Unit2 ODE First Order
Unit2 ODE First Order
Unit2 ODE First Order
2 EQUATIONS(First Order)
2.1 Introduction
The linear differential equations with constant coefficients find their most important
applications in the study of electrical, mechanical and other linear systems. Such equations
play a prominent role in unifying the theory of electrical and mechanical oscillatory systems.
An example of modeling a real world problem using differential equations is the
determination of the velocity of a ball falling through the air, considering only gravity and air
resistance. The ball's acceleration towards the ground is the acceleration due to gravity minus
the deceleration due to air resistance. Gravity is considered as constant and air
resistance may be modeled as proportional to the ball's velocity. This means that the
acceleration of the ball
is a derivative of its velocity and the velocity depends on time. Finding the
velocity as a
function of time involves solving a differential equation. Hence, wherever it is
possible to define a relation between a function and its derivatives, it is possible to make a
mathematical model using differential equations and understand the behavior of the system
related to that function.
2.1.1. Engineering Applications of Differential Equations
constant not equal to 0. If P = P 0 at t = 0, then P 0 = A e0 which gives A = P 0 The final form of the solution is
model.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.3
where A is non zero constant. If we assume that M = M 0 at t = 0, then M 0 = Ae0 which gives A = M0. The
dM
since k is positive, M(t) is a decreasing exponential. kM is also called an exponential
solution may be written as follows M(t) = M 0 e- k t . Assuming dt
M 0 is positive and
decay model.
Falling Object
An object is dropped from a height at time t = 0. If h(t) is the height of the object at time t,
a(t) the acceleration and v(t) the velocity. The relationships between a, v and h are as follows:
dv dh
a(t) , v(t) dt for a falling object, a(t) is constant and is equal to g = -9.8 m/s.
dt
Combining the above differential equations, we can easily deduce the differential equation
d 2h dh . Integrate one
dt2 g . Integrate both sides of the above equation to obtain dtgt v
0
gt 2
more time to obtain h(t) v0t h0 . The above equation is a model that describes the
2
height of a falling object, from an initial height h 0 at an initial velocity v0, as a function of time.
proportional to the difference between the temperature T of the object and the temperature Te
dT
of the environment surrounding the object. kdt(T T ) . Let Xe T T . so thate
2.4 Engineering Mathematics – I
dX dT
dt
dX
Using the above change of variable, the above differential equation becomes kX
dt .
dt .
The solution to the above differential equation is given by X Ae kt substitute X T T . e
T Te Ae kt .
final expression for T(t) is given by T(t) = T e + ( T - Te)e - k0t . This expression shows that
how the tempearture T of the object changes with time.
RL circuit
Let us consider the RL (resistor R and inductor L) circuit shown in Fig. 2.1. At time t = 0 the
switch is closed and current passes through the circuit. Electricty laws state that the voltage
across a resistor of resistance R is equal to Ri and the voltage across an inductor L is given by
L di/dt (i is the current). Another law gives an equation relating all voltages in the
above
di
circuit as follows: L dt Ri E , where E is a constant voltage. Let us solve the above
Fig. 2.1.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.5
di L
L (Rdi)
dt R both sides, we get
E Ri 1 , which implies E dt . Integrating on
Ri
L
R log(E Ri) t c , c constant of integration. Constant c can be obtained by setting i = 0
L
at t = 0 (when switch is closed) which gives
R
log E c .
L
L
Substitute c in the solution log(E Ri) t log E
R
R
E Rt
(i.e.) L
log L
(i.e.) log E log(E Ri) t R
E RRiRt
E
(i.e.) e LL
E Ri
ERt
(i.e.) E Ri
eL
Rt
(i.e.) E(1 e L ) Ri
Rt
(i.e.) i E (1 e L
)
R
The starting model for the circuit is a differential equation which when solved, gives an
expression of the current in the circuit as a function of time.
Newton’s second law of motion
The second law states that the net force on an object is equal to the rate of change (that is, the
dP d (mv)
derivative) of its linear momentum P in an inertial reference frame: F . The
dt
dt
second law can also be stated in terms of an object's acceleration. Since the law is valid only
for constant-mass systems, the mass can be taken outside the differentiation operator by the
2.6 Engineering Mathematics – I
d (v)
constant factor rule in differentiation. Thus, F m dtma , where F is the net force
applied, m is the mass of the body, and a is the body's acceleration. Thus, the net force applied
to a body produces a proportional acceleration. In other words, if a body is accelerating, then
there is a force on it
In this chapter, we consider the simplest of these differential equations which is of
first order. We study the solutions of Exact equations, First order linear equations, Bernoulli’s
equations, orthogonal trajectories, growth, decay and geometrical applications. Also, we study
the solutions of equations not of first degree namely, equations solvable for p, equations
solvable for y, equations solvable for x and Clairaut’s type.
Differential equations are classified into two categories “ordinary and partial” depending on
the number of independent variables appearing in the equation.
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE): Differential equations which involve only one
independent variable and ordinary differential co-efficients are called ordinary differential
equation.
Example: 1. d 2y d 2q dq
2 2
dx a x0 2. L dt 2 R dt c E sin t
q
3
dy 2 2
Partial Differential Equations (PDE): Differential equations which involve two or more
independent variables and partial derivatives with respect to them are called partial
differential equations.
Example: 1. x u y u nu 2. 2 z 2 u
y x y are partial differential equations.
x y x2 y2
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation: The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest ordered derivative occurring in the differential equation. The degree of a
differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it.
For example,
dt
3
2
3. 1 dy c 2 d 22 y is the second order and second degree.
2
dx dx
3
dy
2
2
d 2y
4. 1 2
2 is the second order and second degree.
dx c
dx
dy 2
2
dy x is the first order and second
5. y x
dx dx degree.
2.2 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
f f
df dx dy …(1)
x y
Consider the differential equation
M (x, y)dx N (x, y)dy 0 …(2)
f f
M (x, y) and N (x, y) …(3)
x y
We use equation (3) in the given D.E (2) and it becomes
f f
0 Mdx Ndy x dx ydy df
(i.e.) df 0
In this case, the L.H.S of equation(2) Mdx Ndy is said to be an exact differential and the
differential equation (2) is called an exact differential equation.
Theorem
Statement: The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation
M N
Mdx Ndy 0 to be exact is
y
x
Proof:
M N
We prove that y x
By definition, the equation Mdx Ndy 0 is exact, if du Mdx Ndy for some u(x,y) .
u u
However, du dx dy
x
y
u u
Mdx Ndy dx dy
x u
u N y
Equating co-efficient of dx and dy , we get M and
x
y
M 2 u N 2 u
and
y yx x
xy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.9
M N (Since 2 u 2 u )
yx
y x
Hence proved. xy
Case (ii): Sufficient condition:
M N …(1)
Let us assume that y
x
Let u Mdx
y constant
and 2 u M
u
x M yx
y 2 u 2 u
By (1), M N
y and
x yx xy
N 2 u u
x xy x y
Integrating both sides with respect to.x, treating y as constant, we have
u
N y f ( y)
u u M u u
Mdx Ndy dx f ( y) dy x, N y f ( y)
x y
u
dx
u
dy f ( y)dy du f ( y)dy d u
f
x
y
( y)dy
which shows that Mdx Ndy is an exact differential and hence Mdx Ndy 0 is
an
exact differential equation.
Note: Since Mdx Ndy d u f ( y)dy
Mdx Ndy 0 d u f ( y)dy 0
2.10 Engineering Mathematics – I
Integrating u f ( y)dy c
dy c
Points to Remember:-
M N
1. A differential equation Mdx Ndy 0 is an exact differential equation if
y x
Example 1:
Show that (x 2 2xy 3y 2 )dx ( y 2 6xy x2 )dy 0 is an exact equation and hence
solve it
Solution:
Here M x2 2xy 3y 2 N y 2
6xy x 2
M N
2x 6 y
6 y 2x
y x
M N
y x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.11
The solution is
y constant
Mdx N (Terms not containing x)
=C
dy
x 2xy 3y dx y2 dy
2 2
3
C3
x 2x 2 y 3xy2 y C
3 2 3
x3 9xy2 3x2 y y3 3C C 1
Example 2:
Solve (x 2 4xy 2y 2 )dx ( y 2 4xy 2x 2 )dy
0
Solution:
M N
y x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.
(x 4xy 2 y2 )dx y2 dy
2
C
x3 4x 2 y 2xy 2 y 3
3 2 C 3
x 6x y 6xy y C
3 2 2 3
Example 3:
Here M x 3y 4 and N 2 y 3x 1
M N
3 3
y x
M N
y x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.
The general solution is
y constant
Mdx N (Terms not containing x) dy = C
(x 3y 4)dx (2 y 1)dy
C
x 2 3xy 4x 2 y y C
2
2 2
x2 6xy 8x 2 y2 2 y
C
Example 4: Solve dy y cos x sin y y 0
dx sin x x cos y
x
Solution:
dy y cos x sin y y
The given equation can be written as dx
sin x x cos y x
dy(sin x x cos y x) dx( y cos x sin y y)
( y cos x sin y y)dx (sin x x cos y x)dy 0
M y cos x sin y y N sin x x
cos y x
The equation is of the form Mdx Ndy 0
M N
cos x cos y 1 cos x cos y 1
y x
M N
y x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.13
M N
y x
Thus thegeneral
given equation is an exact equation.
The solution is
y constant
Mdx N (Terms not containing x) dy = C
M N
cos x sec2 y sin(x y) ; cos x sec2 y sin(x
y)
y x
2.14 Engineering Mathematics – I
M N
y x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.
