Unit2 ODE First Order

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DIFFERENTIAL

2 EQUATIONS(First Order)

2.1 Introduction

In mathematics, history of differential equations traces the development of "differential


equations" from calculus, itself independently invented by English physicist Isaac Newton
and German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz.

A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several


variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders.
Differential equations are mathematically studied from several different perspectives, mostly
concerned with their solutions; the set of functions that satisfy the equation. Differential
equations are widely used in solving engineering problems. Many scientific laws, engineering
principles and systems are in the form of or can be described by differential equations.
Differential equations are mathematical tools to model engineering systems such as hydraulic
flow, heat transfer, level controller of a tank, vibration isolation, electrical circuits, etc.
2.2 Engineering Mathematics – I

The linear differential equations with constant coefficients find their most important
applications in the study of electrical, mechanical and other linear systems. Such equations
play a prominent role in unifying the theory of electrical and mechanical oscillatory systems.
An example of modeling a real world problem using differential equations is the
determination of the velocity of a ball falling through the air, considering only gravity and air
resistance. The ball's acceleration towards the ground is the acceleration due to gravity minus
the deceleration due to air resistance. Gravity is considered as constant and air
resistance may be modeled as proportional to the ball's velocity. This means that the
acceleration of the ball
is a derivative of its velocity and the velocity depends on time. Finding the
velocity as a
function of time involves solving a differential equation. Hence, wherever it is
possible to define a relation between a function and its derivatives, it is possible to make a
mathematical model using differential equations and understand the behavior of the system
related to that function.
2.1.1. Engineering Applications of Differential Equations

Exponential Growth Model - Population


Let P(t) be a quantity that increases with time t and the rate of increase is proportional to the
dP dP
same quantity P as follows  kP where is the first derivative of P, k > 0 and t is the
dt dt
time.
The solution to the above first order differential equation is given by P(t) = A e k t where A is a

constant not equal to 0. If P = P 0 at t = 0, then P 0 = A e0 which gives A = P 0 The final form of the solution is

given by P(t) = P0 ek t . Assuming P 0 is positive and since k is


dP
positive, P(t) is an increasing exponential. dtkP is also called an exponential growth

model.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.3

Exponential Decay Model - Radioactive Material


Let M(t) be the amount of a product that decreases with time t and the rate of decrease is
dM dM
proportional to the amount M as follows  kM where is the first derivative of M,
dt
dt
k >0 and t is the time. Solve the above first order differential equation to obtain M(t) = A e- k t

where A is non zero constant. If we assume that M = M 0 at t = 0, then M 0 = Ae0 which gives A = M0. The
dM
since k is positive, M(t) is a decreasing exponential.  kM is also called an exponential
solution may be written as follows M(t) = M 0 e- k t . Assuming dt
M 0 is positive and
decay model.

Falling Object
An object is dropped from a height at time t = 0. If h(t) is the height of the object at time t,
a(t) the acceleration and v(t) the velocity. The relationships between a, v and h are as follows:

dv dh
 a(t) ,  v(t) dt for a falling object, a(t) is constant and is equal to g = -9.8 m/s.
dt
Combining the above differential equations, we can easily deduce the differential equation

d 2h dh . Integrate one
dt2  g . Integrate both sides of the above equation to obtain dtgt  v
0

gt 2
more time to obtain h(t)   v0t  h0 . The above equation is a model that describes the
2

height of a falling object, from an initial height h 0 at an initial velocity v0, as a function of time.

Newton's Law of Cooling


It is a model that describes mathematically, the change in temperature of an object in a given
environment. The law states that the rate of change (in time) of the temperature is

proportional to the difference between the temperature T of the object and the temperature Te

dT
of the environment surrounding the object.  kdt(T  T ) . Let Xe  T  T . so thate
2.4 Engineering Mathematics – I

dX dT

dt
dX
Using the above change of variable, the above differential equation becomes  kX
dt .
dt .
The solution to the above differential equation is given by X  Ae  kt substitute X  T  T . e

T  Te  Ae kt .

