TRANSFORMER

By
Er. ROMIL KUMAR
 TRANFORMER
A static equipment
Enables transfer of electrical energy from systems of one
voltage to systems of another

Transfer is by induction most of times but sometimes it is

partly by conduction and partly by induction.
(Auto transformers)
• A transformer consist essentially of a magnetic core built
up of insulated silicon steel lamination upon which are
wound two distinct set of coils suitably located w.r.t. to
each other and termed as primary and secondary
windings.

• As primary and secondary windings are wound on same

core and magnetizing flux is common to two windings,
• obviously , voltage induced in single turn of each winding
will be same
• induced voltages in two windings are in direct proportion
to no. of turns in those windings.
 ACTIVE PART
Core and windings is called active part because all
electro-magnetic activity of transformer takes place here
i.e. Flow of electricity into HV coil, its conversion into
oscillating magnetic flux which flows in the core.
LV coil which is linked to this flux converts this flux into
electricity.

This is main part of transformer.

All other parts like tank, transil oil, radiators conservator etc.
are to support this activity only.
ACTIVE PART
 Transformer, static or live
Stating as “static equipment” we tend to ignore its maintenance
aspects. But actually when transformer is put to service (or
charged and power supplies are extracted from it) it becomes
“LIVE” electrically and magnetically and even creates physical
motion or movement in some of its internal parts
(not visible from outside ).

Transil oil starts moving, winding and core starts vibrating giving
out humming noise. These movements \ vibrations increase and
decrease with increase \ decrease in load and are pronounced
very highly at times of faults.

Though certain parts tend to move, transformer is not designed for

any moving parts.
 Types of transformers
Transformers are CLASSIFIED on basis of
1) Electrical configuration -- single or three phase
2) Core construction -- Core type or shell type
3) Winding. Construction -- 2 or 3 winding or Auto
4) Media of cooling --Oil or gas cooled or dry type
5) Voltage systems --Distribution, Power or EHV
6) Voltage transformation -- Step up or step down
7) Capacity ratings --100 KVA, 10 MVA,100 MVA etc
8) Use \ Application -- Welding, Furnace, Traction
Instrument transformers like CT and PT etc).
9)Location -- Indoor or Out door
In electrical utilities, classification is based
on Voltage systems

1) Distribution transformers
11 KV to 400-250V

2)Power transformers
(33-66-132 KV to 11 KV)

3) EHV | UHV transformers

220 KV and above
Distribution transformer-indoor type
 RADIATOR PLATES
OIL PUMP USED
FOR CIRCULATING
OIL FORCELLY.

RADIATOR PLATES
USED FOR
INCREASING
SURFACE AREA FOR
NATURAL AIR
COOLING

EARTHING PLATE OIL PUMP

 COOLING FANS

COOLING FANS ARE USED FOR

FORCED AIR COOLING OF
TRANSFORMARS.
 RADIATOR PLATES
OIL PUMP USED
FOR CIRCULATING
OIL FORCELLY.

RADIATOR PLATES
USED FOR
INCREASING
SURFACE AREA FOR
NATURAL AIR
COOLING

EARTHING PLATE OIL PUMP

 TERTIARY TERMINAL

(MOSTLY
OPENED)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF
TERTIARY TERMINAL IS
11KV IN 100MVA TX
AND 33KV IN 315MVA TX.

OLTC
PRESSURE
RELIEF VALVE
 OTI AND WTI
OTI PANEL WTI PANEL

OTI- oil temp. indicator

Measure temp of oil filled in

transformer.

WTI- winding temp. indicator

Measure winding temp MERCURY BULB

oftransformer.
 transformer oil
“Transformer Oil has been likened as blood in body”
It is an efficient cooling /heat transfer media
It provides sufficient dielectric strength
Quenches arcs
Electrical Properties remain stable over lifetime
Used as a condition assessment media
Protects core and coil
 Transformer Air Cell
• Transformer Air Cell is fitted in conservator of oil filled
transformer. It is held in a position by connecting flange and
two straps on either side. When oil level in conservator
increases, air cell gets deflated thereby expelling air out and
when oil level drops, air cell inflates and allows air to come
in. Thus air cell breathes without allowing outside air to get in
contact with transformer oil. .
Features :
Prevents contact of surrounding air with oil
• Eliminates oxidation of oil due to air contact
• Excellent resistance to Oxygen, Ozone and Humidity
Excellent impermeability to oil and gases
• Long service life without maintenance
Transformer Air Cell
 STANDARD: IS 2026
For ensuring quality materials to the ultimate consumer, the
Government of India has set up an autonomous Institute called
Bureau of Indian standards
which frames rules that must be followed by manufacturers for
making quality goods.
The rules are listed under numbers with prefix IS which stands for
Indian Standards.

