Transcendence

OPENING PRAYER
Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

BLESSED REGINA PROTMANN CATHOLIC SCHOOL INC.
Sitio Libanan, Mt. View, Mariveles, Bataan
The Human Person as an Embodied

Spirit
Learning Objective
• To recognize own limitation or possibilities for
one’s transcendence
• To evaluate own limitations and the possibilities
for one’s transcendence
• To recognize how the human body imposes
limits and possibilities for transcendence
• To distinguish the limitations and possibilities
for transcendence.

Sensitivity Check
Ako ay ako
…kaya kong itapon o wasakin ang hindi akma
at panatilihin ang mga naakma
At lumikha o kumatha ng mga bago, kapalit ng mga itinapon o winasak.
Ako ay nakakikita, nakaririnig, nakadarama, nakaiisip, nakapagsasalita at
nakagagawa.
Ako ay may kakayahan upang mabuhay at maging malapit sa kapwa.
Maging kapaki-pakinabang at makaimpluwensiya sa mga tao at mga bagay.
Ako ang nagmamay-ari sa akin, samakatuwid kaya kong pamahalaan ang
aking sarili,
Ako ay ako, at ako ay okay.

THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT
Introduction: Transcendence in the Global Age
Edmund Husserl founded Phenomenology, which is

essentially a philosophical method. This focuses on
careful inspection and description of phenomena or
appearances, defined as any object of conscious
experience, that is, that which we are conscious of.

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
A: Phenomenology: on Consciousness
Immanuel Kant, German Philosopher, had

used the same word to refer to the world
of our experience.

B. Existentialism: On Freedom
AS the first existentialist, Soren Kierkegaard insisted

that the authentic self was the personally chosen self, as
opposed to public or “herd” identity.

Friedrich Nietzsche took this view of opposition of the

genuine individual versus the public “herd” identity.
Both Kierkegaard and Nietzsche influence Martin
Heidegger whose conception of ownness came to
dominate contemporary existentialist thought.

However, some philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, have

employed phenomenological Methods to arrive at or
support their specific variations on existential themes.

C. Postmodernism: On Cultures
“Postmodernism” has come into vogue as the name for a

rather diffuse family of ideas and trends that in
significant respect rejects, challenges, or aims to
supersede “modernity”

C. Postmodernism: On Cultures
Postmodernists believe that humanity should come at

truth beyond the rational to the non-rational elements of
human nature.
Beyond exalting individual analysis of truth, post
modernists adhere to a relational, holistic approach.

D. Analytic Tradition
“Can language objectively describe truth?”

For the philosophers of this tradition, language cannot
objectively describe truth.

D. Analytic Tradition
For Ludwig Wittgenstein, an analytic philosopher,

language is socially conditioned. We understand the
world solely in terms of our language games-that is, our
linguistic, social constructs. Truth, as we perceive it, is
itself socially constructed.

E. Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in Reasoning
Logic is centered in the analysis and construction of

arguments. In general, there are two basic types of
reasoning: deductive and inductive

Inductive reasoning- based from observations in order to

make generalizations.
Deductive reasoning- draws conclusion from usually one
broad judgment or definition and one more specific
assertion, often an inference.

All philosophers are wise (Major premise)

Confucius is a philosopher (Minor Premise)
Therefore, Confucius is wise (Conclusion)

Validity and Soundness of an Argument
Based on the previous example (or syllogism), if the two
premises are constructed logically, then the conclusion
must follow logically, the deductive argument is valid.
This does not necessarily mean that the conclusion is
true or false.
All philosophers are wise (Major premise)
Confucius is a philosopher (Minor Premise)
Therefore, Confucius is wise (Conclusion)

F. Fallacies
F1. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)
A specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win

support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent’s
feelings of pity or guilt.

F1. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)
F. Fallacies
F2. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)
Whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa

F2. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)
F. Fallacies
F3. Equivocation
This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times,

but giving the particular word a different meaning each time.

F3. Equivocation
F. Fallacies
F4. Composition
This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it
is true of some part of the whole.

F4. Composition
F. Fallacies
F5. Division
One reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be

true of all or some of its parts.

F5. Division
F. Fallacies
F6. Against the person (Argumentum ad hominem)
This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a

characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise.

F6. Against the person (Argumentum ad hominem)
F. Fallacies
F7. Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum)
An argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given

as a justification for a conclusion.

F7. Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum)
F. Fallacies
F8. Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum)
An argument that appeals to exploits peoples’ vanities, desire for

esteem, and anchoring on popularity.

F8. Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum)
F. Fallacies
F9. False cause (post hoc)
Since that event followed this one, that event must have been
caused by this one. This fallacy is also referred to as coincidental
correlation, or correlation not causation.

F9. False cause (post hoc)
F. Fallacies
F10. Hasty generalization (post hoc)
The fallacy is commonly based on a broad conclusion upon the

statistics of a survey of a small group that fails to sufficiently
represent the whole population.

F10. Hasty generalization (post hoc)
F. Fallacies
F11. Begging the question (petition principii)
This is a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is

assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.

F11. Begging the question (petition principii)
Questions/
Clarifications???
Sir Ronald

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OPENING PRAYER

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

The Human Person as an Embodied

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Edmund Husserl founded Phenomenology, which is

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Immanuel Kant, German Philosopher, had

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

AS the first existentialist, Soren Kierkegaard insisted

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Friedrich Nietzsche took this view of opposition of the

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

However, some philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, have

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

“Postmodernism” has come into vogue as the name for a

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Postmodernists believe that humanity should come at

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

“Can language objectively describe truth?”

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

For Ludwig Wittgenstein, an analytic philosopher,

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Logic is centered in the analysis and construction of

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Inductive reasoning- based from observations in order to

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

All philosophers are wise (Major premise)

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

A specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times,

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

One reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

An argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

An argument that appeals to exploits peoples’ vanities, desire for

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

The fallacy is commonly based on a broad conclusion upon the

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

This is a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

Striving for EXCELLENCE motivates you!

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