M N
2
y(x x y )dx ye dy x
2 y
Cx3 x 2
exact
Thus the given equation is an equation
xy2 yey e y
3 2 C2 y
xy e yey C
Exercises 3 2
Solve the following differential equations:
1. (x 2 y 2 a2 )xdx (x 2 y 2 b2 ) ydy 0 2. (3x2 6xy2 )dx (6x2 y 4 y3 )dy
0
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.15
dy
1 ex y dx 1 x e x y dy 0 y(x 2 y2 a2 )
3.
y
6. dx
x(x y a ) 0
2 2 2
Here M y and N x
M N Therefore the equation is not an exact equation.
y x
1
(i) Multiplying the equation (1) by ,2 we get
y
1
(iii) Multiplying the equation (1) by , we get dx dy (or) d (log x log y)
xy x y 0 0
1 1
1 and are integrating factors of equation (1). “If a
which is an exact equation. , xy
y2 x 2
Important Formulae:-
The following differentials are very useful in selecting a suitable integrating factor.
Example 1:
Solve : xdx y(x 2 y2 1)dy
Solution:
The given differential equation is xdx ydy y(x 2 y 2 )dy
2xdx 2 ydy
2 ydy
x2 y2
d (x 2 y2 ) 2
x2 y2 ydy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.17
d (x 2 y 2 )
Integrating on both sides we get, x2 y2 2 ydy C
log(x2 y 2 ) y 2 C
Example 2:
Solve (2xy2 y)dx xdy 0
Solution:
The given differential equation is
2xy 2 dx xdy ydx 0
xdy ydx
2xdx 0
y2
ydx
2xdx
y2
xdy
0
x
2xdx d 0
y
x
x2 y C , x2 y x Cy
Example 3:
y
2
1 dx
x2 x
2.18 Engineering Mathematics – I
y y
2
d 1 dx
x x
y
d
x dx
y
2
1
x
Integrating on both sides
y
d
x
dx
y
2
1
x
xdx2 ydy2
The given equation is x y a dy
d (x 2 y2 ) 2ady
x2 y 2
d (x 2 y 2 )
Integrating on both sides, x2 y 2 2a dy c
log(x2 y2 ) 2ay C
Points to Remember:-
Homogeneous Equation
A function f(x,y) of the variables x and y is called homogeneous of degree n, if for any
parameter 't’ , f(tx,ty)=tnf(x,y).
Integrating Factor for a homogeneous equation
1
is an I.F.
If Mdx Ndy 0 is a homogeneous equation in x and y, then Mx Ny
Example 1:
Now Mx Ny x3 y 2x 2 y 2 x3 y 3x2 y 2 0
1
I.F.
x2 y 2
1
1
Mx Nyby
Multiplying throughout the given equation , we get
(x y2 )
2
1 2 x
y
x dx y 2
3y dy 0 which is an exact equation
dx y dy C
1 2 3
The solution is
y x
x
2 log x 3log y
C y
Example : 2
Solve ( y3 2 yx2 )dx (2xy 2 x3 )dy
0
Solution :
The given equation is homogeneous in x and y.
Here M y3 2 yx2 N
2xy x
2 3
1
Multiplying throughout the given equation by , we get
3xy( y2 x2 )
y( y2 2x 2 ) x(2 y2 x2 )
dx dy 0
xy( y2 x2 ) xy( y2 x2 )
y2 2x 2 (2 y2 x2 )
dx dy 0
x( y2 x2 ) y( y 2 x2 )
( y2 x2 ) ( y 2 x2 ) y 2
dx dy 0
x x( y2 x2 )
2
y( y 2 x2 )
x y
1 1 dy 0
x dx y x
2 2 dx dy
y y x2
2
1 ydy xdx 1
dx dy 0
x y x
2 2
y
1 1d(y x )
2 2
dx dy 0
1
x 2 ( y 2 x2 )
Multiplying throughout by 2, and integrating, we get
y
2log x log( y 2 x2 ) 2log y log
c
x2 y 2 ( y 2 x2 ) c
x2 y 2 ( y 2 x2 ) C 1
If Mdx Ndy 0 is of the form f1 (xy) ydx f 2 (xy)xdy 0 , then
Points to Remember:- Mx Ny
is an I.F. provided Mx Ny 0
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.21
Example 1:
1
12 2 dx 1
3xy 3ydy
0
2
3x y 3x
which is an exact equation.
1
2 log x log y C , where C = 3C
1 1
xy
Example 2:
Solve (1 xy) ydx (1 xy)xdy
0
Solution:
The given equation is of the form f1 (xy) ydx f 2 (xy)xdy 0
Here M 1 xy y N
1 xy x
Mx Ny 2x 2 y 2 0
2.22 Engineering Mathematics – I
1 1
I.F. =
Mx Ny 2x2 y2
1
Multiplying throughout the given equation by , the given equation becomes
2x2 y2
1
12 1 dx 2 21 ydy 0 which is an exact equation.
2x y 2x 2xy
1
The solution is 2 1 dx 1
dy
2x y C 2x
2
y
1 1 1 1
2 log x 2 log y C
2y x
x 1
log y xy
C
Example 3:
Solve the equation (x3 y3 x2 y 2 xy 1) ydx (x 3 y3 x2 y 2 xy 1)xdy 0
Solution:
The given equation is of the form f1 (xy) ydx f 2 (xy)xdy 0
Here
M x3 y 3 x 2 y 2 xy 1 y N x3 y 3 x 2 y 2 xy 1
Mx xNy 2xy(x 2 y2 xy) 2x 2 y 2 (xy 1) 0
1 1
I.F.=
Mx Ny 2x y (xy
2 2
1)
1
Multiplying throughout the given equation by , we get
2x2 y2 (xy 1)
x2 y2 1 x2 y 2 2xy 1
ydx xdy 0
2x y
2 2
2x 2 y 2
x2 y 2 1
1
( ydx xdy) xdy 0
2x y
2 2
xy
1 1
2 2x 2 2y d (xy) y dy 0
1
1
1
Integrating on both sides, we get 2 xy 2xy log y
C
Exercises
Solve the following Differential equations
Answers
1. x y log x 1 1
0 4. 2 log x log y
C xy
2. y 2 y
C 1 x
2 x 5. log
C xy
2
3. x y2 2
1 y
C a tan x y
2 2 6. 2 log x
x3log y C y
2.24 Engineering Mathematics – I
7. x2 y ex e y 9. (x 2 y 2 1) Cx
x x
x C
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its derivative occur only
in the first degree and are not multiplied together. The general form of a linear differential
dy
equation of the first order is dx Py Q, ...(1) where P and Q are functions of x only or may
be constants. Equation (1) is also known as Leibnitz’s linear
equation.
Integrating both sides, we get ye Qe dx c, which is the required solution.
Pdx pdx
The integrating factor in this case is e and the solution is x(I.F ) Q(I.F )dy c
pdy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.25
dy
Note 3: In the general form of a linear differential equation, the co-efficient of isdx
unity.
dy
For example, the equation R dx Sy T , where R, S and T are functions of x only or
Points to Remember:-
dy
Py Q
The general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is dx
Example 1:
1 dy y
Solve x dx tan
x x cos x
Solution:
dy
Multiplying on both sides by x to make the co-efficient of dxunity, we get
dy
dx y tan x x cos x
dy
Comparing it with dx Py Q , we have
P tan x, Q x cos x
e
pdx
elog(sec x) sec x
= xdx C
x2
y sec x C
2
Example 2:
Solve (1 y 2 )dx (tan1 y x)dy
Solution:
dx
The given equation can be written as (1 y 2 ) x tan1 y
dy
dx x tan1 y
Dividing by (1 y2 ) we get
dy 1 y2 1
y2
dx
This is of the form px Q
dy
1
Here tan1 y
P ,Q
1 y2 1
y 11ydy
2 2
I.F. = e
1
pdy
etan y
e
The solution is xe Qe dy C
pdy pdy
1
xetan y tan 1
1 y 2y etan y dy C
1
Let t tan1 y
1
dt dy
1tan yy2
xe tet dt C
1
tet 1 et dt C
C
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.27
Example 3:
dy
Solve x(1 x 2 ) dx (2x 2 1) y x3
Solution:
dy
Given that x(1 x 2 ) dx (2x 2 1) y x3
dy
This is of the form dx Py Q
2x 2 1 1 1
Here P
1
x(1 x)(1 x) x 2(1 x) 2(1 x)
1 1
pdx log x log(1 x) log(1 x)
2 2
log x(1 x) 2 (1 x)
1 1
2
x 1 x2
1
log
x 1x 2
I.F. = e e
Pdx
1
=
x 1 x2
1 3
2 (1 x2 ) 2 (2x)dx C
1
(1 x2 ) 2 C
y x Cx 1 x2
Example 4:
Solve e y dx 1
2 x
x x
dy
Solution:
dy y 2 x
The given equation can be written as e
dx x x
dy
This is of the form dx Py Q
Here
1 P e2 x
,Q x
x
12
I.F. = e e
Pdx x
dx
2 x solution is ye Qe dx C
Pdx Pdx
e The
2 x
e
ye2 x
e2 x dx C x
ye x 2 dx
C
Example 5:
2xC
dy y
Solve dx x xex
Solution:
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.29
dy
The given equation is of the form dx Py Q
1
Here P x , Q xex
Pdx 1
dx
I.F. = e e x elog x x
yx xe x xdx C
xy x2 ex dx C
Let u x 2 , dv e x dx
u '' 2 , v1 e x
v2 e
x
u ' 2x , v ex
xy uv u 'v1 u
''v2 C
Solution: xy (x 2 2x 2)ex C
dy 1
tan x dx
y
cos2 x
cos2 x
2.30 Engineering Mathematics – I
sec2 x y
dy tan x
dx cos2 x
dx
sec2 x y tan x
dy
dy sec2 x
This is of the form dx Py Q
I.F. = e e e tan x
Pdx sec2 xdx
yetan x tan x
t xe dx Cdv et dt
Put u sec
2 tan x
, v1 e
t t
(t 1)et C
Example 7:
yetan x tan x 1etan x C
dy
Solve sec x dx y sin x
Solution:
dy
The given equation can be written as sec x dx y sin x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.31
dy
dx y cos x sin x cos x ,
dy
This is of the form dx Py Q
I.F. = e Pdx
e
cos xdx
e sin x
ye t te t dt C
tet et C
1 7. y(x 2 1) x 3
3. xy 2e x Ce x C
4. y (x 1)ex C 8. y log x (log3 x)2 C
5. y tan x 1 Cetan x
3 4
6. y(1 x ) x x x
3 2
C
3 4 6
x6
2.4 NONLINEAR EQUATION REDUCIBLE TO THE LINEAR FORM
2.4.1Bernoulli’s Equation
dy
dx Py Qy ...(1) where P and Q are functions of x alone or
n
Consider the equation
constants.We will show that this equation can be made linear by changing the dependent
variable.
