bats: Navigating with ultrasound

    • Bats make high-pitched chirps which are too high for


    humans to hear. This is called ultrasound
    • Like normal sound, ultrasound echoes off objects
    • The bat hears the echoes and works out what caused
    them

    • Dolphins also navigate with ultrasound


    • Submarines use a similar method called sonar

    • We can also use ultrasound to look inside the body…


    Bats: Navigating with ultrasound
    • If a bat hears an echo 0.01 second after it makes a chirp,
    how far away is the object?
    • Clue 1: the speed of sound in air is 330 ms -1
    • Clue 2: The speed of sound equals the distance travelled
    divided by the time taken

    • Answer: distance = speed x time

    • Put the numbers in:


    distance = 330 x 0.01 = 3.3 m
    • But this is the distance from the bat to the object and back
    again, so the distance to the object is 1.65 m.
    Ultrasound imaging
    Ultrasound imaging: What does it look like?
    Ultrasound imaging: How does it work?

    • An ultrasound element acts like a bat.


    • Emit ultrasound and detect echoes
    • Map out boundary of object
    Ultrasound imaging: How does it work?

    • Now put many elements together to make a probe and


    create an image
    Ultrasound imaging: development of a pregnancy

    24 weeks

    8 weeks gestation (out of a 40 week pregnancy)


    18 weeks
    Ultrasound imaging: foetus feet

    This is a 2D ultrasound scan We can process the image in a


    through the foot of a foetus. You computer to find the outline of the foot.
    can see some of the bones of the This is called surface rendering. Here,
    foot. the foot has been surface rendered
    Ultrasound imaging: more surface rendering
    Ultrasound imaging: imaging the heart

    atrium

    heart valves

    ventricle
    Ultrasound imaging: kissing!
    Ultrasound imaging: kissing – an inside view!
    Doppler ultrasound
    Doppler effect: change in wavelength with speed

    • Ultrasound, like normal sound, is a wave.


    • If a source of sound moves towards the listener, the
    waves begin to catch up with each other. The wavelength
    gets shorter and so the frequency gets higher – the sound
    has a higher pitch.

    • We use this principle to work out how fast blood cells


    move. Ultrasound reflects off the blood cells and causes a
    Doppler shift
    • The ultrasound probe
    emits an ultrasound wave
    • A stationary blood cell
    reflects the incoming wave
    with the same wavelength:
    there is no Doppler shift
    • The ultrasound probe
    emits an ultrasound wave
    • A blood cell moving away
    from the probe reflects the
    incoming wave with a
    longer wavelength
    • In reality, there is actually
    two Doppler shifts. The
    first one occurs between
    the probe and the moving
    blood cell (not shown
    here) and the second one
    occurs as the red blood
    cell reflects the
    ultrasound.
    • Now, the blood cell moves
    towards the probe. It
    reflects the incoming wave
    with a shorter wavelength
    Doppler effect: blood flow in artery
    Doppler imaging: combine imaging and Doppler

    • Use BOTH normal ultrasound imaging and Doppler


    imaging
    • Used to image blood flow
    Ultrasound imaging: carotid artery
    • Doppler imaging
    looks at artery
    • Get image and trace
    of blood flow
    • This is a healthy
    artery. The flow is
    smooth and all in the
    same direction, like
    water in a large,
    slow river
    Ultrasound imaging: carotid artery
    • This is also a carotid
    artery.
    • The flow is not all in
    the same direction.
    It is turbulent, like
    rapids in a river.
    • This is usually due
    to a build-up of fatty
    deposits in the
    artery
    Ultrasound imaging: 4D Doppler ultrasound

    Ventricles
    Atria

    This is a complicated image


    of the heart of a foetus. It
    shows the blood moving
    between the ventricles and
    the arteries.
    Ultrasound safety
    Ultrasound: safety
    • Ultrasound is energy and is absorbed by
    tissue, causing heating
    • Question: 2D ultrasound has been used
    to image the foetus for about 50 years. It
    is thought to be completely safe and
    does not cause significant heating

    • 4D ultrasound is new, requires more


    energy and therefore generates more
    heating. We think it is safe.

    • Should we use it to diagnose foetal


    illness?
    • Should we use it to make videos of
    healthy babies for parents?
    Summary:

    • We can get images of the body by recording


    echoes of ultrasound

    • Ultrasound is good at imaging soft tissues

    • The Doppler effect can be used to detect blood


    flow
    Bye!
    Acknowledgements:

    • Thanks to GE Healthcare, Prof Jem Hebden and Prof Alf


    Linney for providing images.

    • This lesson was developed by Adam Gibson, Jeff Jones,


    David Sang, Angela Newing, Nicola Hannam and Emily
    Cook

    • We have attempted to obtain permission and acknowledge


    the contributor of every image. If we have inadvertently used
    images in error, please contact us.

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy