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Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Crystallography: Issues To Address..

This document discusses crystallography fundamentals including the difference between crystalline and noncrystalline atomic arrangements, naming crystallographic directions and planes, and how material properties can vary with measurement direction. Crystalline materials have periodic atomic packing while noncrystalline materials do not. Crystallographic concepts like points, directions, and planes are specified using indexing schemes related to the unit cell. Material properties are often anisotropic in single crystals but isotropic in polycrystals with randomly oriented grains.

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Gian Banares
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77 views

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Crystallography: Issues To Address..

This document discusses crystallography fundamentals including the difference between crystalline and noncrystalline atomic arrangements, naming crystallographic directions and planes, and how material properties can vary with measurement direction. Crystalline materials have periodic atomic packing while noncrystalline materials do not. Crystallographic concepts like points, directions, and planes are specified using indexing schemes related to the unit cell. Material properties are often anisotropic in single crystals but isotropic in polycrystals with randomly oriented grains.

Uploaded by

Gian Banares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Crystallography

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• What is the difference in atomic arrangement
between crystalline and noncrystalline solids?

• How are crystallographic directions and planes


named?

• Under what circumstances does a material


property vary with the measurement direction?

Chapter 3 - 1
Energy and Packing
• Non dense, random packing Energy

typical neighbor
bond length

typical neighbor r
bond energy

• Dense, ordered packing Energy

typical neighbor
bond length

typical neighbor r
bond energy

Dense, ordered packed structures tend to have


lower energies.
Chapter 3 - 2
Materials and Packing
Crystalline materials...
• atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
• typical of: -metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers crystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.11(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Si Oxygen
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: -complex structures
-rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.11(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Chapter 3 - 3
Crystal Systems
Unit cell: smallest repetitive volume which
contains the complete lattice pattern of a crystal.

7 crystal systems

14 crystal lattices

a, b, and c are the lattice constants

Chapter 3 - 4
Point Coordinates
z
111 Point coordinates for unit cell
c center are
a/2, b/2, c/2 ½½½

000
y
a b
Point coordinates for unit cell
x · corner are 111
z 2c
·
Translation: integer multiple of
· · lattice constants  identical
b y position in another unit cell
b
Chapter 3 - 5
Crystallographic Directions
Algorithm
z 1. Determine coordinates of vector tail, pt. 1:
x1, y1, & z1; and vector head, pt. 2: x2, y2, & z2.
2. Tail point coordinates subtracted from head
point coordinates.
pt. 2 3. Normalize coordinate differences in terms
pt. 1: of lattice parameters a, b, and c:
head y
tail

x
4. Adjust to smallest integer values
5. Enclose in square brackets, no commas
ex:
pt. 1 x1 = 0, y1 = 0, z1 = 0 [uvw]
pt. 2 x2 = a, y2 = 0, z2 = c/2
=> 1, 0, 1/2 => 2, 0, 1
=> [ 201 ]
Chapter 3 - 6
Crystallographic Directions
z pt. 2
Example 2:
head
pt. 1 x1 = a, y1 = b/2, z1 = 0
pt. 2 x2 = -a, y2 = b, z2 = c

y
pt. 1:
x tail => -2, 1/2, 1

Multiplying by 2 to eliminate the fraction

-4, 1, 2 => [ 412 ] where the overbar represents a


negative index

families of directions <uvw>


Chapter 3 - 7
Crystallographic Planes

Adapted from Fig. 3.7, Callister


& Rethwisch 9e.

Chapter 3 - 8
Crystallographic Planes
• Miller Indices: Reciprocals of the (three) axial
intercepts for a plane, cleared of fractions &
common multiples. All parallel planes have
same Miller indices.

• Algorithm 
1.  Read off intercepts of plane with axes in
terms of a, b, c
2. Take reciprocals of intercepts
3. Reduce to smallest integer values
4. Enclose in parentheses, no
commas i.e., (hkl)

Chapter 3 - 9
Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1 1  c
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 1/
1 1 0
3. Reduction 1 1 0 y
a b
4. Miller Indices (110)
x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2   c
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/ 1/
2 0 0
3. Reduction 2 0 0
y
4. Miller Indices (100) a b
x
Chapter 3 - 10
Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c c
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4 ·
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/1 1/¾
2 1 4/3 · y
·
3. Reduction 6 3 4 a b

4. Miller Indices (634) x

Family of Planes {hkl}

Ex: {100} = (100), (010), (001), (100), (010), (001)


Chapter 3 - 11
Summary
• Atoms may assemble into crystalline or
amorphous structures.
• Crystallographic points, directions and planes are
specified in terms of indexing schemes.
Crystallographic directions and planes are related
to atomic linear densities and planar densities.
• Materials can be single crystals or polycrystalline.
Material properties generally vary with single crystal
orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic), but are generally
non-directional (i.e., they are isotropic) in polycrystals
with randomly oriented grains.

Chapter 3 - 12

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