dy ...(2)
(i.e.) y n dx Py1n Q
dy dv
(1 n) y1n1 dx dx
1 dv
n dy …(4)
dx
(i.e.) y 1 n
dxequation (2), we get
Substituting equations (3) and (4) in
1
dv
1 n dx Pv Q
dv ...(5)
(i.e.) dx P(1 n)v Q(1 n)
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.33
Now equation (5) is clearly a linear equation in v and the integrating factors is e
P(1n)dx
(i.e.) y1n e Q(1 n)e dx C . This forms the solution of equation (1).
P(1n)dx P(1n)dx
dy
Pf ( y) Q , where P and Q are functions of x alone or
Note: Equations of the form f '( y) dx
constants, can also be reduced to the linear type by changing the dependent
variable in the
dy dv
following manner. Putting f ( y) v , we have f '( y) dx dx
dy
Solve x dx y x3 y 6
Solution:
dy
Given that x dx y x3 y 6
dy 1 ...(1)
Dividing by x, we get dx y x 2 y 6
x
Dividing equation (1) by y66 ,dy
we have
1 5 ...(2)
dx yx x .
2
y
Put v y5
2.34 Engineering Mathematics – I
dv dy
5 y 6
dx
dx
dy 1 dv
1y6 1 dv
Equation (2) becomes 5 dx vx x 2
dx 5
dv 5
dx
(i.e.) dx xv 5x 2 . This is linear equation in v.
5
Hence P x, Q 5x
2
5
Pdx x dx 5 log x log x5
1
I.F. = e
Pdx 5
elog x x5
x5
C y 5
x5
5x 2 x15 dx
C
1 x2
5 C
x5 y 5 2
5
1 2
x5 y 5 C 2x
Example 2:
2
dy sin y2 (x 1)3
dx
2
Solve 2 y cos y x
Solution: 1
Put v sin y 2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.35
dv dy
cos y2 2 y
dx 2
dx dv
The given equation becomes dx x v (x 1)3 . This is linear equation in v.
1
2
Here P x, Q1 (x 1)
3
1
Pdx 2 log x 1 (x 1)2
log 1
log ( x1)2
1
I.F. = e e
Pdx
(x 1)2
1 1
v C2 (x 1) dx C (x 1)dx C
3
(x 1) (x 1)2
1 2
sin y 2 x x
(x 1) C 2
2
Example 3:
Solve dy x yxy
dx 1
Solution:
x2
x 1
2 x
y , the given equation becomes y 12 dy y ...(1)
Dividing by dx 1 x2
1
Put v y 2
dv 1 12 dy
y
dx 2 dx
12 dy dv
y 2
dx x dxv x
dv
Equation (1) becomes 2 dx 1
x2
dv x x
v . This is linear equation in v
dx 2(1 x ) 2
2
2.36 Engineering Mathematics – I
x
Here P x
2(1 x2 ) , Q 2
x
Pdx dx 4 1 x2dx 4log(1 x2 )
1 2x 1
2(1 x 2
)
1
log(1 x2 ) 4
Pdx 1
I.F. = e (1 x ) 4 2
C
1 x
1
v(1 x )2 4 2 (1 x ) 4 dx C
2
1
1
4 (2x)(1 x ) 4 dx
2
put 1 x2 t , 2xdx C
dt
1 1 1 t 4
3
4 t 4 dt C 4 3 C
4
3
2 4
1 1 (1 x2 )
v(1 x ) 4 C
4 3
4
1
1
v (1 x2 ) C(1 x2 )4
3
1 1
y 3 (1 x 2 ) C(1 x 2 ) 4
Example 4:
dy sin x cos2 x
Solve y tan x
y2
dx
Solution:
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.37
dy ...(1)
y2 dx y3 tan x sin x cos2 x
Put v y3
dv dy
3y 2
dx
dx
1 dv
dy 3 1dxdvv tan x sin x cos2 x
Equation (1) becomes
y2
dxdv
(i.e.) 3 tan x v 3sin x cos2 x . This is linear equation in v
dx
3 dx
Here P
3tan x , Q 3sin x cos2 x
e sec3 x cos3 x
Pdx
x du C 3t
6
= C
6
3 cos5 x sincos 6 C
xdxx
y 3cos x3 C
2
Let t cos x , dt sin xdx
y 3 cos3 x 3 t 5 (dt )
C
2.38 Engineering Mathematics – I
Example 5:
dy
Solve dx x sin 2 y x3 cos2 y
Solution:
dy 2sin y cos y
sec2 x x x3
dx cos2 y
dy ...(1)
sec2 x dx 2x tan y x3
Put v tan y
dv dy
sec2 y
dx
dv dx
Equation (1) becomes dx 2xv x3 . This is linear equation in v. Here P 2x, Q x3
I.F. = e ex
2 xdx 2
vex 2 x x3ex dx C
x e xdx C
2
2
2
1
2 xte
put 2 t dt C
t ,2xdx dt
1
2 (t 1)et C
2 1 2
vex (x 2 1)ex C
2
2 1
2
1
tan y 2(x 2 1) Ce x
2
Example 6:
dy y
Solve dx x xex
Solution:
1
This is linear equation in y, Here P ,xQ xex
Pdx 1
e
e x dx elog x x
yx xex xdx C x2 e x dx C v ex
v1 ex
Put u x 2
v2 e
x
u ' 2x
Example 7: xy x2 2x 2 ex C
dy
Solve dx 2 y tan x y 2 cos3 x
Solution:
dy
Given that dx 2 y tan x y 2 cos3 x
dy …(1)
y2 dx 2 tan xy1 cos3 x
Put v y1
dv dy
y 2
dx
dx
dy dv
dx
2
Equation (1) becomes dv y
2 tan xv cos x 3
dx
dv
2 tan xv cos 3dx
x . This is linear equation in v.
dx
Here P 2 tan x , Q cos 3 x
I.F. = e sec2 x
Pdx
sec 2
x x 3 x sec2 xdx C cos xdx C
y1ysec2 xsin
cos
C
Example 8:
dy 2
Solve xy dx y3 e x
Solution:
dy 2
The given equation can be written as dx xy y 3 e x
1 dy x
Dividing by y3 , we get y3 dx 2e x
2
y
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.41
dy …(1)
y3 dx xy2 e x
2
Let v y2
dv dy
2 y 3
dx
dx
dy 1 dv
1 dv y 3
2
Equation (1) becomes 2 dx xv e x
dx 2
dv 2 dx
dx 2xv 2e . This is linear equation in v
x
I.F.= e e ex
Pdx 2 xdx 2
2
2 x 2
y2 ex 2e ex dx C
2 2x
e x2
y C
Example 9:
Solve 1 dy 1 2 1
y 3 dx y 2 x x3
Solution:
dx
dy 1 dv
y3
dx 2 dx
2.42 Engineering Mathematics – I
1 dv 2 1
Equation (1) becomes 2 dx vx
x3
dv 4 2
( i.e.) dx xv . This is a linear equation in v.
x3
4 2
Here P x, Q
x3
1
4 dx 1
I.F. = e Pdx x
e 4log x
e log x4
x4
e
14
y 2 x 2x3 x14 dx C
1
4 2 2 7 dx C
1
x y x
1 1
4 2
3x6 C
x y
Exercises
Solve the following equations
dy
dy 5. 3 y e3x y4
1. (1 x ) dx xy x y
2 2 2
dy
dy dy
2. dx y cos x y n sin 2x 6. dx y tan x y 2 sin 2 x
dy
3. dx x sin 2 y x3 cos2 y
2 dy y4 x
4. 2 y
e
dx
Answer x
s
1 2. y1n e(1n)sin x 2e
(1n)sin x
[(1 n) sin x 1]
1. (C sin1 x) (1 x2 ) x
y 1 n C
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.43
1 x2
3. tan e
x2
e (x 1) C
2
cos x C sin3 x
6.