IS 2026 is for manufacture of transformers.

 TYPE OF COOLING: ONAN
RADIATERS

The above terminology adopted from Europe is

Transformer one of the several used in the world .(In USA for
tank example it is called self cooled or OA = On-Air)

ONAN is an acronym for Oil Natural and Air Natural and indicates
the mode of cooling the transformer..
The heat generated in the winding is proportional to the amperes.
The same is picked up by the surrounding liquid medium
Then convection currents are set up due to oil portions getting
heated up to different temperatures and thus acquiring different
specific gravities.
During the course of circulation the heat is conveyed to the tank \
radiators and later dissipated to atmosphere
 TYPE OF COOLING: ONAN
Thus the oil circulation and air movement is left
to the nature and we don’t do anything about it.

As regards the arrangements of this ONAN

cooling, the transformers of 200 KVA and
above are provided with radiators or oil
coolers permanently welded to the body.

The radiators are designed for maximum surface area

for a given internal volume so that heat dissipation into
the atmosphere is maximum.
 TYPE OF COOLING: ONAN
Those of 100 KVA and below normally, are provided with corrugated tanks (To increase
the body surface area as far as possible) and just plain tanks.

Transformer capacity Type of tank (normally)

25 KVA Plain tank.

50 , 63 and 100 KVA Corrugated tanks
200 KVA and above With radiators welded

Power & EHV With radiators, fans &pumps

fitted separately
The above is a normal feature. But in places like Punjab, it is learnt that even 25 Kva
transformers are provided with radiators permanently welded to tanks in view of temperatures
reaching as high as 47° C in summers.
 TYPE OF COOLING-others
The meaning of ONAN is required to be understood in contrast to
ODAN, ONAF, OFAF, and water-cooling arrangements made in
certain other transformers.

ODAN: Oil directed air natural. Inside the transformer the core is
provided with certain fins for proper flow of oil and thus cooling
effect is better here.
 (6) TYPE OF COOLING-others
ONAF, Oil Natural Air forced circulation of oil is by natural process
but air forcing is by means of high-speed fans fixed to radiators. Here
the cooling is ONAN basis up to certain level of loads. After words
the fans are switched on either manually or automatically (by
temperature controlled relays) or to create a breeze through the
entire radiator banks creating a better cooling effect.

Transformer
tank
FANS fitted to radiators

ONAF
 TYPE OF COOLING- OFAF
OFAF Oil Forced Air forced. Besides air forcing by fans oil
forcing \ oil circulation is done by pumps mounted inside metallic
tubular ducts that interconnect transformer tanks and radiator-
banks. Here again the cooling stages consist of ONAN in the
beginning, ONAF is next and finally OFAF.

Radiator bank is away from the transformer

RADIATERS

Transformer
tank

OIL PUMP
FANS
 KVA: 200

Transformers are designated in terms of KVA not in

KW \ HP
Actually transformer is a generator or supplier of
energy.
Its major activity and hence design is for amperes at a
particular voltage
current or amperes flowing in a transformer when it is
loaded does not depend on its own impedance.
 Vector Group

• Vector is an arithmetic item used to represent a quantity with

direction as in A.C.
• In a transformer there are 6 vectors, 3 of HV & 3 of LV.
• Vector group indicates how they are grouped.
 Vector Group -Dyn1

ARITHMETIC FIGURE
SMALL LETTERS
CAPITAL LETTER OF
THE ENGLISH ALPHABET
Dyn1
The capital letter or letters always refer to the HV,
The small letters refer to LV
Arithmetical figures to the phase angle between two voltages .
D or d stands for delta connection
Y or y stands for star connection
N or n stands for availability of neutral bushing at top plate.
 Vector group

Dyn1
Vector group also gives us the number of windings in a
transformer
Here there are
2 GROUPES OF LETTERS so it is a 2 WINDING TRANSFORMER
 connection Options
For interconnecting the windings for 3 phase power supply
we have 3 options.

Y
D
 HARMONICS
Harmonics are small quantities of voltages whose frequencies are
normally in multiples of power frequency such as 100 c\s, 150 c\s,
200 c\s etc.

