The Cardiovascular System: (Chapter 15)

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Adapted by H. Goon, North HS, Phoenix, AZ
The Cardiovascular
System
(Chapter 15)
Overview of the Cardiovascular System
 The cardiovascular system is a closed
system of the heart and blood vessels
 the heart pumps blood into blood
vessels
 blood vessels circulate the blood to
all parts of the body, to ALL cells
 Functions: to deliver oxygen and nutrients
to all body cells, transport enzymes and
hormones, and to remove carbon dioxide
and other waste products from the cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

External Heart Anatomy
A) Anatomy of the Heart
1. Location
 thoracic cavity
 in the mediastinum, between the lungs

Can you describe the location of
the heart?
 The heart is ________ to the lungs,
________ to the sternum, ________ to
the vertebral column, and ________ to
the diaphragm.
 Its ________ end, the apex, points to
the left, terminating at the level of the 5th
intercostal space.
 The heart is medial to the lungs,
posterior to the sternum, anterior to
the vertebral column, and superior to
the diaphragm.
 Its distal end, the apex, points to
the left, terminating at the level of
the 5th intercostal space.
2. Size
 approximately the size of a person’s
fist & less than 1 pound
~ 14 cm long; 9 cm wide

3. Coverings of the heart
a) pericardium (or pericardial sac)
1) fibrous pericardium—sac made of
tough connective tissue
2) double layered serous membrane:
a. parietal pericardium
b. visceral pericardium (a.k.a.
epicardium)--covers the heart
b) serous fluid fills the pericardial cavity
between parietal & visceral layers

4. Heart wall
a) epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)
outside layer of connective tissue on
surface of the heart
b) myocardium = thick wall of cardiac
muscle
c) endocardium—inner epithelial &
connective tissue lining of heart and
valves

5. Chambers of the heart (4)
 atrium (R & L)—receive blood
 each atria extends into a smaller,
external chamber called an auricle
 ventricle (R & L)—inferior to the atria;
expel blood out of the heart
 The chambers on the left are separated
from the chambers on the right by a
septum (wall of cardiac muscle)
 interatrial septum
 interventricular septum

External Heart Anatomy
Can you name each numbered part of the heart?
3
1
2 4
5
6. Heart Valves
a) are flaps that allow blood to flow

in only one direction
b) atrioventricular (AV) valves – between
each atrium and ventricle; allow blood flow
from each atrium down into the ventricle
 bicuspid/mitral valve (left side)
 tricuspid valve (right side)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.8
c) semilunar valves - between ventricle and
major heart artery; allow blood flow out of
each ventricle through one of the major
heart arteries; 3 cusps
 pulmonary valve (R ventricle & pulmonary
trunk)
 aortic valve (L ventricle & aorta)
d) The valve cusps are held in place by
chordae tendineae (“heart strings”) which
originate from papillary muscles
protruding from the inside of the ventricle
wall
e) valve function
 when a chamber wall contracts blood is
pumped through a valve
 any backflow increases pressure on the
cusps and closes the valves
 AV valves close during ventricular
contraction; papillary muscles also
contract pulling the chordae tendineae
which keep the valve cusps from
prolapsing back into the atrium

f) heartbeat sound
“lub” = when AV valves close
“dup” = when semilunar valves close

g) valve pathology
• an incompetent valve can lead to
backflow, heard as a “heart murmur”
and repumping (regurgitation) of the
same blood
• stenosis = narrowing of valve increases
workload on heart to pump out blood
• Treatment: valve repair or replacement
• Video clip Overview of Circulation
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?
q=blood+circulation&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=D7FC584D7C325
9E0686DD7FC584D7C3259E0686D
B) Paths of Blood Circulation

1. Major Blood Vessels of the Heart
 aorta carries _________________ blood
from the left ventricle to upper & lower body
 pulmonary arteries (L & R): carries
_________________ blood from right
ventricle to lungs
 vena cava (superior & inferior): carries
_________________ blood from upper &
lower body into right atria
 pulmonary veins (2 pairs, L & R): carry
_________________ blood from lungs into
left atria

 aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle to upper & lower body
 pulmonary arteries : carries deoxygenated

blood from right ventricle to lungs
 vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood

from upper & lower body into right atria
 pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood

from lungs into left atria
2. Systemic circuit
3. Pulmonary circuit
3. Coronary circuit
 The heart has its own
network of blood
vessels to supply the
cardiac muscle cells
 coronary arteries &
veins, capillaries
 NOTE: The blood flowing through the
heart chambers does NOT nourish the
myocardium

