A Presentation On Call Flow in GSM Core: Presented by

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A Presentation on

CALL FLOW IN GSM CORE

Presented By:
AMIT KUMAR MISHRA
B-Tech ECE
Roll no: 56

12/8/21 1
GSM ARCHITECTURE:

12/8/21 2
GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation - 200 kHz

Duplex Distance - 45 MHz

No. of RF Carriers - 124

Access Method - TDMA/FDMA

Modulation Method - GMSK

Transmission Rate - 270.833 Kbps

Speech Coding - Full rate 13 Kbps


Half rate 6.5 Kbps

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• BSS: Base Station Subsystem
• BSC: Base Station Controller
• BTS: Base Transceiver Station
• MSC: Mobile Services Switching Center
• OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center
• AUC: Authentication Center
• EIR: Equipment Identification Register
• HLR: Home Location Register
• VLR: Visitor Location Register
• MS: Mobile Station
• ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
• PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
• PSPDN: Packet Switched Public Data Network
• PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

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Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

• The Network and Switching Sub-system mainly


includes switching functions of the GSM system,
and database functions used for subscriber data
and mobility management as well as safety
management. It manages the communications
among GSM mobile subscribers and those
between GSM mobile subscribers and other
communication network subscribers.

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Network and Switching Subsystem
(NSS)

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NSS Architecture

The network sub-system is divided into six function


units:
• Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Authentification Center (AUC)
• Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
• Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

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Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

As the core of a network, MSC provides switching functions, and connects


mobile subscribers with fixed network subscribers, or with mobile
subscribers.

Thus, it provides interfaces to fixed networks (such as PSTN, ISDN, etc.)


and interfaces for interconnection with other MSCs.

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Functions of MSC
• MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber
• call requests from 3 types of databases: HLR, VLR
• and AUC.
• MSC can provides a series of services for subscribers:
• Telecom services, such as phone, fax, and emergency
calls
• Bearer services
• Supplementary services, such as call transfer, call
restriction.

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Visitor Location Register( VLR)
• VLR stores all related information of mobile
subscribers having entering into its coverage area,
which enables MSC to set up incoming/outgoing calls .
It can be taken as a dynamic subscriber database.
• VLR obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR of
a mobile subscriber. Once a mobile subscriber leaves
the coverage area of this VLR, it will be reregistered in
another VLR, the temporarily recorded data of this
mobile subscriber stored in the original VLR will be
deleted.
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Home Location Register( HLR)
• As the central database of the GSM system, HLR stores the
related data of all existing mobile subscribers controlled by the
same HLR. One HLR can control several mobile switching areas or
the whole mobile communication network and the important
static data of all subscribers are stored in the HLR, including
MSISDN,IMSI, access capability, subscriber type and
supplementary services. Furthermore, HLR also stores the
location information of all subscribers, so that any incoming call is
immediately sent to the called subscriber on a selected path.

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SIM (Subscriber Identity Module

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI):

IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN

MCC = Mobile Country Code (3digits)


MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 or 3 digits)..
MSIN= Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (max: 10 digits)

Location Area Identity (LAI):


LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits)
.
MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits).Identifies the GSM PLMN in that country and takes the same value as the
MNC in IMSI.

LAC = Location Area Code (max.16 bits).Identifies a location area within a GSM .PLMN Network & enabling 65536
different location area to be defined in one GSM PLMN

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ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN LOCATION UPDATE

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Authentication Center( AUC)

• As a function unit of HLR, AUC is specially used for


security management of the GSM system.
• AUC stores authentication information and encryption
keys for subscriber authentication, encryption of voice,
data, signaling messages on radio interfaces, preventing
unauthorized subscribers access and guaranteeing the
safety of mobile subscriber communication.

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Equipment Identification Register( EIR)

 EIR stores the international mobile equipment


identifier (IMEI) of mobile equipment.

 By checking 3 types of lists, i.e., white lists, black lists,


and gray lists, it respectively lists the mobile equipment
identifiers that are authorized, that should be monitored
in case of faults, and that are unauthorized in case of theft.
 Service operators can use such information to locate the
location of a stolen mobile station and block it.

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Base Station Controller (BSC)
 As the control part of BSS, BSC performs the switching
function in BSS.
BSC may be connected with multiple BTSs at one end, and MSC
and OMC at the other end.
 BSC mainly manages radio network and radio resources,
supervises and manages radio base station, controls the
establishment, connection and disconnection of radio links in
MS and BTS and the location updating, hand-over and paging of
mobile station, provides functions such as voice encoding,
transcoding, rate adaptation, as well as the operation and
maintenance functions of BSS.