They come into existence though we aim at generating and utilizing

only the power frequency (50 c/s) voltage

This is a result of various of RLC. (Resistance, Inductance and

Capacitance) circuits of our generation and transmission systems
 HARMONIC EFFECT
Though we aim at elimination of the harmonics.
100% elimination is not possible.
many rules regulations (national and international) in this field
provide for a tolerance of up to 3%
 DELTA CIRCUIT
Advantages of Delta circuit
Of all the harmonics, the third harmonic is present in high
magnitudes (When compared to other harmonics) and does
maximum damage to the power wave.

A delta circuit provides a closed path to the third harmonic

and eliminates the same for external supply.
 Delta circuit-advantages
Delta circuit is most stable circuit for three phase power supply.

Delta circuit provides effective power supply even when the

loads are un-balanced.

It provides a closed path to zero sequence currents which appear

in huge quantities during earth faults.
In the absence of a delta circuit the zero sequence currents heat
up transformer tanks and create problems.

That is why in all EHV transformers the delta winding is termed as

stabilized winding.
 Comparison of Delta & Star circuits
Delta circuit- disadvantage. It is very costly.

A star circuit is used for three phase supplies as well as

single phase loads. Again there is a major disadvantage if
we go for a star circuit for primary also. For single phase
or two phase loads, the transformer gets heated up very
quickly.

In the case of a DY transformer single \ two phase

supplies can be drawn. Here the KVA of the transformer
gets reduced from that of a three phase one. But no
heating up as in the case of a YY transformer
OFF LOAD TAP CHANGER
 Off-load taps
HV Turns % Switch Position This transformer is an off-load transformer with 5
taps.
105 1 The items of the box indicates the same.
102.5 2
100 3
The objective is to deliver a constant secondary
97.5 4 voltage Vs Even when there is slight change in Vp
95 5 or incoming voltage

For the purpose we keep the number of turns in secondary Ns always constant.
We keep variable number of turns in the primary Np and make arrangements to change
to suit to the incoming voltages Vp so that the transformation ratio is changed and our
Vs remains constant i.e. Vp ÷ TR = Vs

This increase and decrease in HV turns is done manually

 Off-load taps
HV Turns % Switch Position As the word off-load indicates it should be
105 1 operated after switching off power supply.

102.5 2
Besides switching off of a distribution
100 3 transformer affects a small number of
97.5 4 consumers only.

95 5

All distribution transformers are designed for off-load working as on-load working is
a very high cost effective process.
 Off-load taps
Here one should understand what is meant by 105% winding.
It refers to the number of turns in the HV winding.
The transformer rating here is 11000\433V.
To arrive at this voltage transformations suppose the number
of turns in the HV winding is 1000.
Then 105% winding means providing another 5% more( 1000
+ 5% of 1000)= 1050 turns .
The off load switch can be shifted through five positions each
of which is at 2.5% of HV winding (next slide)
 Off-load taps-actual construction
Rotary switch 3 2
4
1 Visible & outside
5 the transformer Fixed contacts
To HV bushing Rotary \ moving contacts
Tap
p ing Inside the transformer
s fro
m HV The field engineer is expected to study the
actual voltage conditions with reference to
To HV bushing the loads and set the off load switch to the
Tap required position.
p ing
s fro The actual action is by means of a rotary
m HV switch with tap numbers clearly marked in a
To HV bushing
circular pattern. In order to prevent
accidental rotation during service the switch
Tap
p ing is provided with a locking pin. The switch is
s fro rotated after withdrawing the locking pin and
mH
V then re-locked with the pin at the desired
position. A cup shaped cover is provided to
the switch for safe keeping and to prevent
water entry.
 3 2
Off-load taps-actual construction
4
1
5
Fixed contacts purposely shown in
To HV bushing dis-engaged position
Tap
p ing Once the tap is changed, in order
s fro
mH to ascertain establishment of the
V
correct movements in all the three
To HV bushing phases in the interiors of
Tap transformer ,the field engineer
p ing
s fro should test the same at least by a
m HV megger and charge the
transformer only later. There are
To HV bushing
instances many distribution
Tap
p ing transformers actually failing after a
s fro
mH tap change. Thus testing the
V
correct engagement of the
contacts before charging is very
essential.
Active part showing off load tap changer and HV wiring connections
Off-load taps-actual construction

