Work Study

Work
Study
Topic-II
 Work study, as defined by British standard Institution a generic term, for those
techniques particularly work study, which are used in examination of all work in
human context and which lead systematically to the investigation of all factors
which effect the efficient of the situation being reviewed, in order to seek
improvements.
 Work study includes two classifications
(i) Method study/Motion study

(ii) Time study/Work measurement
Work study applications
Objectives of Time
study
 The need for methods analysis can come from a number
of different sources: Changes in tools and equipment,
changes in product design or introduction of new
products, changes in materials or procedures,
government regulations or contractual agreements, and
incidents such as accidents and quality problems.
Method study Procedure:
 The various steps involved are
 1.Select
 (a) Process charts
2.Record
 ((i) Outline process charts
 (ii) Flow process charts
 (iii)Two handed process charts
 (iv) Multiple activity chart
 (b) Diagrams
 (i) Flow diagram
 (ii) String diagram
 (iii) Cycle graph
 (iv)Chronocyclegraph
 (c) Motion and film analysis(Micromotion and Memomotion study) -SIMO chart
 (d) Models
 3.Examine : Critical examination purpose, person, place, means, sequence, why, alternative
ways of doing ,best way of doing.
 4.Develop
 5.Install
 6.Maintain
Steps in detail in method
analysis
Process charts Symbols
FLOW PROCESS
CHARTS
Material type flow chart
Flow chart
Pictorial representation
String Diagram
String diagrams
Multiple activity
Purpose of Multiple activity
Multiple activity chart
Operational analysis
Operational analysis outcome
Operation chart for nut and bolt
fixtures
Proposed operation chart
Analysis of motions and steps to be followed
Therblings
SIMO Charts
Stop Watch Procedure for collecting
Time study Data
Concept of Standard data
Analytical estimates
 A time study of an assembly operation yielded the following observed
times for one element of the job, for which the analyst gave a
performance rating of 1.13. Using an allowance of 20 percent of job
time, determine the appropriate standard time for this operation.
 Observation Time, x (minutes) I Observation Time, x
(minutes)
1 1.12 6 1.18
2 1.15 7 1.14
3 1.16 8 1.14
4 1.12 9 1.19
5 1.15 Total 10.35 is also known,
n=9 PR = A=. xi
1.13 20
 1.OT = 10.35/n =10.35/9= 1.15Minutes

 2. NT = OT *PR = 1.15(1.13) = 1.30 minutes.
 3. ST = NT * (1 + A ) = 1.30(1.20) = 1.56
minutes.
 Assuming that the total observed time for an operation of assembling an
electric switch is 1.00 min. If the rating is 120%, find normal time. If an
allowance of 10% is allowed for the operation, determine the standard
time.
 SOLUTION:
 Observed time (or) selected time = 1.00 min , Rating = 120%
,Allowance = 10%
 As we know that, normal time = Observed time × Rating %/100
= 1.00 × 120/100
= 1.20 min
 ∴ Standard time = Normal time + Allowances
Allowance @ 10% = 1.20 × 10/100 = 0.12 min
 = 1.20 + 0.12 = 1.32 min.
 An operator manufactures 50 jobs in 6 hours and 30 minutes. If
this time includes the time for setting his machine. Calculate
the operator’s efficiency. Standard time allowed for the job was:
Setting time = 35 min
Production time per piece = 8 min
SOLUTION:
 As standard time = Set up time + Time per piece × No. of pieces
produced
 Standard time for manufacturing 50 jobs = 35 + 8 × 50 =
435 min = 7 hours and 15 min.
 Efficiency of operator = Standard time × 100 /Actual time
 = 435× 100/ 390 = 111.5%.
Predetermined time standards: Published
data based on extensive research to
determine standard elemental times.
 Among the advantages of predetermined time standards are the following:
 1. They are based on large numbers of workers under controlled conditions.
 2. The analyst is not required to rate performance in developing the standard.
 3. There is no disruption of the operation.
 4. Standards can be established even before a job is done.
Although proponents of predetermined standards claim that the approach

