MBR Lab Week 10-12-1
MBR Lab Week 10-12-1
MBR Lab Week 10-12-1
Missing data
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies
Statistics
Select Quartile, mean,
median, mode,
skewness, kurtosis etc.
SPSS – Graphs (to check frequencies, normal
data…)
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies
Charts
To see normal
distribution curve,
bar charts and pie
charts
SPSS- Skewness and Kurtosis
SPSS
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptives
Options
Check Skewness and Kurtosis
Value of Skewness and Kurtosis
Compute Variables
(For example, create a mean for 5 items of Job satisfaction)
Transform – Compute Variable
Assign a name for the new variable and in numerical expressions write
Mean(variable1,variable2,variable3,variable4,variable5).
Recode into Same Variables
Assign old and new values
Recode into Different Variables
Assign old and new values
Define a new Variable
Replace Missing Values
If you want to replace all the missing values with the means, median or interpolation of the values
Cross Tab
We want to see does any control, dichotomous variable such as gender (male/female),
Children (yes/no), smoking (yes/no) grouping variable affects any dependent variable?
For that we will conduct independent T test.
Independent because groups of controls are independent of each other. The sample of male and
female do not depend on each other.
The value of sig(two tailed) t test equality of means (equal variance assumed) should be
less than 0.05 to check whether the result of a dependent variable is significantly
controlled by that grouping variable.
T Test – Independent (Continued)
Example, You could use partial correlation to understand whether there is a linear relationship
between ice cream sales and price, whilst controlling for daily temperature
Continuous dependent variable = "ice cream sales", measured in US dollars,
Continuous independent variable = "price", also measured in US dollars
Single control variable – that is, the single continuous independent variable you are adjusting
for = daily temperature, measured in °C).
You may believe that there is a relationship between ice cream sales and prices (i.e., sales go
down as price goes up), but you would like to know if this relationship is affected by daily
temperature (e.g., if the relationship changes when taking into account daily temperature since
you suspect customers are more willing to buy ice creams, irrespective of price, when it is a
really nice, hot day).
Assumptions for correlation (Bivariate –
Partial)
SPSS will give Model Summary Table, ANOVA and Regression Coefficients
Regression Interpretation – R Square
Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the R Square interpretation
Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 .916a .839 .832 .73875 0.839 or 84% (r^2) of the variation in DV sales is
a. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending due to IV advertising spending
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 62.514 1 62.514 114.548 .000b While remaining 16% (100%-84%) of variation in
Residual 12.006 22 .546 DV sales is due to the factors other than
Total 74.520 23 advertising spending (stochastic factors)
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
b. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 6.584 .402 16.391 .000
Advertising spending 1.071 .100 .916 10.703 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
Regression Interpretation – Constant & Slope
Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 .916 a
.839 .832 .73875 P Value or Sig - It should be less than 0.05 or
a. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending
5%
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
In this case, the value of 0.000 is less than
1 Regression 62.514 1 62.514 114.548 .000b 0.05 which means the relationship between
Residual 12.006 22 .546 advertising spending and sales is significant.
Total 74.520 23
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
b. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 6.584 .402 16.391 .000
Advertising spending 1.071 .100 .916 10.703 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
Regression Interpretation – Constant & Slope
Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the 1 unit increase in advertising will bring
Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 .916a .839 .832 .73875
1.071 unit increase in sales on the average
a. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending Interpretation of beta (Slope)
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Even if advertising spending = 0, sales will
1 Regression 62.514 1 62.514 114.548 .000b be 6.584 due to other factors.
Residual 12.006 22 .546
Total 74.520 23
Interpretation of Constant
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
b. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 6.584 .402 16.391 .000
Advertising spending 1.071 .100 .916 10.703 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
Regression Interpretation – Equation
Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the Equation =
Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 .916a .839 .832 .73875 Y= a + bX + e
a. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Y=Sales
1 Regression 62.514 1 62.514 114.548 .000b
Residual 12.006 22 .546
X= Advertising Spending
Total 74.520 23 A= Constant or Intercept = 6.584
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
b. Predictors: (Constant), Advertising spending B= Slope =1.071
E= 1- R square = 1-0.839 = 0.161
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
Sales = 6.584 + 1.071(Advertising Spending) +
1 (Constant) 6.584 .402 16.391 .000 0.161
Advertising spending 1.071 .100 .916 10.703 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Detrended sales
Regression Interpretation – SS MS
Significant=
P value = <= 0.05
If F stat is greater then F critical we will
accept H1 and reject H0
F stat is also called calculated value = 114.548
F Critical value =4
F stat > F critical value = 114.548> 4 = results
significant
Regression Interpretation – T Value
T critical >= 2
16.391 and 10.703 >= 2 > results
significant
Regression Equation
Alpha a = intercept
Beta b = slope
E = Residual or Error in the equation
Y= Dependent Variable
X= Independent Variable
Alpha a = 6.584
Beta b = 1.071
Y= Sales
X= Advertisement
Sales=6.584 + 1.071 (advertisement)
Step Wise Linear Regression
Enter variables (e.g. control variables You can press enter or stepwise in
then press Next) Method
The results show R2 with just the controls and then
controls and main IVs. You can compare the R2
Step Wise Linear Regression
Rank-based nonparametric test that can be used to determine if there are statistically
significant differences between two or more groups of an independent variable on a
continuous or ordinal dependent variable.
Alternative to the one way ANOVA
For example, test to understand whether exam performance, measured on a continuous
scale from 0-100, differed based on test anxiety levels, measured students with "low",
"medium" and "high" test anxiety levels
DV: exam performance (continuous)
IV: test anxiety level which has three independent groups (groups)
Kruskal Wallis – Substitute of ANOVA
General test to compare distributions in paired Steps – Analyze – Non Parametric Test –
samples. related samples
This test is usually the preferred alternative to the Go to settings – tick customize tests and select
Paired t-test when the assumptions of parametric test
are not satisfied Wilicoxon
In a paired sampletest, each subject or entity is Specify two items in test fields
measured twice, resulting in pairs of observations. In this case, we want to know whether there
Eg. interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a are differences in beginning salary and current
company training program. salary of the employees
Measure the performance of a sample of employees
before and after completing the program, and analyze
the differences using a paired sample test.
If data is non-parametric use these steps
The Friedman test - Substitute of One way
repeated ANOVA
IV: Op mean
DV Lifesat_mean
Moderator: Sest
Moderation Interaction: Op_sest
Either you can check p value for significance or LLCI and ULCI values
LLCI and ULCI range should not have a ZERO in between to be significant
Mediation Analysis
Turning on the
Boil water
stove
Op_mean Sest_mean
Mediation Analysis
Op_mean Lifesat_mean
Sest_mean Lifesat_mean
NO Mediation
0.0752* -0.417
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