3 2
4
1
5

Some times the switch is horizontally mounted

Active part showing off load tap changer and HV wiring connections
 GUARENTED. MAX. TEMP.RISE IN OIL: 45C

Transformer can be loaded to such extent as to allow a

temperature rise up to 45C over and above ambient
temperature.
For example, atmospheric temperature is 30C.
Then temperature of oil, inside transformer can go up to a
maximum of 30C + 45C i.e. 75C.
GUARENTED. MAX. TEMP.RISE IN OIL: 45C

75 85
If the
70
atmosphere If the
temperature atmosphere
is 30 temperature
45 The oil is 25 45
temperature 45 The oil
can go up to temperature
75 can go up to
70 If the
30 40
atmosphere
25 temperature
is 40
The oil
temperature
can go up to
0 0 85
0
 Top plate- (separate plate)
Terminal markings

a2 b2 c2 n

A2 B2 C2
This separate plate gives a sketch of the top plate marked with
HV and LV bushings and phases noting.
POWER AND EHV TRANSFORMERS
TECHNICAL FEATURES.
Power transformer
Power transformer
 Ambient Temp. limits.
MAX. AMBIENT TEMP: 50C
This transformer is design to work well in places where
ambient Temp round the year is not more than 50C

It also means that if the transformer is installed elsewhere

one must see that ambient Temperature around this
transformer is always maintained below 50C
 oil Temp. limits
TOP OIL TEMP RISE: 50C
Here one must first understand why it is top oil
temperature rise and not just oil temperature
Thus inside a transformer the top-most portion of the
transil oil attains maximum temperature than the other
portions. TEM TOP MOST POINT
PER
ATU
RE

BOTTOM MOST POINT

0 DISTANCE FROM THE BOTTOM

Another meaning is that the rise in oil temperature can

allowed up to 50C+50 C i.e., = 100C; since transformer
is designed for ambient temperature of 50.-
 oil Temp. limits
(5) TOP OIL TEMP RISE: 50C
How is this temperature measured?
0 20 40 90
A metallic pocket is welded to top plate so that
it protrudes into the oil of the transformer tank
This pocket is filled with oil so
that it attains same
temperature as that of the
top oil inside the transformer.
Thermometer pocket of top plate
A thermometer probe dipping into
this pocket gives out the top oil
temperature
Transformer with oil The thermometer is provided with relay
for alarm and trip, for marginal &
abnormal rise in temperatures
 winding Temp. rise- 55C
This means that winding temperature can go up to 55C over and
above the atmospheric temperature.
Thus, we can allow a temperature rise in the winding up to a
maximum of 105C, which is a sum of 55C and 50 C (the latter
figure is the maximum allowable ambient temperature).
How is the measurement of this temperature done?
Strictly speaking, it is necessary to have a thermometer probe
touching the metallic conductor of the winding. But this is very
dangerous, as high voltages and corresponding insulations are
involved.

So a convenient procedure has been evolved.

 Winding Temp. Limits
Over a period of observations it is found that the winding
temperature is normally about 10 above that of the top oil.

10 30 50 100 So they put a normal thermometer with

its probe along with that of the top oil
temperature-measuring thermometer,
but the scale so graduated that the
reading shown is 10above that of the
top oil.

Thermometer pocket of top plate That was about 50 years back

Transformer with oil

 VIEW OF THE LID.

2U 2V 2W 2N 3W1 3U2

3V

3U

1U 1V 1W 1N
 OLTC

Heart of Power and EHV transformers.

Transformers are regarded as heart of transmission and distribution

system where as OLTC is regarded as heart of a power \ EHV
transformer

OLTC or ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER is meant to do minor changes in

the transformation ratio.

e.g. the transformation ratio of the 66 \ 11 KV transformer

discussed before is normally 6. But the OLTC varies it from 4.8 to
6.3.
 OLTC -principle
transformation ratio
TR= Vp / Vs = Np / Ns Then Vs = Vp ÷ TR
In practice the objective is to deliver a constant secondary voltage
Vs making use of the available Vp or incoming voltage
For the purpose we keep the number of turns in secondary Ns
always constant and variable number turns in primary Np
We make arrangements to change the number of turns in the
primary Np to suit to the incoming voltages Vp so that the
transformation ratio (TR) is changed and our Vs remains constant.
i.e. Vp ÷ TR = Vs
 OLTC

