Analytic Geometry

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
What is Analytic Geometry?
• Analytic geometry is that branch of Algebra in which the position of

the point on the plane can be located using an ordered pair of
numbers called as Coordinates.
• This is also called coordinate geometry or the cartesian geometry.
• Analytic geometry is a contradiction to the synthetic geometry, where
there is no use of coordinates or formulas. It is considered axiom or
assumptions, to solve the problems. But in analytic geometry, it
defines the geometrical objects using the local coordinates. It also
uses algebra to define this geometry.
Rectangular Coordinate System
• The rectangular coordinate system consists of two real number lines
that intersect at a right angle. The horizontal number line is called
the x-axis, and the vertical number line is called the y-axis. These two
number lines define a flat surface called a plane, and each point on
this plane is associated with an ordered pair of real numbers (x, y).
The first number is called the x-coordinate, and the second number is
called the y-coordinate. The intersection of the two axes is known as
the origin, which corresponds to the point (0, 0).
• This system is often called the Cartesian coordinate system, named
after the French mathematician René Descartes (1596–1650).
The x- and y-axes break the plane into four regions called quadrants, named using roman
numerals I, II, III, and IV, as pictured. In quadrant I, both coordinates are positive. In
quadrant II, the x-coordinate is negative and the y-coordinate is positive. In quadrant III,
both coordinates are negative. In quadrant IV, the x-coordinate is positive and the y-
coordinate is negative.
Distance Between Two Points
Midpoint Formula
Slope
• In mathematics, we call the incline of a line the slope and use the
letter m to denote it. The vertical change is called the rise and the
horizontal change is called the run.
• The rise and the run can be positive or negative. A positive rise
corresponds to a vertical change up and a negative rise corresponds
to a vertical change down. A positive run denotes a horizontal change
to the right and a negative run corresponds to a horizontal change to
the left.
Equations of Straight Lines
The equation of a line through the origin with a given slope(m)

• The equation of a straight line with slope (m) passing through the
origin is given by y = mx .
The y-intercept of a line
• The equation of a straight line with slope(m) and intercept c on the y-
axis is y = mx + c .
The equation of a straight line with given slope, passing through a
given point
• The equation of a straight line with gradient m, passing through the

point (x1, y1), is y − y1 = m(x − x1) .
The equation of a straight line through two given points
The most general equation of a straight line
• The most general equation of a straight line is
ax + by + c = 0 .
• If a = 0 then the line is horizontal, and if b = 0 then the line is vertical.
Angle between two lines
Distance from a point to a line
• The distance from a point (m, n) to the line Ax + By + C = 0 is given by:
Distance between two parallel lines
• The distance between two parallel lines in the plane is the minimum
distance between any two points lying on the lines. It equals the
perpendicular distance from any point on one line to the other line.
1. Find the distance between the points (4, -2) and (-5, 1)
2. Find the distance from the point (5, -3) to the line 7x - 4y – 28.
3. How far is the line 3x – 4y +15 = 0 from the origin.
4. Find the slope of the line whose parametric equation is y = 5 – 3t and
x=2+t
5. Find the general equation of the line through (1,2) and parallel to the
line 3x – 2y + 4 = 0.
Area of Polygon by Coordinates
• The area of a polygon, given the coordinates of its vertices, is given by the formula
• given above if and only if n=3.