2 y 3
4. y4 x2 2ex (x 2 2x 2) C
1
5. y3 Cex e3x2
If two families of curves are such that each member of either family cuts each member of the
other family at right angles, the members of one family are known as the Orthogonal
Trajectories of the other. Families of curves related in this way occur frequently in applied
problems. For instance, in two dimensional problems in the flow of heat, the curves along
which the heat flow takes place and the isothermal curves or loci of points at the same
temperature are orthogonal trajectories. Similarly, in problems in the flow of electricity in thin
conducting sheets, the paths along which the current flows are orthogonal trajectories of the
equipotential curves and vice versa. In hydrodynamics, the flow of water from a lake into a
narrow channel produces a family of streamlines which are the orthogonal trajectories to the
curves of equal velocity potential. Consider f (x, y, c) ...(1)represents one family of
0
curves, c being an arbitrary constant. We can form a first order differential equation which is
independent of c, and whose general solution is equation (1)
dy ...(2)
Let this differential equation be F x, y,
0
dx
We know that if two curves intersect at right angles, the product of their slopes must be
equal to – 1. Now let ( x, y) be the point of intersection of a curve represented by equation (1),
2.44 Engineering Mathematics – I
dy
and its orthogonal trajectory. The values of x and y are the same for both the curves. dx is the
1
slope of the first curve and will be the slope of the orthogonal trajectory.
dy
Therefore, if we write dy1 dy
for dxin equation (2) keeping x and y the same, we will get
dx
dx
the differential equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the family represented
byequation (1). Hence we get the differential equations of the system of orthogonal trajectories
as
1 dx
...(3)
F x, y, 0 or F x, y, dy 0
dy
dx
Thus the problem of finding the O.T. of a given family of curves requires the solution of a first
order differential equation.
2.5.2 Orthogonal Trajectories in Polar Co-ordinates
...(4)
Let f (r, , k ) 0
represent one family of curves in polar Co-ordinates. In Fig. 2.2 , let C be a particular member
of this family. By differentiating the equation (4) with respect to , we can eliminate the
parameter k and obtain the differential equation of the given family.
Now let C be a curve which cuts orthogonally the curve C at P. If is the angle between the
rd
tangent at P to C and the radius vector OP, we know that tan dr . If ' is the angle
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.45
between the tangent at P to the curve C and the radius OP, we have ' 90o as the two
Y
'
C
90 0
C
Fig. 2.2.
1
1 1 dr
tan d r d
r dr
1 dr
Hence, if we write d
r d in the place of r drin equation (5), keeping r and the same, we
will get the differential equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the family
dr
represented by equation (4). Obviously we replace d
in the equation (5) by r 2 dr. We get
d
2
d
the differential equation of the system of orthogonal trajectories as F r, , r 0.
dr
2.46 Engineering Mathematics –
I
Note: A family of curves f (x1, y1, c1 ) 0 is said to be self orthogonal, if the same differential
equation is obtained by replacing dy dx in the differential equation of the form
f (x2 , y2 , c2 ) 0 dx
dy
Points to Remember:-
1. Orthogonal trajectory in Cartesian form
The differential equations of the system of orthogonal trajectories is given by
1
dx
F x, y, 0 or F x, y, 0
dy
d dx
2. Orthogonal
y trajectory in Polar form
The differential equations of the system of orthogonal trajectories is given by
F r, , r 2 d 0
dr
Example 1:
Find the orthogonal trajectories of family of rectangular hyperbola xy c 2
Solution:
The given equation is xy c2
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy
x dx y 0
dy y
dx x
dy
Replace by
dx
we get
dx
dy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.47
dx y
dyx
dy x
dx y
ydy xdx
C
y22 x2 2
y 2 x2 2c which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 2:
dy
Differentiating with.respect to ‘x’, 2x 2 y dx 0
dy
2 y dx 2x
dy x
dx
y
dy dx
Replace by
, we get
dx dy
dx x
dy
dy y
dx
dy dx
y
2.48 Engineering Mathematics – I
dy dx
Integrating on both sides, we get y x
log y log x log
c
log y log x log
c y
x C which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 3:
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the system of Parabolas y2 4ax
Solution:
The given equation is y2 4ax
dy
Differentiating with respect to x, 2 y dx 4a
dy 2a
dx
dy
y 2y y
2 a 2
y
dx 4xy 2x 4x
dy dx
Replace dxby , we get
dy
dx y
dy2x
dy 2x
dx y
Integrating on both sides, we get
y2 2x 2
ydy
C which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
2 2 2 xdx
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.49
Example 4:
2
The given equation is x y2 ...(1)
a 2
1
Differentiating with respect tob x,
2
2x 2 y dy
0
2
a
b dx
2
2 y dy 2x
b2 dx a 2
2
...(2)
dx ya2
(1) y2 1 x2
b2
2
2
a2
a2 2
y2
a2 x2 a2
Equation (2) becomes dy x
dx y a 2 yx
2 2
dy
xy dx
a 2 x2
dy dx
Replace by , we get
dx dy
2.50 Engineering Mathematics – I
xy
dy a x2
dx 2
2
2
dxxy
a2 x2
dx
Integrating on both sides, we get ydy x
y2 x2
a log x
2
2 C 2
y2 x2 a 2log x C
2 2
x2 y 2 2a2 log x 2C which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 5:
2 2 2
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the series of hypocycloids x 3 y 3 a 3
Solution :
2
2
The given equation is x 3 y 3 a 3
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
2 13 2 13 dy
x y 0
3 1
y 3
dy 1
x 3
3 1 1
y 3 x 3
dx
dy dxdx
Replacing by , we get
dx
2 13 dy 2 13
dy y x
3
dx
3
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.51
dx y 3
1
dy x 3
1
dy x 3
dx 1
y 3
1 1
C
4 4
3 3
4 4
dy ...(2)
4x 2 y dx k
To eliminate k, dividing equation (2) by (1), we get
dy
4x 2 y
dx 1
2x2 y2 x
dy
(i.e.) (4x 2 y dx)x 2x 2 y 2
dy
4x2 2xy dx 2x2 y2
2
2
dx 2xy
2.52 Engineering Mathematics – I
dy dx
Replacing by , we get
dx
2
dy 2
dy 2xy
...(3)
dy 22xy 2
dx y 2x
This is a homogeneous equation.
put y vx
dy dv
vx
dx dv dx 2vx2
Equation (3) becomes v x 2 2
dx v x 2x 2
dv 2v 2v 2v v3
x v
dx 2 2 v2
v2
dv 3
x v
dx 2
Integrating on both sides, we
v2 get
log
vx 1
2
C v
2
(i.e.) log y x 2
C
y
y
x 2 y 2 log , which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
C
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.53
Example 7:
dy
4(2x) 2 y dx 0
dy 4x
dx y
Replacing dy dx , we get
dx dy
dx 4x
dy y
dy
y
Integrating on both sides, we get dy dx
dx4 y x
4 log y log x log C
4x
y Cx is the required orthogonal trajectories.
4
Example 8:
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the system of circles r a cos
2.54 Engineering Mathematics – I
Solution:
The given equation is r a cos ...(1)
dr ...(2)
d a sin
To eliminate a, dividing equation (2) by (1)
dr
d sin
r
cos
dr
d r tan
dr
Replacing d
by r 2 dr
d
d
r 2 dr r tan
d
tan r dr
Integrating on both sides, we get
dr d
r
tan
Example 9: log r logsin log
C
r a(1 cos ),
Find the O.T of the cardioids where ‘a’ being a parameter.
r C sin which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Solution:
The given equation is r a(1 ...(1)
cos ),
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.55
dr ...(2)
d a sin
To eliminate a, dividing equation (2) by (1)
dr
d sin
1 cos
dr d dr r sin
Replacing d by r 2
dr
d
d r sin
r 2
Integrating on both sides,1we dr
get
cos 1
cos
dr (1 cos )
r sin
d
log r (cos ec
cot )d 1
log r log cos sin .c
log r log(cos sin
sinec
cot logsin
1) cos
c
rlog
sin sin c
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the curves r n a n cos n and deduce the orthogonal
...(1)
The given equation is r n a n cos n
Differentiating with respect to ,
dr ...(2)
nrn1 d an n sin n
2.56 Engineering Mathematics – I
rn
cos
d n sin n n
dr
d r tan n
dr d
Replacing by r 2
d
dr d
r 2 dr r tan n
dr
r dr
Integrating on both sides, we get r cot n d
d tan
log(sin n )
n r
log n log c
n log r log(sin n ) n log
c
…(3)
r n cn sin n
This is the required orthogonal trajectories.
To deduce the O.T of the series of lemniscates r 2 a 2 cos 2 put n 2 in equation (3), we
dy
2 y dx 4a
dy 2a
dx
y
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.57
y dy
a 2 dx...(2)
y dy y dy
Equation (1) becomes y2 4 x
2 dx 2 dx
2y
dy x y dy
dx 2 dx
2
dy 2
dy
y 2xy
2
y ...(3)
dx dx
dy dx
Replacing by , we get
dx
dy
2
dx 2 dx
y 2 2xy y
dy dy
2
dx
2 dx
y 2xy
2
y
dy dy
2
dx
2 dx
2xy y
dy dy
2
dy
Multiplying by , we get
dx
2
dy dy
y2 2xy y
2
dx dx
2
dy 2
dy
y 2 2xy y which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
dx dx
Since equation (3) is the same as equation (4), the system of confocal and coaxial parabolas is
self orthogonal, (i.e.) each member of equation (1) cuts every other member orthogonally.
Exercises
1. Find the equation of the system of O.T of the family of curves x2 y2 a2
2 2
2. Find the O.T. of the family of the hyperbola x y 2
a2 4a 1
2.58 Engineering Mathematics – I
2
x
3. Find the equation to the O.T to the family of ellipses given by y2
1 , where is
a2 a2
an arbitrary constant.
4. Prove that the system of confocal and coaxial parabola x2 4a( y a) is self orthogonal.
5. Find the equation of the system of O.T of a series of confocal and coaxial parabolas
2a
r
1
cos
6.Find the O.T of the family of semi cubical parabola ay2 x3 , where a is a variable parameter.