• This increase and decrease in HV turns for a change in

Transformation Ratio is done by OLTC
• Though OLTC can be an acronym for both On load tap changer
and off load tap changer, it is used an abbreviation for on load
tap changer only in all electrical utilities.
• If the phrase off load tap changer is to be used we use the
same words not any acronym \ short form.
 HV winding for OLTC
For installing OLTCS, the HV winding is
constructed in two stages
The first 75 to 90% of the winding is called coarse
(rough) winding as it is constructed normally out of
solid core conductor or of a few strands only.
The balance 15 to 30 % of the winding (for the OLTC) is
called fine winding. It is a flexible wire as it is constructed
out of multi stranded wire

The fine winding is stepped off into equal portions

(Ten parts in the case of our transformer under
discussion) and each portion is connected to OLTC
 OLTC Types

LINEAR NON-LINEAR

JUMPING LINEAR BUCK-BOOST(LATEST PRACTICE)

OLTC AND WINDINGS TAPPINGS
MR Type OLTC

DIVERTER

Web site Google :MR type

SELECTER
OLTC
control
box
-door
open
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

By
Er. ROMIL KUMAR
 Common transformer faults
• Open circuits:
open circuit in one phase of 3 phase tx. may cause heating.
No relay protection is provided as condition is harmless.
• Overheating:
may caused by sustained overloading, short circuits or
failure of cooling system.
Relay protection is not provided.
Thermal accessories are used to sound an alarm or control banks
of fans.
• Winding short circuits e.g. earth faults , phase to phase
faults, inter turn faults:
may caused by deterioration of winding insulation due to
overheating or mechanical injury. Relay
protection is provided as prolonged arc may cause oil fire.
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS

Thermal Current Gas

Protection to Distribution transformers
Normally provided with over current protection only.
By means of graded fuses both on HV and LV sides.
Excess currents blow up the fuses and the transformer is
protected.
No automatic protective relay equipment is required.
 Power transformers
THERMAL PROTECTIONS :
Overheating is caused by
sustained overloads or short circuits.
By failure of cooling system
thermal accessories are used to sound an alarm or
control the banks of fans
Oil temperatures relays
A thermometer with its probe dipping in a pocket fitted at the
top plate and protruding into the tank interior, normally
measure the transil oil temperature
 Power transformers

WINDING TEMPERATURE
Kept at 10 degrees more than that of the
oil temperature (When technology had not
developed)
But later found that the winding temperature is
directly proportional to the current. Hence a CT
was provided at one of the HV bushings. The
number of amperes was co related to winding
temperature
Oil & winding temperature relay settings

ALARM TRIP
(1 stage)
st (2nd stage)
 Hot spot temperature
The temperature setting depends on the winding temperature rise
allowed.
For example, for a winding temperature rise of 55C, radiator fans
are set to work at 70C, alarm at 95C and trip at 105C.
 GAS PROTECTION
The Bucholz relay is a gas operated relay. It is housed in
the pipe, interconnecting the main tank and the
conservator tank, almost in the middle. The relay is
fitted in such a way that any gas coming out of the
transformer tank does not flow up into the conservator
but always enters it.
It acts and cuts off power supply, when gasses in excess
of certain level are created in the main tank due to
disturbances in the active part or a fault in the
transformer

.
 GAS PROTECTION
This relay is connected for alarm and trip depending
upon release of small or high quantities of gases
respectively.
One of the important maintenance works here is
periodical release of gasses.
In the earlier designs of transformers the release was
possible during maintenance works only as transformer
shut down was required for approaching the Bucholtz
relay. But now-a-day pipe extensions are made from this
gas operated relay for gas-release while the transformer
is in service.
 CURRENT PROTECTIONS
1)OCR (Over current
relay)

2) Differential relay

3)REFR (Restricted earth

fault relay)
 OCR (Over current relay)

The relay can be on HV as well as LV side.

But normally it is on HV side.
 Differential relay
TR

 
 
 
 
