Compressed Tablets: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics

BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS
COMPRESSED
TABLETS
GROUP 6
MONTERON, FATMA RAMLA
ONTAWAR, ARFA
PUMBAYABAYA, OMEKHALTOM
RIGA, REHAM
COMPRESSED TABLETS
• Solid dosage forms in which high pressure is used to
compress a powder blend or granulation that contains the
drug and other ingredients, or excipients, into a solid
mass. Formed by compression of powdered, crystalline, or
granular material.
• Examples of compressed tablets include tablets for oral,

buccal, sublingual, or vaginal administration.
Compressed tablets usually contain a number of
pharmaceutical excipients e.g., disintegrants, lubricants,
glidants, and surfactants.
• Excipients
Properties:
(1) They permit the efficient manufacture of compressed
tablets.
(2) They affect the physical and chemical characteristics of
the drug.
(3) They affect bioavailability.
PRINCPLES
• Filling
• Main compression/metering
• Decompression
• Ejection
1. Filling stage – process involves transfer of
granules to the compressing machine punch-
die cavity.
2. Metering (weight adjustment) – process of

removal of excess granulation from the
compressing machine.
3. Compression stage – when the tablet forms. It

brings together the upper and lower punches
under pressure within the die to form the
tablet.
4. Ejection stage – process of removing of the

tablet from the lower punch-die station.
HOW ARE TABLETS MANUFACTURED
• Wet granulation - process of adding a liquid

solution to powders involves the massing of a mix
of dry primary powder particles using a
granulating fluid
• Dry granulation - to improve the flowability of
powders by increasing the particle size (granules).
• Direct compression - process uses two primary
process steps: blending the API with excipients
and compressing the finished tablets.
DIRECT COMPRESSION
•Blending - actual mixing of powdered ingredients.
•Dry granulation - used to form granules without using a liquid solution.
•Milling - application of mechanical energy to physically break down

coarse particles to finer ones.
•Lubrication - agents added to tablet and capsule to improve the powder

processing properties of formulations.
•Compression - reduction of volume of the powder under consideration

and particle rearrangement.
•Packaging - blister packaging, most commonly used as primary pack of

tablets or capsules. Alternatives are strip packaging or glass vial with a
sealed cap.
DRUG FORMULATIONS
INGREDIENTS..
1. Diluents/fillers -used to make up required bulk of the tablet

when the drug dosage itself is inadequate to produce the bulk.
2. Binders and Adhesives – these materials are added either dry

or in liquid form to form granules or to promote cohesive
compacts for directly compressed tablet.
3. Disintegrants – facilitate the breaking or disintegration of tablet

when it contacts water in the GIT.
4. Lubricants, Antiadherents and Glidants:
a) Lubricants – are intended to reduce the friction during tablet ejection between the
walls of the tablet and the walls of the die cavity in which the tablet was formed.
b) Antiadherents – are intended to reduce sticking or adhersion of tablet granulation
or powder to the faces of the punches or to die walls.
c) Glidants – are intended to promote flow of granules or powder material by
reducing the friction between the particles.
5. Coloring agents
6. Flavoring agents – used in chewable tablets or tablets intended to

dissolve in mouth.
7. Sweetening agents – used only in chewable tablets to exclude or

limit the use of sugar in the tablets.
TYPES OF TABLETS
1. Compressed tablets 2. Sugar-coated Tablets 3. Film-Coated
Tablets
TYPES OF TABLETS
4. Effervescent Tablets 5. Enteric-coated Tablets 6. Chewable Tablets
TYPES OF TABLETS
7. Immediate-Release Tablets - most common type of tablet and examples
include, chewable tablets..
8. Rapid-release Tablets - rapidly dissolving, mouth dissolving tablets.
9. Extended-Release Tablets - sometimes called controlled-release tablets,

release the drug in a relatively steady, controlled manner.
10. Vaginal Tablets/ Vaginal Inserts

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BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

• Examples of compressed tablets include tablets for oral,

2. Metering (weight adjustment) – process of

3. Compression stage – when the tablet forms. It

4. Ejection stage – process of removing of the

• Wet granulation - process of adding a liquid

•Dry granulation - used to form granules without using a liquid solution.

•Milling - application of mechanical energy to physically break down

•Lubrication - agents added to tablet and capsule to improve the powder

•Compression - reduction of volume of the powder under consideration

•Packaging - blister packaging, most commonly used as primary pack of

1. Diluents/fillers -used to make up required bulk of the tablet

2. Binders and Adhesives – these materials are added either dry

3. Disintegrants – facilitate the breaking or disintegration of tablet

6. Flavoring agents – used in chewable tablets or tablets intended to

7. Sweetening agents – used only in chewable tablets to exclude or

8. Rapid-release Tablets - rapidly dissolving, mouth dissolving tablets.

9. Extended-Release Tablets - sometimes called controlled-release tablets,

10. Vaginal Tablets/ Vaginal Inserts

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