7. Show that the cardioids r a(1 cos ) and r b(1 cos ) intersect at right angles.
8. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r 2 k(r sin 1)
Answers
1. xy A
2c
5. r 1 cos
c
2. y4
6. 2x 2 3y 2 C
x
3. x2 y 2 2a2 log x C 8. r sin 2tan C
dN
if N represents the total population of a country, its rate of increase with time is .dtUnder
ideal conditions, granting all the necessaries of a comfortable living to the people and assuming
constant birth and death rates and in the absence of such factors as war, famine, disease,
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.59
emigration, etc., one can reasonably guess that the rate of increase of the population will be
proportional to the total population at any given time. Hence, the growth of population will
dN
obey a differential equation of the form dt kN ...(1) where k is a positive constant. More
steadily increasing. kt
This rate of decrease or decay is found to be proportional to N itself. Hence we have the law,
dN
dt kN , where k is a positive constant. As before, the solution of this equation is
kt
N N0 e , where N 0 is the number of radioactive atoms present at time t 0 . Due to the
dT
temperature T of
0 the surrounding air. Hence dtk (T T ) 0
dT dy dy
Put T T0 y , then dt dt. The above equation becomes dt
ky , which is of the
same form as before. Here y is the excess of temperature of the body over that of the
surrounding air at time t.
Simple Electric Circuits
We shall consider circuit shown in Fig. 2.3 made up of
2.60 Engineering Mathematics – I
, that is the voltage drop across an inductance L is the rate of change of current in
times.
Fig. 2.3
q
Capacitance : Capacitance is that circuit parameter which opposes a change in voltage e , c
dq
since the current is the rate of flow of positive change i dt.
Kirchhoff’s Law
(i) In a closed circuit the sum of the voltage drops across each element of the circuit is equal to
the impressed voltage.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.61
(ii) At a junction of two or more elements of a circuit, the amount of current into the junction
point is equal to the amount of current away from the junction point.
L dt RI E (or)
dI
di
L dt Ri E , where I is the current if E is constant or a function of t.
Unimolecular ChemicalReactions
In certain simple chemical reactions, the rate at which the molecules of a substance ‘A’ undergo
a chemical change is proportional to the number of molecules of it, which are present at any
particular instant. Hence, if N is the number of molecules of A, remaining at time t, then
dN
dt kN which is of the same form as before. Such a reaction is known as a first-order
process.
Example 1:
The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate proportional to N. The value of N
1
was initially 100 and increased to 332 in one hour. What was the value of N after 1 2
hours?
Solution :
dN ...(1)
The differential equation to be solved is dt kN
…(2)
The solution of equation (1) is N Cekt
N 100ekt …(3)
When t 0 , N 100 , so C 100 ,
…(4)
When t 3600 secs, N 332 (i.e.) 332 100e3600k
3
When t hours =5400 secs, N 100e5400k …(5)
2
3 3
332 332
3 2 2
2
5400k
(i.e.) e
Hence e
3600k
100 100
3
2
100
Example 2: In a certain chemical reaction, the rate of conversion of a substance at time t is
proportional to the quantity of the substance still untransformed at that instant. At the
end of one hour 60 grams remain and at the end of four hours 21 grams. How many grams
of the first substance were there initially?
Solution :
Let x grams of the substance remain after t hours. Then the differential Equation of the reaction
dx
is dt kx …(1) where k is a positive constant.
...(2)
The solution of equation (1) is x Ce kt
...(3)
When t 1, so 60 Ce k
...(4)
21 Ce4k
x 60
To find C, eliminate k from equations (3) and (4).
When t 4, x 21 so
60
Initially From t e0 k ,x CC
when (3)
Substituting in equation
(4), we get 4
21 60 603 4
C C C
3 604
(i.e.) C 21
Taking logarithms,
3log C 4 log 60 log 21
5.7906
log C 1.9302
C anti log1.9302 85.15
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.63
di
By Kirchhoff’s law, L dt Ri E sin wt
di R E sin wt
i
dt L L
This is linear differential equation.Rt
R
I.F. = e L dt e
L
Rt
E
C
The solution is given by i (I.F.) = L sin wte
L Rt Rt
E
ie L L e L sin wtdt
C Rt
Rt eL
E R
ie L 2 sin wt w cos wt
L R 2L
w C
L2
ax eax (a sin bx b cos
e sin bxdx a b bx)
2 2
Rt
i E L2 R …(1)
2 22
sin wt wcos wt ce L
LRLwL
Initially when t 0, i 0
2.64 Engineering Mathematics – I
ELw
0 C
R L2 w 2
2
ELw
C
R L2 w
2
Rt
EL ELw
Equation (1) becomes i R
2 2
sin wt wcos wt R 2 L w
2
2
e L
R L w L
2
Lw Lw Rt
R 2 sin wt
wcos wt e L
E 2 2
R 2
L 2
w R L w 2
2 2
R L w
2
Lw R
Let sin , cos
R 2 L2 w 2 R 2 L2 w 2
Rt
E
i (cos sin wt sin cos wt) sin e
L
R 2 L2 w 2
E R
t
i sin(wt ) sin.e L
which gives the current at any time t.
R 2 L2 w2
di
an inductance L the current i builds up at a rate given by L Ri dt
E, find i as a
function of t.
Solution:
di
Given that L dt Ri E
di R E
(i.e.) dt Li This is a linear equation.
L Rt
R
I.F. = e L dt e
L
E
The solution is i(I.F.) = L(I.F )dt c
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.65
Rt
E Rt
ie L L e L dt
C Rt
E e L C
LR
Rt Rt L
EeL
ie L C
Rt R
i E Ce L
R
Example 5: According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in
moving air is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the substance and
that of the air. If the temperature of the air is 300 c and the substance cools from 100 0 c to
700 c in 15 minutes, find when the temperature will be 400 c.
Solution :
Let the unit of time be a minute and T the temperature of the substance at any instant t. Then by
dT
dT (or) kdt
Newton’s law of cooling, we have dt k(T 30) T 30
Integrating on both sides, we get
log(T 30) kt C ...(1)
Exercises
1.Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. If half the original quality
disappears in 1600 years, find what percentage of the original amount disappears in 200 years?
2.In a certain chemical reaction, the rate of conversion of a substance A at time t is proportional
to the quantity of A remaining untransformed at the instant. If that amount is 45 at the end of
one hour and 15 at end of 3 hours, find the amount at the start.
3. The equation of the electromotive force in terms of the current i for an electric circuit
having
di i 1 dE
a resistance R and a condenser of capacity C is given by dt Rc R dt
Find the current i when E = a constant.
Answers
t
1. 8.3% 2. 40 3 3. i E e Rc
2
R
2.6.1 Geometrical Applications
Let P be a point (x, y) on a curve. PT and PN are the tangent and the normal at P, meeting the x
dy
tan dx. The several lines have been given the following names; PT is the tangent; TM the
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.67
subtangent; PN the normal and MN the subnormal. The following formulae express these
dy
lengths in terms of dx
y dx
1. Sub tangent = TM y ;
dy
dy
dy
2. Sub normal MN y dx
dx
dx
2
3. Tangent PT y
1
dy
dy
2
4. Normal PN y 1
dx
Also, if ds is a small element ofthe arc
of the curve at P, we have the relation
2 2
ds dy
dx 1 dx
We can setup easily the differential equation of a family of curves, given some geometrical
property which can be expressed interms of the tangent and normal lines.
Example1: Find the equation of the curves for which the subnormal at each point has a
constant value a.
Solution :
dy
Length of the subnormal at any point (x.y) y dx
dy
Hence y dx a is the differential equation to the given family
Example 2: The part of the normal between the point p(x,y) of a curve and the x-axis is a
constant k. Form the differential equation of the family and show that the curves are all circles.
Solution :
dy
2
k
The equation of normal is given by y 1
dx
This is the differential equation of the family.
dy
2
Squaring the above equation on both sides, we get
y 1
2
k2
dx
k 2 y2
2 2
(i.e.) dy k 2 1
dx y y2
(k 2 y2 )
dy
y
dx
ydy
Separating the variables, dx
(k 2 y 2 )
k 2 y2 (c x)2
Exercises
1.Find the equation of the curve in which the subnormal is constant and equal to 5 and which
passes through the point (2, 1)
2. Find the curves for which the subnormal at any point on it is the square root of the abscissa.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.69
3. Determine the curve in which the subtangent is equal to the square of the subnormal and
which passes through the point (1,1)
4 3 4
Answers1. y 2 10x 19 2. y 2 3x 2 C 3. 3y 3 4x 1
dy
higher than the first. For convenience, we denote dx
by p. The general differential equation of
can be put in the form ( p F1 )( p F2 )...( p Fn ) 0 …(2) where F1, F2 ,..., Fn are
functions
solved by the usual methods. Let solutions of these equations be respectively. f1 (x, y, c1 ) 0,
f 2 (x, y, c2 ) 0, ... f n (x, y, cn ) 0 ...(3) where c1, c2 ,..., cn are arbitrary constants. The n
solutions in (3) can be combined into one single solution of the form f1 (x, y, c) f 2 (x, y, c)
Example 1:
Solution :
( p 6)( p 3) 0
p60 p30
p6p3
dy dy
6 3
dx dx
dy 6 dx dy 3 dx
y 6x c, y 3x c
Example 2:
The combined solution is ( y 6x c)( y 3x c) 0
Solve p2 2 py cot x
y2
Solution :
The given equation is p2 2 py cot x y 2 0 solving for
y,
dy
dx y(cos ecx cot x)
Integrating, log y log(cos ecx cot x) logsin x log
c
(i.e.) y(cos ecx cot x) sin x
c
1
(i.e.) y cos x sin
xc
sin x sin x
(i.e.) y(1 cos x) c
Case (ii) p y cot x y cos
ecx
dy
dx y( cot x cos ecx)
dy
Integrating, y (cot x cos ecx)dx
log y logsin x log(cos ecx cot x) log
c
cos ecx cot x c 1
(i.e.) y c cos2x
sin x sin x
(1 cos x)
c 1 cos2 x 1
c cos x
Example 3:
The combined solution is y(1 cos x) c
Solution :
The given equation is p( p 2 2xp y2 p 2xy2 ) 0
(i.e.) p( p 2x)( p y 2 ) 0
2.72 Engineering Mathematics – I
p 0 , p 2x 0 , p y 2 0
dy dy dy
0, 2x, y2
dx dx dx
Integrating the above equations, we get
y c , dy 2 xdx , dy
y
2
dx
1
y x 2 c y x
c
y x2 c 0, yx cy 1 0
d 2y dy
Solve x
2
2xy 22 y 2
dx x dx
2
Solution :
y x2 y 2
p ...(1)
x 2x 2
Let y vx
dy xdv
pv
dx dx dv vx x2 v2 x2
Equation (1) becomes, v x
dx x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.73
v 1 v2
dv dx
2 x
1 v
dv dx
Case (i) 1 v2 x
sin1 v log x c
dv dx
Case (ii) 1v2 x
sin1 v log x c
2
sin 1 y log x c 2
x
dy y
y 1
2
…(1)
x
dx x
2.74 Engineering Mathematics – I
This is a homogeneous
equation Put y vx
dy dv
pvx
dx dx
dv v2 1
Equation (1) becomes v x x v
(i.e.) dv dx
x
v2 1
Integrating, we get
dv dx
v2 1 x
log v v 2 1 log x
logyc y2 x2
x2 c and y y2 x2 c
y ( y 2x)
p
2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.75
Case (i) p y y 2x x
2
dy
x
dx
Integrat
ing on
2 c
both y x
sides, 2 2
we get
(i.e.) 2 y x2 c
0
dy y y 2x
Case(ii) p 2
xdx
dy
dx x y
dy
dx y x , which is a linear equation.