D.R.
As long
  as the currents in the CTs match ( taking into consideration the
transformation ratios) the relay remains inactive (e.g. suppose the
 
transformation ratio at a particular tap of the transformer is 5.2 then say
2 amps
  in HV is equal to 5.2 x 2 = 10.4 amperes. The relay is inactive as
long as the HV/LV currents are in the ratio of 2 :10.4 ) Whenever the
 
balance changes i.e. if there is a fault in the zone between the two CTs
 
Restricted Earth Fault Relay

REFR
 OIL SURGE RELAY

This relay is normally fitted at the top plate

of the transformer
Whenever there is an increase in the
pressure in the oil inside the tank the relay
acts tripping off power supply to the
transformer. It also provides for spilling out
of the excess oil.
(In earlier days this job was being done by
explosion vents)
 OVER FLUX RELAY
This relay keeps a watch over the magnetic flux contents
of the core. Over fluxing has found to set up circulating
currents in almost all the metal parts (which did not
carry any regular currents) heating up and aging fast.
The FLUX is directly proportional to the VOLTAGE but
inversely proportional to the FREQUEENCY.
The relay is set to act whenever the flux density
increase beyond certain pre-set levels.
This protection is normally provided to High cost
transformers like That of 100 MVA and above capacities
 Relays – construction trends

Electromechanical
relays.

Static relays

Microprocessor based relays

(Also called Numerical relays)
 electromechanical relays.
They are the first ones to be used One could
observe physical movements of a rotating disc
and relay resetting was also by manual. But they
are not very sensitive, sluggish and do not act if
the fault occurs during switching voltage \
current surges which lasts for a duration of one
or two cycles of the power frequency. They act
only during steady state power flows only. The
only consideration here is that they are
economical to those discussed in subsequent
paras.
 Static relays

Now a days electro-mechanical relays

are being replaced by relays which do
not contain any moving parts and more
reliable than electromechanical relays.
But they are costlier.
 Microprocessor based relays (Numerical
relays)

These relays are further improvement over

static relays. They have multi functional
features like memory, action for current as
well as voltages etc. Price vise they are the
costliest.
 General trend in relays-use.
Apart from one or two regular relays now a days
back up relays are also used for reliability and
safety so that power supply to the transformer is
cut off before the critical clearance time at times
of fault.
Now a days they are being replaced by a single
numerical relay called TPU (Transformer
protection Unit) and which does all the jobs of
different relays used for protection of a
transformer .
 FIRE PROTECTIONS
This is a recent measure introduced to protect the
power \ EHV transformers when they catch fire even
after power supply is tripped off by concerned relay,
master trip relay etc.
This is based on experiences of about four 100 MVA
(220 KV class) and one 400 KV class transformer
catching fire and burning up .
The aim is to prevent spread of fire to other
equipments and preserve at least the salvage value of
the transformer on fire.
It is either by water or Nitrogen perching. Water
quenching consists of spray of water.
 FIRE PROTECTIONS
Now a day the nitrogen perching fire protection system has
been made compulsory for all 100 MVA and above capacities
transformers. (In Karnataka at least for sure)
The process consists of compressed nitrogen gas held in high-
pressure tanks and connected by piping arrangements to the
main transformer tank near the top plate.
When the transformer catches fire the high pressure nitrogen is
released into the tank and the fire is quenched as it is cut off
from oxygen supply

(the oil drain valve at the bottom of the transformer tank should
be opened out at this stage before it is too hot and un-
approachable by humans
 BUCHHOLZ RELAY

• It is a gas actuated relay.

• When a fault develops slowly , it produces heat, thereby
decomposing solid or liquid insulating material in
transformer.
• Decomposition of insulating material produces
inflammable gases.
• Buchholz relay gives an alarm when a specified amount
of gas is formed.
• Analysis of gas collected in relay chamber indicates
type of incipient fault.
 BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on oil filled power
transformers and reactors. It is used as a protective device sensitive to
effects of dielectric failure inside transformer
 BUCHHOLZ RELAY

• There is a chamber to accommodate Buchholz relay, in

between transformer tank and conservator.
• Buchholz relay is a slow acting device, minimum
operating time is 0.1 s and average time is 0.2 s.
• Too sensitive settings of mercury contacts is undesirable
because they are subjected to false operation on shock
and vibration caused by conditions like mechanical shock
to the pipe , tap changer operation and heavy external
faults.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
WORKING OF BUCHHOLZ RELAY
• When an incipient fault such as a winding-to-core fault or
an inter-turn fault occurs on transformer winding, there is
severe heating of oil.
• This causes gases to be liberated from oil around 350°C.
• There is a build-up of oil pressure causing oil to rush into
conservator.
• A vane is placed in path of surge of oil between
transformer and the conservator.
• A set of contacts, operated by this vane, is used as trip
contacts of Buchholz relay
• This output of Buchholz relay is used to trip transformer
WISH YOU ALL BEST
OF LUCK IN YOUR
CAREERS.
Er. ROMIL KUMAR