Psychology CH 5

PSYCHOLOGY
CLASS 12th
Chapter 5
( Therapeutic Approaches And
Counselling )
Topics :
Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between
the one seeking treatment or the client and the one
who treats or the therapist.
It aims at changing maladaptive behaviour, to solve
their problems etc.
There are several characteristics of
psychotherapeutic approaches:
Systematic application of principles
Only trained person can practice therapy
It involves a therapist and a client who seeks and receives
help.
Therapeutic relationship
Interaction between client and therapist form
therapeutic relationship
Special relationship between client and therapist is
known as therapeutic relationship. It has two
components :
- Contractual nature of relationship
- Limited duration of therapy

Unique properties of relationships :
Trusting & confiding relation

Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Strict & confidential
Professional relationship
Types of therapies :
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
COGNITIVE THERAPY
Humanistic-Existential Therapy
BIOMEDICAL THERAPY
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
Psychodynamic therapy
 It is pioneered by Sigmund Freud. It is oldest form of
psychotherapy.
It has conceptualized the structure of psyche, dynamics
between different components of psyche and source of
psychological distress.
Intrapsychic conflicts leads to disorder.
First step is to elicit this Intrapsychic conflict by the
method of free association & dream analysis invented
by psychoanalysis.
Modality of Treatment:
(a) Transference: The client starts identifying the
therapist with the authority figures of the past, usually
childhood.
(i) The therapist maintains a non-judgmental and
permissive attitude and allows the client to continue with
this process of emotional identification.
(ii) Transference Neurosis
• Positive Transference
• Negative Transference
(b) Resistance
(i) Conscious Resistance.
(ii) Unconscious Resistance.
(c) Interpretation
(i) Subtle process, the pinnacle of psychoanalysis.
(ii) Two analytical techniques:
Confrontation
Clarification
Working Through: confrontation, clarification and
interpretation.
Insight
(i) End-point of psychoanalysis
(ii) Intellectual Insight
(iii) Emotional Insight
Intense treatment, three phases.
(i) Initial Phase: Client becomes familiar with the
routines, establishes a therapeutic relationship, and
recollects the superficial material from the
consciousness about the past and present.
(ii) Middle Phase: Characterised by transference,
resistance on the part of the client, and confrontation,
clarification and working through on the therapist’s
part; all these processes finally lead to insight.
(iii) Third Phase: Termination; the relationship with
the analyst is dissolved and the client prepares to leave
the therapy.
Behaviour therapy :
Behaviourists believes that distress arises due to
faulty learning.
The clint unlearn the faulty behaviour and relearn a
new one by various techniques.
Mode of treatment :
- clint is interviewed and analysed
 - identification of malfunctioning behaviour
antecedent factors and maintaining factors.
-antecedent operation and consequent
operations are used.
Behavioral Techniques :
- Positive reinforcement
- Token economy
- Negative reinforcement
- Aversion conditioning
- Systematic desensitisation (fears)
- Principle of reciprocal inhibition
- Modelling
Cognitive therapy
1). Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) (Albert Ellis)
• Irrational beliefs mediate between the antecedent
events and their consequences.
• The first step in RET is the antecedent-belief-
consequence (ABC) analysis.
• Antecedent events, which caused the psychological
distress, are noted.
• Client is interviewed to find irraltional believes which
distorting the reality.
• Unconditional positive regard
• Non-directive questioning ( gentle, make the client
think deeper, change philosophy, rational belief system
replaces the irrational belief system.)
2. Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy:
As per him, childhood experience create core
schemas which include beliefs and action patterns.
They create negative thoughts which are characterized
by cognitive distortions.
These patterns of thoughts are called dysfunctional
cognitive structures. Repeated occurrence can cause
anxiety & Depression.
The aim is to achieve cognitive restructuring.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY (CBT)
Short & efficacious treatment
Adopts bio psychosocial approach.
Combines cognitive and behavioural techniques.
Origins in biological, psychological and social realms.
Comprehensive technique
HUMANISTIC THERAPY
Distress arises due to inability to find meaning of life.
Motivation by desires of self actualization
Healing occurs at a stage
It requires free emotional expression which is curbed
and leads to destructive behaviour etc.
Therapy creates permissive and non judgmental
atmosphere
Therapist is facilitator & guide
Aim is to expand the client’s awareness.
EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
Victor frankl gave logo therapy i.e treatment for the
soul.
Neurotic anxiety arises
Frankl emphasised to the role of spiritual anxieties
leading to meaninglessness and hence may be called
existential anxiety.
The goal is to facilitate the client to find the meaning
of his/her being.
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY
Given by Carl Rogers.
He brought into psychotherapy the concept of self.
It provides warm relationship.
Empathy, unconditional positive regard, non
judgmental
The reflection us achieved by rephrasing client’s
statements.
Personal relationships improves with increase in
adjustments.
GESTALT THERAPY
Given by Freiderick perls with his wife Laura perls.
Goal is to increase self awareness and acceptance
Can be done in group settings
Therapist encourages client.
BIOMEDICAL THERAPY
Medicines can be prescribed given by psychiatrist.
Nature of medicine depends on disorder
Anti psychotic drugs, milder drugs
Medication should be under supervision
Electro convulsive therapy (ECT)
Mild shocks given via electrodes
Not a routine treatment
Factors Contributing to Healing:
Techniques adopted by the therapist and the
implementation of the same with the client.
The therapeutic alliance.
Catharsis: A process of emotional unburdening by a
client.
4. Non-specific Factors:
(i) Patient Variables (motivation for change,
expectation of improvement).
(ii) Therapist Variables (positive nature, good mental
health, absence of unresolved emotional conflicts).
Ethics in Psychotherapy:
Informed consent needs to be taken.
Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
Alleviating personal distress should be the goal of all
attempts of the therapist.
Integrity of the practitioner-client relationship is
important.
Respect for human rights and dignity.
Professional competence and skills are essential.
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES Yoga:
A. Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY)
( Rapid breathing, PTSD, Reduces stress)
B. Kundalini Yoga
(breathing techniques, OCD)
C. Vipasana Meditation
(Mindfulness-based meditation)
Rehabilitation of the Mentally :
In rehabilitation, the patients are given:
(i) Occupational Therapy: teaches skills such as candle
making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to
form a work discipline
(ii) Social Skills Training: Develops interpersonal skills
through role play, imitation and instruction; objective is
to teach the patient to function in a social group.
(iii) Cognitive Retraining: Improves the basic cognitive
functions of attention, memory and executive function.
(iv) Vocational Therapy: Once the patient improves
sufficiently, gains skills necessary to undertake
productive employment.
Topics Covered :
Psychotherapy meaning.
Therapeutic relationship.
Classification of therapies.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY.
Behaviour therapy.
Cognitive therapies.
Humanistic-Existential therapy.
Biomedical therapy.
Factors contributing to healing.
Alternative therapies.
Rehabilitation of mentally ill.

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PSYCHOLOGY

- Limited duration of therapy

Trusting & confiding relation

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