I.F. = e x
y x 1 ce x 0
p 2 xy xy px2 py2
p 2 xy xy px2 py2 0
p 2 xy p( y2 x2 ) xy
0
(x 2 y2 ) ( y2 x2 )2 4x 2
p 2
y 2xy
2
2 y 4 x4 2x 2 y 2
2xy
2
2
(x 2 y 2 ) 2 (x 2 y2 ) (x 2 y 2 )
2xy 2xy
(x 2 y 2 ) (x 2 y2 )
Case(i) p
2xy
2 2 2
2 2
dx 2xy
2xy
dy x
Integrating on both sides, we get
dx ydy xdx
y2 x2 c
2 2y
y 2 x2 2c
(x 2 y2 ) (x 2 y 2 )
Case (ii) p 2xy
dy 2 y2 y
dx 2xy x
dy dx
Integrating on both sides,
we get y x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.77
(x 2 y2 ) x2 4 y4 4xy2
8xy24
x2 4 y 4 4xy 2
(x 2 y 2 )
4
(x 2 y2 ) (x 2 y 2 ) 2 (x 2 y2 ) (x 2
4 4
y2 )
x 2 y2 x 2
Case (i) p 2
y 4
dy x
(i.e.) dx 2
Integrating on both sides, we get
2dy xdx
x2
2y c
2
4 y x2 2c
0
x 2 y2 x 2
Case (ii) p y 2 4
2.78 Engineering Mathematics – I
dy
(i.e.) dx y 2
1 1
y x c2 y x c
2 0
Hence the combined solution is (4 y x2 c) 1 x c 0
y
Exercises
Solve the following equations
1. p 2 5 p 6 0 dy
dy (x y ) xy 0
2 2 2
4. xy
2. x p 3xyp 2 y 0
2 2 2
dx
dx
3. xyp2 p(3x2 2 y2 ) 6xy 5. 4 p2 8 p 3 0
0 6. xy2 ( p 2 2) 2 py2 x2
Answers 0
1. ( y 3x c)( y 2x c) 0 4. ( y cx)( y2 x2 c) 0
If F (x, y, p) 0 is the differential equation of the first order but of degree higher than one,
dp ... (2)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get p x, p,
dx
Equation (2) is a differential equation of the first order and first degree in the variables x and p.
It can be solved by the usual methods. Let the solution of equation (2) be (x, p, c) 0 …(3)
where c is an arbitrary constant. If we eliminate p between equation (1) and (3), the eliminant is
the general solution of the given equation. If p cannot be easily eliminated between the
equations(1) and (3), they jointly provide the required solution in terms of the parameter p.
Example 1:
Solve y px x4 p 2
Solution:
The given equation is y px x4 p 2 ...(1)
p x
dy dp 4 dp
x 2 p p 2 4x 3
dx dx dx
dp 4 dp
p p
x 2 px 4p x 2 3
dx
dx
dp dp
2px 2 px4
4 p 2 x3 0
dp dx dx
x dx (1 2 px3 ) 2 p(1 2 px3 )
0
dp
x dx 2 p 1 2 px3
0
dp
Case (i) Let x dx 2 p 0
xdp
dx 2 p
2.80 Engineering Mathematics – I
px2 c c …(2)
p
x2
c c2
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get y x 4
x x2
x4
c
y x c 2 which is the general solution.
2 px3 1
1
p …(3)
2x3
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), we get
1 1
y 3 x
x4 2x 4x 6
1 1
y 2 2
2x 4x
1 2
y 4xwhich is also a solution of the equation (1). However, it does not contain any
Example 2:
Solve : 4 y x2 p 2
Solution :
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.81
dy
4 2x 2 p
dp
dx dx
dp
(i.e.) 4 p 2x 2 p dx
dp 2 p x
dx p
To solve this,
put p vx
dp dv
v x Hence dv 2vx x 2v 1
vx
dx dx
dx vx
dv 2v 1 v 2v v2 v
x
1
dx v 1 v
vdv
dx
v
2v v2 1 xdx
(v 1)2 dv
x
(v 11) dx
(v 1)2 dv x
1 1 dx
dv dv
v 1 (v x
1)2
1
log x
Integrating on both sides, we get log(v 1) v 1
c
1
c
(i.e.) log(v 1)x v 1
2.82 Engineering Mathematics – I
1
p p c
Put v , xwe get log 1
x x p
x 1
x
log p x c ...(2)
px
Solve : y 3x log p
Solution :
The given equation is y 3x log p …(1)
dy 1 dp
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get 3
dx p dx
1 dp
p 3 p dx
1 dp
p 3 p dx
1
dp ...(2)
1 dx p( p 3)
1 1 B
By resolving into partial fraction, we have A
p( p p( p 3) p p
3) 3
1 A( p 3)
B( p)
1
Put p 0 ; 1 A(3) A 3
1
Put p 3 ; 1 B(3) B 3
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.83
dp 1 1 1
Equation (2) becomes 1
dx 3 p 3 p 3
1 dp 1 1
3 p 3 p dp
dx
3
1 log p 1 log( p 3) x
c
3 3
p3
(i.e.) log p 3x c
p3
p e ,
3xc
(i.e.)
3
(i.e.)1 p e3x c 1( c 1ec )
3
(i.e.)1 c1 e3x p
3
…(3)
(i.e.) p 1 c e3x
1
3
Substituting equation (3) in (1), we get y 3x log 1 c e3x
2
Example 4:
Solve y x a tan1 p
Solution:
The given equation is y x a tan1 p …(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x,
dy
1
1 a dp p2
dx
1 dx
2.84 Engineering Mathematics – I
a
p
1 dp p2
1 dx
p 1
a
dp p2
dx dp …(2)
1 dx
a ( p2 1)( p
1 1)A Bp C (using partial fraction)
( p2 1)( p 1) p 1 p2 1
1 A( p 2 1))(Bp C)( p
1)
1
Put p=1,1 A(2) 0 A 2
Put p = 0,1 A
C(1)
1 A c
1 1
1 2 C C 2
Put p= -1, 1 A(2) (B C)
(2)
1 2A 2B 2c
1 1 2B 1
1
2B 1 B 2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.85
a p 1 1
...(3)
x 2 log tan p c
p2 1
Substituting equation (3) in equation we get
(1),
dy dp dp
1 p x 2 p
dx dx dx
p 1 p (x 2 p)
dp dx
dp
(x 2 p)dx 1
0
dp
(x 2 p) dx 1
xdx 2 p
dp
dx
dp x 2 p …(2)
2( pep e p ) c
2.86 Engineering Mathematics – I
x 2 2 p ce p …(3)
Substituting equation (3) in (1)
2 2 p ce p 2 p 2 p2 cpe p
p2
Example 6:
Solve p 2 x 2 py ax
0
Solution :
The given equation is p 2 x 2 py ax …(1)
0
p2 x ax 1 px
The given equation can be written as y ax
2 2
p p
dp
dy p 1 p x dp pa ax
dx
2 2
p
dx dx
a p x
dp
dp
2p px dx
dx p 2
xp 2 dp ap x dp
p
dx dx
p2
dp dp
p3 xp2 ap x a
dx
dx
dx
2 p p a
dp
x x dp( p p(a)
2 2
p a) 0
0 dx
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.87
dp ( p2 a)
x dx p 0
0
dp
x dx p
dp dx
Integrating,
p
x
log p log x log c
p cx …(2)
Substituting equation (2) in given equation,
c2 x3 2cxy ax 0
2cxy c2 x3 ax
a
2 y cx2 c
dy dp
2 p 2x 2 p
dp
dx dx dx
dp
(i.e.) p 2 p (2x 2 p) dx
dp
p (2x 2 p)dx
0
2.88 Engineering Mathematics – I
dx 2x 2 p p
(i.e.)
dp
dx
p dp 2x 2 p 0
dx 2
dp px 2 …(2)
2
I.F e p dp e 2log p p 2
The solution of equation (2) is
c xp2 2 2 p 2 dp c
xp2 3p3 c
2
x 3p cp 2 …(3)
2 2 2
Substituting equation (3) in (1), we get y 2 p p cp p
3
4
y 3p 2 2cp1 p 2 ...(4)
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (3) and (4) together constitute the general
solution of equation (1)
Exercises
Sove the following differential equations
1. x xp2 2 yp 4. y 2 px tan1 (xp 2 )
0 5. p2 x 2 py x 0
2. x yp ap 2
6. y x p2 2 p
3. y 2 p 3
p 2 Answers
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.89
1 x2 c 4. y 2 cx tan1 c
1. y
2c 2 5. c2 x2 2cy 1
p
2. x (c a sin 1 p) 6. (x c)2 4( y
1 p 2
c)
3. x 2 log p 6 p c with the given
relation
1 dp
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to y, we get p y, p, …(2)
dy
Equation (2) is a differential Equation of the first order and first degree in the variables y and p.