Find the area of triangle whose vertices are
A(-3, -1), B(5,3) and C(2, -8)
Conic Sections
• A conicsection (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface of a cone with a
plane. The three types of conic sections are the hyperbola, the parabola, and the ellipse. The circle is
type of ellipse, and is sometimes considered to be a fourth type of conic section.
• Conic sections can be generated by intersecting a plane with a cone. A cone has two identically shaped
parts called nappes. One nappe is what most people mean by “cone,” and has the shape of a party hat.
• Conic sections are generated by the intersection of a plane with a cone. If the plane is parallel to the axis
of revolution (the yy-axis), then the conic section is a hyperbola. If the plane is parallel to the generating
line, the conic section is a parabola. If the plane is perpendicular to the axis of revolution, the conic
section is a circle. If the plane intersects one nappe at an angle to the axis (other than 90∘), then the
conic section is an ellipse.
Common Parts of Conic Sections
• While each type of conic section looks very
different, they have some features in common.
For example, each type has at least one focus
and directrix.
• A focus is a point about which the conic section
is constructed. In other words, it is a point
about which rays reflected from the curve
converge. A parabola has one focus about
which the shape is constructed; an ellipse and
hyperbola have two.
• A directrix is a line used to construct and define
a conic section. The distance of a directrix from
a point on the conic section has a constant ratio
to the distance from that point to the focus. As
with the focus, a parabola has one directrix,
while ellipses and hyperbolas have two.
• These properties that the conic sections share are often presented as the following definition,
which will be developed further in the following section. A conic section is the locus of
points P whose distance to the focus is a constant multiple of the distance from P to
the directrix of the conic. These distances are displayed as orange lines for each conic section in
the following diagram.
Parabola
• A parabola is the set of all points whose distance from a fixed point,
called the focus, is equal to the distance from a fixed line, called the
directrix. The point halfway between the focus and the directrix is
called the vertex of the parabola.
• They may open up, down, to the left, or to the right.
Ellipses
• An ellipse is the set of all points for which the sum of the distances
from two fixed points (the foci) is constant. In the case of an ellipse,
there are two foci, and two directrices.
Hyperbolas
• A hyperbola is the set of all points where the difference between their distances from two fixed
points (the foci) is constant. In the case of a hyperbola, there are two foci and two directrices.
Hyperbolas also have two asymptotes.
Circle
• A circle is the set of points in a plane that lie a fixed distance, called
the radius, from any point, called the center. The diameter is the
length of a line segment passing through the center whose endpoints
are on the circle. In addition, a circle can be formed by the
intersection of a cone and a plane that is perpendicular to the axis of
the cone:
• Circle in general form : x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, where D, E, F
are constants.
Hyperbola
The locus of the point that moves such that the difference of its distance
between two fixed points called the foci is constant. The constant difference is the
length of the transverse axis 2a. It may also be defined as the locus of the point that
moves such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point, called the focus, and a
fixed line, called the directrix, is constant and is greater than one(1).
General Equation of Hyperbola(A and C have opposite sign)
Standard Equations of Hyperbola
Variations of Problems in Conics
1. What is the radius of the circle with the following equation? X^2 – 6x + y^2 – 4y -12 = 0.
2. If (3, -2) lies on the circle with center (-1 , 1) then find the
equation of the circle.
3. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at (4,3) and
focus(4,-1).
4. Find the equation of the directrix of the parabola y^2 = 16x.
5. Given the equation of the parabola: y^2 – 8x – 4y – 20 = 0.
Find the length of the its latus rectum.
6. Find the length of the latus rectum of the following ellipse: 25
x^2 + 9y^2 – 300x – 144y + 1251 = 0.
7. If the length of the major and minor axes of an ellipse is 10cm
and 8cm, respectively, what is the eccentricity of the ellipse.
8. Determine the center of the ellipse 4x^2 + y^2 – 16x – 6y – 43
= 0.
9. The area of the ellipse 9x^2 + 25y^2 – 36x – 189 = 0
10. Find the equation of the ellipse whose center is at (-3, -1),
vertex at (2, -1), and focus at (1, -1).
11. Determine the equation of the line tangent to the graph y = 2x^2 + 1,
at the point (1,3).
12. Find the equation of a line normal to the curve x^2 = 16y at
(4,1).

Analytic Geometry

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ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

What is Analytic Geometry?

• Analytic geometry is that branch of Algebra in which the position of

The equation of a line through the origin with a given slope(m)

• The equation of a straight line with gradient m, passing through the

• given above if and only if n=3.

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