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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• It is the radio transmission part of the base
station system.
• Controlled by BSC, it serves cell radio
transceiver equipment, handles conversion
between BSC and radio channels, and
performs radio transmission between BTS and
MS via air interfaces as well as related control
functions.

12/8/21 18
Mobile Station
• Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber.
On any mobile station in the system, we can
identify the subscriber with the SIM card
(Subscriber Identity Module). The personal
identification number (PIN) can be used to
prevent unauthorized use of the SIM card.
• Each mobile station has its own identification
number, i.e., the International Mobile Equipment
Identifier (IMEI). IMEI mainly consists of the type
permission code and the related manufacturer
product number.
12/8/21 19
TransCoder (TC)
• TC mainly completes voice conversion
between the16kbit/s RPE-LTP (Regular
Pulse Excited Long-Term Prediction)
codes and 64kbit/s A-law PCM codes.
• In a typical application pattern, ZXG10-
TC is located between MSC and BSC.

12/8/21 20
Control Channel-BCH
• BCH can be divided into three types of
channels:
• FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel , carrying
information used in MS frequency calibration.
• SCH: Synchronization Channel , carrying
information of MS frame synchronization and
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) identification.
• BCCH: Broadcasting Control Channel; this
channel broadcasts general BTS information .
Among transceivers at each base station, there is
always one transceiver that contains such a
channel, so as to broadcast system information
12/8/21 to mobile stations. 21
Common Control
Channel( CCCH)
• Common Control Channel( CCCH) are shared by all mobile
stations in the network.
• There are 3 types of such channels:
• PCH: paging channels , used by a base station to page mobile
stations (downward).
• RACH: random access channel, used by mobile stations for
random access network application ,I.e. ,requesting the
allocation of SDCCH channels (upward).
• AGCH: access granted channel, used by a base station to respond
to random access requests of mobile stations, i.e., to
assign one SDCCH or directly assign one TCH (downward).

12/8/21 22
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
• 3) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) In
application, the base station will assign it to a
mobile station, so as to make point-to-point
transmission between the base station and the
mobile station.
• There are 3 types of such channels:
• SDCCH: a stand-alone dedicated control
channel,used to transmit such information as
channel assignment.

12/8/21 23
Traffic
• Traffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network
can
support and is usually described as follows:
A=n×T/3600
where,
n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour;
T- average duration of each call(in seconds)
A - Traffic, in Erlang
If one call is made by a subscriber within an hour and last 120
seconds, the traffic is calculated as: A=1×120/3600=33mErl?
For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic is usually
defined as 25mErl per subscriber.
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Voice Transform Process

12/8/21 25
Speech Coding

• The coding mode is called Regular Pulse Excited-Long


Term Prediction (RPE-LTP).It works as follow: 8KHZ of
sampling is performed first, then divided into frames with
20ms; every frame has 4 sub-frames; the duration of every
sub-frame is 5ms;and the pure bit rate is 13kbit/s.

12/8/21 26
Channel Encoding
In order to enhance channel antiinterference capacity and
transmission quality, special redundancy technologies should be
adopted to increase the bulk of transmitted information which
can be inserted at a certain pattern (encoding) at the
sending end and extracted at an agreed pattern (decoding) at the
receiving end. This is called the encoding/decoding process of
channels.

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SIMPLIFIED STEPS IN SETTING UP A CALL

•The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) exchange analyses


the number and contacts the Gateway Mobile Services Switching
Centre (GMSC).
•ThA subscriber in a fixed network dials a number of a mobile phone.
The dialled number is the MSISDN.
•e Gateway MSC analyses the MSISDN and sends a message to the
Home Location Register (HLR).
•The HLR checks its database to determine the current location of the
called subscriber.

•The HLR interrogates the MSC/VLR (Visitor Location Register) that is


currently serving the called subscriber.
•The serving MSC/VLR generates a temporary MSRN (Mobile
Subscriber Roaming Number).
•MSC/VLR sends MSRN to HLR and the HLR forwards the MSRN to
the GMSC.
•The GMSC identifies the serving MSC/VLR as the destination for
routing the call.
•Destination MSC/VLR receives MSRN. It identifies the number that is
called and traces the called subscriber
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MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL PROCEDURE

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VALUE ADDED SERVICES

SMS

MISSED CALL ALERT

ROAMING

GPRS
CALLER TUNE
ENTERTAINMENT ZONE
INFORMATION ZONE

12/8/21 30
THANK’S
THE END
AMIT KR MISHRA

ROLL NO 56

SECTION:(E6801)

12/8/21 31

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