It can be solved by methods already known.
Let the solution of equation (2) be ( y, p, c) 0 …(3)
where c is an arbitrary constant
If we eliminate p between the equations (1) and (3), the eliminant is the general solution
of the given equation. If p cannot be easily eliminated between the equations (1) and (3), they
jointly provide the required solution interms of the parameter p.
Note: Some differential equations can be put in both the forms y f (x, p) and x f
( y, p) . Both these forms may lead to the required solution. Sometimes one of the forms will
lead to the required solution more easily than the other.
Example 1:
Solve y 2 px y2 p3
Solution :
2.90 Engineering Mathematics – I
Solving for x, we have x 1 y y2 p2
2 p
Differentiating bothsides with respect to y
dx 1 1 1 y dp dp
p p 2 dy
2 yp 2 2 y 2 p
dy
p 2 dy
2 1 y dp2 dp
(i.e.) p p p dy2 yp 2 y p
2 2
dy
Multiplying by p2 , we get
dp
2 p p y dy 2 yp4 dy
dp
2 y 2 p3 4 dp dp
p 2 yp y 2 y 2 p3 0
dy
dy
dp
p(1 2 yp3 ) y (1 2 yp3 )
0
p y dp (1 2 yp3 )
dy
0 dy
Discarding the factor (1 2 yp3 ) ,
dp dp
py 0 , py
dy
dy
dy dp
0
y p
c …(2)
yy log p log c
py c ie. p log
Integrating,
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.91
2cx c3 2 3
Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get y y y (i.e.) y 2cx c , which is the required
solution.
Example 2:
p
Solve p tan x 1 p 2
Solution :
p
Given equation can be written as x tan1 p ...(1)
1 p2
Differentiating with respect to ‘y’
dx 1 1 dp (1
p ) 2 p dp dy
2 2
p 1 p 2
dy
2 2
(1p p)2 )2 (1 p dy
2
1 (1 ) 2 p dp
p (1 p ) 2 2
dy
1 2
dp
22 2
pdy (1 pp ) dyd p
(1 p2 )2
1
yc …(2)
1 p2
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (1) and (2) together constitute the general
solution.
Example 3:
Solve x y a log p
Solution :
The given equation is x y a log p ...(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to y,
2.92 Engineering Mathematics – I
dx 1 dp 1 1 dp
1 a 1 a
dy p dy p p dy
1 a dp
1
p p dy a
dp
1 p
dp
1 p a
dy dp
Integrating, dy ady
p 1
y a log( p 1) c
...(2)
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get
x a log( p 1) a log p
c p
xa c ...
a[log p 1
xlog log(
(3) p 1)] c
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (2) and (3) give the general solution.
Example 4:
Solve p3 4xyp 8y 2 0
Solution :
The given equation is p3 4xyp 8y 2 0 ...
(1)
p2 8y
Solving for x, 4x y p
Differentiating with respect to y,
dx 2 2 p dp 8 8y dp
4 p
dy y2 y dy p p 2 dy
2
p y2 y p 2 dy p
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.93
2 p 8 y dp p2 4
p dy p
y 2
y2
(2 p3 8y 2 ) dp ( p3 4 y 2 )
yp2 dy py2
dp
2( p3 4 y2 ) y p( p3 4
y2 )
( p3 4 y2 ) 2 dy
y dp p 0
dy
dp
p3 4 y 2 0 or 2 ydy p
0
Case (i): Let p3 4 y 2 0
p3 4 y2 …(2)
Substituting equation (2) in
equation (1),
4 y2 4xyp 8y 2
0
4xyp3 y 12 y 2
p
x
27 y3
p 3 ...(3)
3
x
27 y3
Equating equation (2) and (3), we get 4 y
2
x3
(i.e.) 4x 3 27 y , which is the singular solution of equation (1)
dp
Case (ii): Let 2 y p0
dy
dp dp dy
2y p (i.e.) 2
dy p y
2.94 Engineering Mathematics – I
(i.e.) p 2 cy …(4)
Substituting equation (4) in equation (1),
pcy 4xyp 8y 2 0
Solve x y p2
Solution :
The given equation is x y p 2
Differentiating with respect to ‘y’
dx 1 dp
dy p 1 2 p
dy
p
1
dy
dp
1 2 p
1 p dp
2p
p dy
2
dy p dp
2 1 p
p2 1
1 p dp 2 dy
p2 11 dp dy
1 1 p 2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.95
2
dy
p 1 2
( p 1)( p 1)
dp
dp 1 dy
(p p 1 2
2
1)
p y
p log( p 1)
c 2 2
p2
2 p log( p 1) c
2
y
y p 2 2 p 2log( p 1) c
Since the elimination of p is very difficult,
x [2 p 2 log( p 1) c]
Solve x p p4
Solution :
The given equation is x p p4 …(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to y,
dx dp dp
4 p3
dy dy
1 dp
p dy(1 4 p )
3
dy
dy dp(1 4 p3 ) p
dy ( p 4 p )
4
dp p 2 4 p5
y
2 5 c …(2)
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (1) and (2) give the general solution.
2.96 Engineering Mathematics – I
Example 7:
p2 4
(i.e.) 2x y yp …(2)
dx 2 2 2p 4 4y
2 p 2
dp p
dy y dy dp
p p dy
y2
2p 4 y dp 2 p2
(i.e.) p 2 dy y 2 0
y p
2 1
dp
(i.e.) p y ( p 2 y dy
2
3 2
) py2 ( p3 2 y2 )
0
(i.e.) ( p3 2 y2 ) 2 y dp p 0
dy
dp
p3 2 y 2 0 or 2 ydy p
0
Case(i): dp
2y p
dy
2dp dy
p
y
2 log p log y log c …(3)
p 2 cy
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), we get
cpy 2xyp 4 y2 0
p(c 2x) 4 y
(i.e.)
Squaring and using c(c 2x)
equation (4),
2
16 y which
cy(c 2x)2 is16the
y 2 general solution of equation (1)
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.97
Case (ii): p3 2 y 2 0
p3 2 y 2 …(4)
Substituting equation (4) in equation (1)
2 y 2 2xyp
4 y2 0
(i.e.) xp 3y
Raising power three on both sides,
x3 p3 27 y3 ( fromequation
2x3 27(i.e.)
y , which
2
(4) ) of equation (1).
x (2 yis)the singular solution
3
27 y3
Exercises
Solve the following equations
1. y 3 px 6 p2 y 2
2. y 2 log y xyp p 2
3. y 2 px p2 y
4. p2 y 2 px y 0
Answers
1. y3 3cx 6c2
2. log y cx c2
3. y 2 2cy c2
4. cx log y c2
dp
p p [x f '( p)] dx
dp
[x f '( p)] dx
dp …(2)
dx 0
or f '( p) x 0 …(3)
Solving equation (2), we get p c …(4)
By Eliminating p between the equations (1) and (4), we get the general solution of equation (1)
as y cx f (c)
Thus the general solution of a Clairaut’s equation is obtained by replacing p by c in the given
equation. Eliminating p between the equations (1) and (3), we also get a solution of equation(1).
This solution does not contain any arbitrary constant. Also it cannot be obtained as a particular
case of the general solution. This solution is called the singular solution of equation (1).
Note: The singular solution of equation (1) is the eliminant of p between y px f ( p) and
df
x dp 0 .Equivalently, the singular solution of equation (1) is the eliminant of c between
df
y cx f (c) and x dc0 .Equivalently, the singular solution of equation (1) is the
df
eliminant of p between y cx f (c) and x dc 0 .
Example 1:
Solve y (x a) p p 2
Solution :
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.99
dy dp dp dp
p 1 x a 2p
dx dx dx dx
dp dp dp
(i.e.) p p x a 2p
dx
dp dx 0
or dx (x a 2 p)
dx
dp
Either dx 0 or xa2p
0
Case (i): dp
Let dx 0
Integrating, we get p c …(2)
Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get
y cx ac c2
This is the general solution
Case(ii): Let x a 2 p 0
xa
Then p 2
xa
Put p 2 in (1)
(x a)2
y (x a) x a
2 4
(x a)2 (x a)2 (x a)2
2 4
4
(x a)2 4 y , which is the singular
solution.
2.100 Engineering Mathematics – I
Example 2:
Sove : y px ap1
Solution :
The given equation is y px ap1 …(1)
This is Clairaut’s equation.
Put p c in (1), we get
y cx ac1
...(2)
This is general solution
Differentiating equation (2) with respect
1 to c,
0 x a c 2
a
0x
c2
a
a …(3)
x c
c2
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), xwe get
a a
yx a
x
x
y
ax
ax 2 ax
y2 4ax
This is the singular solution.