• Video clip Coronary Heart Bypass surgery
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?
q=video+of+coronary+circulation&view=detail&mid=8B64DE6E57407A5A5E1B8B64DE6E
57407A5A5E1B&first=0&FORM=LKVR&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=7B67DD929983076
406EC7B67DD929983076406EC
* Video clip of mitral valve disease
http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?
ClientID=65&TopicID=773
Heart Physiology
How does the heart function?
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.13a
A) The Cardiac Cycle
1. A cardiac cycle refers to the
series of contractions & relaxations
of the heart to produce a complete
heartbeat
systole = contraction
diastole = relaxation

2. Events of the cardiac cycle
Diastole
I. Atria and ventricles fill with blood
II. Atria contract (simultaneously) to
complete the filling of ventricles;
ventricles are relaxed
Systole
III. Ventricles contract forcing blood
up and out of the heart arteries; AV
valves shut (“lup”)
IV. Backflow in the aorta & pulmonary
arteries cause semilunar valves to shut
(“dup”)
Video: systole & diastole
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22
/animation__the_cardiac_cycle__quiz_2_.html
B) Conduction System
 is an intrinsic, nodal conduction system

that regulates heart wall contractions via
electrical impulses
 Specialized muscle tissue regulates
contractions by carrying nerve impulses
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.13a
i. sinoatrial (SA) node = “pacemaker”
(located in the wall of the right atrium)
ii. atrioventricular (AV) node (in septum at

the junction of the R & L atria)
iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His

(in the interventricular septum)
iv. bundle branches (right and left)
v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)

Video: Conduction
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22
/animation__conducting_system_of_the_heart.html
C) electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• is a recording of the electrical changes in
the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
mV
Time, msec
P wave: atria depolarize

QRS complex: ventricles depolarize
T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles;
repolarization of ventricular muscles
Figure 8.15B, C
D) Pathology of the Conduction
System
• fibrillation =an irregular & often rapid

heart rate; decreases blood flow
• tachycardia = more than 100 beats/min
• bradycardia = less than 60 beats/min
Possible causes of atrial fibrillation
Abnormalities /damage to the heart's structure due to:
• High blood pressure or Heart attacks
• Abnormal heart valves
• Congenital heart defects (you're born with)
• An overactive thyroid gland
• Stimulants (medications, caffeine, tobacco, alcohol)
• improper functioning of SA node
• Emphysema or other lung diseases
• Viral infections
• Stress due to pneumonia, surgery
• Sleep apnea
E) Cardiac Output
1. is the amount of blood pumped by
the ventricle in one minute
2. Formula for cardiac output
= (heart rate) x (stroke
volume*)
* volume of blood pumped by a
ventricle in one contraction
3. Normal cardiac output
= (75 beats/min) x (70 mL/beat)
= 5000 mL/min
= 5 L/min

4. Cardiac output varies with demands
of the body
e.g.

Cardiac Output Regulation
Q. How long does it take for a
RBC to make a roundtrip
through the body (via systemic
circuit)?
5. The entire blood supply passes through
body once every minute.

F) Regulation of Heart Rate
1. Stroke volume usually remains
relatively constant
2. The most common way the body
changes cardiac output is by changing
the heart rate.
 Increases heart rate
 Sympathetic nervous system
Crisis
Low blood pressure
 Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
 Exercise
 Decreased blood volume
 Decreases heart rate
 Parasympathetic nervous system
 High blood pressure or blood volume
 Decreased venous return
 In congestive heart failure the heart is
worn out and pumps weakly. Digitalis
works to provide a slow, steady, but
stronger beat.
Cardiac Pathology
• Rapid heart beat
• = Inadequate blood
• = Angina Pectoris
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
• Inadequate circulation
• Progressive, also coronary atherosclerosis, high
blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial
Infarctions
• Left side fails = pulmonary congestion and
suffocation
• Right side fails = peripheral congestion and edema

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Adapted by H. Goon, North HS, Phoenix, AZ

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

a) are flaps that allow blood to flow

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 pulmonary arteries : carries deoxygenated

 vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood

 pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 is an intrinsic, nodal conduction system

ii. atrioventricular (AV) node (in septum at

iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His

iv. bundle branches (right and left)

v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)

P wave: atria depolarize

• fibrillation =an irregular & often rapid

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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