provides much better accuracy than stopwatch studies, not everyone agrees with
that claim. Some argue that many activity times are too specific to a given
operation to be generalized from published data.
Work Sampling
 Work sampling is a technique for estimating the proportion of time that
a worker or machine spends on various activities and the idle time.
 Ex: A machine may be busy or idle; a secretary may be typing, filing, talking on the
telephone, and so on; and a carpenter may be carrying supplies, taking
measurements, cutting wood, and so on.
 The resulting data are counts of the number of times each category of activity or
nonactivity was observed.
 Work sampling is occasionally used to set time standards, its two primary uses are in
 (1) ratio-delay studies, which concern the percentage of a worker’s time that
involves unavoidable delays or the proportion of time a machine is idle, and
 (2) analysis of nonrepetitive jobs.
 Work sampling can be used to verify those percentages and can therefore be
an
important tool in developing the job description.
 Work sampling estimates include some degree of error. Hence, it is important to treat
work sampling estimates as approximations of the actual proportion of time devoted to
a given activity.
 The goal of work sampling is to obtain an estimate that provides a specified confidence
of not differing from the true value by more than a specified error.
 For large samples, the maximum error percent e can be computed using the following
formula:
 e = z √ ˆp( 1- ˆp)/n
 where
 z Number of standard deviations needed to achieve desired confidence
 ˆp Sample proportion (the number of occurrences divided by the sample size)
 n Sample size
 Management will specify the desired confidence level and amount of allowable error, and
the analyst will be required to determine a sample size sufficient to obtain these results. The
appropriate value for n can be determined by
 n = ( z/e)2 ˆp( 1- ˆp)
 EX: The manager of a small supermarket chain wants to estimate the proportion of time
stock clerks spend making price changes on previously marked merchandise. The manager
wants a 98 percent confidence that the resulting estimate will be within 5 percent of the true
value. What sample size should she use?
 e  .05 z  2.33 (Z-Table values) pˆ is unknown
 When no sample estimate of p is available, a preliminary estimate of sample size can be
obtained using pˆ .50. After 20 or so observations, a new estimate of pˆ can be obtained
from those observations and a revised value of n computed using the new pˆ. It would be
prudent to recompute the value of n at two or three points during the study to obtain a better
indication of the necessary sample size. Thus, the initial estimate of n is
 n = ( 2.33/0.05)2 0.50 (1- 0.50) = 542.89,or 543 observations
 Determining the sample size is only one part of work sampling. The overall
procedure consists of the following steps:
 1. Clearly identify the worker(s) or machine(s) to be studied.
 2. Notify the workers and supervisors of the purpose of the study to avoid arousing
suspicions.
 3. Compute an initial estimate of sample size using a preliminary estimate of p, if
available (e.g., from analyst experience or past data). Otherwise, use pˆ .50.
 4. Develop a random observation schedule.
 5. Begin taking observations. Recompute the required sample size several
times
during the study.
 6. Determine the estimated proportion of time spent on the specified activity.
 Numerical: An analyst has been asked to prepare an estimate of the
proportion of time that a turret lathe operator spends adjusting the machine,
with a 90 percent confidence level. Based on previous experience, the
analyst believes the proportion will be approximately 30 percent.
 a. If the analyst uses a sample size of 400 observations, what is the maximum
possible error that will be associated with the estimate?
 b. What sample size would the analyst need in order to have the maximum
error be no more than5 percent?
 Solution: p ˆ .30 z = 1.65 for 90 percent confidence
 a. e = z √ ˆp( 1- ˆp)/n = 1.65 √.3(.7)/400 = .038
 b. n = ( z/e)2 ˆp( 1- ˆp) = ( 1.65 /.05)2 (0.3) (0.7) = 228.69, or 229

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Work

(i) Method study/Motion study

 1.OT = 10.35/n =10.35/9= 1.15Minutes

Although proponents of predetermined standards claim that the approach

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