Example 3:
1 p2
Solve y px
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.101
Solution :
c 2
x x2 c 2 …(3)
1 c2 1 c
x 2 y2 c 2 1
1 c2
x 2 y 2 1
1 c2
This is the singular solution.
Example 4:
Put p c in (1),
c2 1 1 1 x 1 x
1xx 1 x 1 x
c
1 x
Substituting the value of c in equation (2)
x x
y (x tan1
1) 1 x 1 x
This is singular solution.
Example 5:
Solve y 2 px p2
Solution :
The given equation is y 2 px p2 …(1)
This is Clairaut’s equation
Put x 2 X , and y2 Y
dY y dy y
P p
dX x dx x
x
or p yP
2 2
Equation (1) becomes X y x P y x 2 P
2
y y
X ( y2 x2 P) x2
P2
X (Y XP) XP2
Y XP P 2
This is Clairaut’s equation.
So the general solution is Y Xc c 2
…(2)
(i.e.) y x c c
2 2 2
2
x2 x 4
x4 x4
y x
2
2 4 2 4
4
y 2 x
4 4 .This is the singular solution
4 y 2 x
Example 7:
Solve ( px y)( py x) 2
p
Solution :
Given equation is ( px y)( py x) 2 p …(1)
Put X x 2 , Y y 2
dX 2xdx dY 2 ydy
dY y dy y
(i.e.) P p (say)
dX x dx x
x
or p yP
2P
y 2 x2 P P 1
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.105
2P ...(2)
Y XP P 1
This is Clairaut’s equation.
2c
(i.e.) y 2 x 2 c c 1
Solve y 2 px yp2
Solution:
Put y2 Y
dy dY
2 y dx dx
2
2 yp P (say) y2 p2 P
4
Multiplying throughout the given equation by y, it becomes,
y2 2ypx y2 p2 ...(2)
2
(i.e.) Y Px P …(3)
4
which is a Clairaut’s equation.
2
The general solution of (3) is Y cx c …(4)
4
Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to c,
c …(5)
0x2
Eliminating c between the equations (4) and (5_), we get
2.106 Engineering Mathematics – I
Y x 2
Exercises
Solve the following
a
1. y px
p
2. y px ap(1 p)
3. p log( px y)
4. y 2 px y 2 p 2
5. ( px y)( py x) h2
p
6. y xp2 p
Answers
a
1. y cx cis general solution, y 2 4ax is the singular solution.
Any differential equation of the form Mdx Ndy 0 is said to be exact, if it satisfies the
where
The General solution of the exact differential equation is Mdx Ndy C,
condition that M N
y x
(a 2 2xy y 2 )dx (x y) 2 dy 0
whereM = (a 2 2xy y 2 )
… (2)
N = (x y) 2 … (3)
M … (4)
y 2x 2 y
N … (5)
x 2x 2 y
2.108 Engineering Mathematics – I
If an equation of the form Mdx Ndy 0 is not exact, it can always be made exact by
dy 6 dy 8
2
6. Solve 0
dx dx
Given equation can be written as p 2 6 p 8
0,
( p 2)( p 4) 0
( p 2) 0 & ( p 4) 0
p2 p
4
dy dy
=2 =4
dx dx
dy 2dx dy 4dx
2dx dy 0 4dx dy 0
2 dx dy 4 dx dy c2
c1
2x y 2xc14xy yc14xc2 y c 2 0
(2x y c1 ) (4x y c2 ) 0
dy
7. Solve p 2 7 p 12 0 , where p dx
.
( p 3)( p 4) 0
( p 3) 0 ( p 4)
0
p3p 4
dy
3
dy
4
dy 3 dx
dx dy 4dx
3 dx dy 4 dx dy
0 0
3 x y c1 4x y c2
3xyc 0
The General 1solution is (3
4xyyc
x c2 0 y c2 )
1 )(4x
0
8. What is meant by General and Singular solution?
The solution of the differential equation of the first order contains the arbitrary constant is
called General solution. The solution of the differential equation of the first order does not
contain any arbitrary constant is called Singular solution.
11. Solve y (x a) p p 2
Put order
The first p = c ,differential
then the general solution
equation is of the xcdy
is yform dx ac
Py cQ
2
13. What is the General solution of the first order linear differential equation?
dy
The General solution of the first order linear differential equation dx Py Q
is
ye Qe dx c
Pdx Pdx
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.111
If two families of curves are such that each member of either family cuts each member of the
other family at right angles, the members of one family are known as the orthogonal
trajectory of the other.
Given that x 2 y 2 a 2
dy
2x 2 y dx 0
dy dx
Put
dx dy
x dx dy dx
y dy y
x
dx dy
0
x y
dx dy
x
y
log c
log x log c
ylog
log x y log c
x
y c
2.112 Engineering Mathematics – I
x
The Orthogonal trajectory of x 2 y 2 a 2 is y c
16. Write down the standard form of Bernoulli’s equation and its solution.
dy
The Bernoulli’s equation is dx Py Qy n
2xdx 2 ydy
2 ydy
d (xx2 yy 2 ) 2
2 2
x2 y 2 ydy
d (x 2 y 2 )
x2 y2 2 ydy c
log(x2 y 2 ) y 2 c .
x
2xdx d 0
y
2xdx d c
x
y
x
x2 c
y
x 2 y x cy .
dx a dp
1
dy p dy
1 a dp
1
p p dy
1 a dp
1
p p dy
dp
dp
dy p a a
1
pdy
1
Integrating on both sides, we get
2.114 Engineering Mathematics – I
dp
dy a p 1
p
y a log( p 1)
Hence the solution is given by x a log c , c
( p 1)
dy
20. Solve y cot x cos x
dx
dy
Given, y cot x cos x
dx
I.F e e
pdx cot xdx
elogsin x
I.F. = sin x
ye Qe
pdx pdx
dx c
sin 2x
y sin x 2 dx c
cos 2x
ysinx 4 c
dy
dx x
y
21. Solve ex
dy y
ex
Given that
dx x
dy 1
This equation is of the form dx Py Q where P & Qx e x
dx
Pdx x log x
e e x
Pdx log x
ye Qe
pdx pdx
dx c
yx e x xdx c xy (xex ex ) c
22. What is the equation of orthogonal trajectory in Cartesian and polar co-ordinates?
dy dx
dx
dy
The
equati
on of
ortho
gonal
traject
ory in
polar
co-
ordin
2.116 Engineering Mathematics – I
dr d
r2
d dr
Given that xy = c2
The equation of dy dx
orthogonal trajectory dx
is
y dx dy
x dy
x dx – y dy
=0
xdx ydy 0
c1 x 2 y 2 c ,2
x22 2y 2
Put p = c
y= (x-a) c – c2...(1)
xa
0 = (x-a) - 2c , 2c = (x-a) , c 2
(x a) (x
y (x
a) 22 4
a)
(x a) 2 (x a) 2 2(x a) 2 (x a) 2 (x a)
2
2 4 4
4
dy
26. Solve p = sin (px-y) where p dx
sin 1 p px y
y px sin 1 p ...(1)
e p
e log(px y ) , e p
px y
y px e p …(2)
dy
28. Solve p 2 9 p 18 0 , where p dx
dy dy
dx 3 dy 3dx dx 6
3dx dy 0
6dx dy c 2
3 dx dy c 6dx dy c
1
3x y 0 y c2 2 0
c1 6x
6x y c
When a natural substance increasing in magnitude as a result of some action which effects
all parts equally, the rate of increase depends on the amount of the substance present. For
instance, if N represents the total population of a country, its rate of increase with time is
dN
dt .Hence the growth of population will obey a differential equation of the form
dN
dt kN …(1)Where k ia a positive constant. More generally, if N represents any self-
generating population, the rate of growth of N will be represented by the same differential
N N 0 e . As k is positive, N is steadily increasing.
kt
equation. The solution of (1) is
dN
radioactive atoms present in N, the rate at which N is decreasing is dt and this is
negative. This rate of decrease or decay is found tobe proportional to itself. Hence we
dN
have the law kN where k is a positive constant. As before, the solution of this
dt
kt
equation is N N 0 e Where N 0 is the number of radioactive
atoms.
2.120 Engineering Mathematics – I
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1.Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE): Differential equations which involve only one
independent variable and ordinary differential co-efficients are called ordinary differential
equation.
2.Partial Differential Equations (PDE): Differential equations which involve two or more
independent variables and partial derivatives with respect to them are called partial
differential equations.
3.Order and Degree of a Differential Equation: The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest ordered derivative occurring in the differential equation. The degree of
a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it.
4. The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation to be exact is
M N
y x
C
6. 6. The following differentials are very useful in selecting a suitable integrating factor.
(v)
xdy ydx y
xy d log
vi ydx xyxdy d log(xy)
x
xdy ydx
d log(x2 y2 )
1 xdy ydx 1 xy
(vii) viii d log
x2 y2 2 x y
2 2
2 x y
7. Homogeneous Equation
A function f(x,y) of the variables x and y is called homogeneous of degree n, if for any
parameter 't’ , f(tx,ty)=tnf(x,y).
1
is a homogeneous equation in x and y, then is an
8. If Mdx Ndy 0 Mx Ny
1
, then is
9. If Mdx Ndy 0 is of the form f1 (xy) ydx f 2 (xy)xdy 0 Mx Ny
an I.F. provided Mx Ny 0
dy
10. The general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is dx Py Q and
dy
11. Bernoulli’s Equation : dx Py Qy n .
12. Orthogonal Trajectories: If two families of curves are such that each member of
either family cuts each member of the other family at right angles, the members of one
family are known as the Orthogonal Trajectories of the other.
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