Assume that at t = 0 the tempearture T = T , To0- Te = A e 0


which gives A = To - Te . The

final expression for T(t) is given by T(t) = T e + ( T - Te)e - k0t . This expression shows that
how the tempearture T of the object changes with time.
RL circuit
Let us consider the RL (resistor R and inductor L) circuit shown in Fig. 2.1. At time t = 0 the
switch is closed and current passes through the circuit. Electricty laws state that the voltage
across a resistor of resistance R is equal to Ri and the voltage across an inductor L is given by
L di/dt (i is the current). Another law gives an equation relating all voltages in the
above
di
circuit as follows: L dt Ri  E , where E is a constant voltage. Let us solve the above

differential equation which may be written as

Fig. 2.1.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.5

di L
L (Rdi)
dt R both sides, we get
E  Ri 1 , which implies E  dt . Integrating on
Ri
L
R log(E  Ri)  t  c , c constant of integration. Constant c can be obtained by setting i = 0
L
at t = 0 (when switch is closed) which gives
R
log E  c .
L
L
Substitute c in the solution log(E  Ri)  t  log E
R
R
E Rt
(i.e.) L
log L 
(i.e.) log E  log(E  Ri)  t R
E RRiRt
E
(i.e.)  e LL
E  Ri

ERt
(i.e.) E   Ri
eL
 Rt

(i.e.) E(1 e L )  Ri
 Rt
(i.e.) i  E (1 e L
)
R
The starting model for the circuit is a differential equation which when solved, gives an
expression of the current in the circuit as a function of time.
Newton’s second law of motion
The second law states that the net force on an object is equal to the rate of change (that is, the
dP d (mv)
derivative) of its linear momentum P in an inertial reference frame: F   . The
dt
dt
second law can also be stated in terms of an object's acceleration. Since the law is valid only
for constant-mass systems, the mass can be taken outside the differentiation operator by the
2.6 Engineering Mathematics – I

d (v)
constant factor rule in differentiation. Thus, F  m dtma , where F is the net force

applied, m is the mass of the body, and a is the body's acceleration. Thus, the net force applied
to a body produces a proportional acceleration. In other words, if a body is accelerating, then
there is a force on it
In this chapter, we consider the simplest of these differential equations which is of
first order. We study the solutions of Exact equations, First order linear equations, Bernoulli’s
equations, orthogonal trajectories, growth, decay and geometrical applications. Also, we study
the solutions of equations not of first degree namely, equations solvable for p, equations
solvable for y, equations solvable for x and Clairaut’s type.

2.1.2 Basic Definitions


Differential Equation (DE): A “differential equation” is an equation involving an unknown
function y of one or more independent variables x, t, … and its derivatives. In other words, a
differential equation is an equation which involves differential co-efficients or derivatives.
3

d 2 y 2 dy 8  dy   2
2
dy 1 x22 d2y
Examples: 1.
dx 1 y y0 3. 1 
  dx
  k 2 are
dx
2. dx2 dx
differential equations.  

Differential equations are classified into two categories “ordinary and partial” depending on
the number of independent variables appearing in the equation.
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE): Differential equations which involve only one
independent variable and ordinary differential co-efficients are called ordinary differential
equation.

Example: 1. d 2y  d 2q dq
2 2

dx a x0 2. L dt 2  R dt  c  E sin t
q
3
  dy 2  2

    d 2y  are ordinary differential equations.


2
3. 1 
  dx   dx 
 
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.7

Partial Differential Equations (PDE): Differential equations which involve two or more
independent variables and partial derivatives with respect to them are called partial
differential equations.

Example: 1. x u  y u  nu 2.  2 z 2 u
y  x  y are partial differential equations.
x y x2 y2
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation: The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest ordered derivative occurring in the differential equation. The degree of a
differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it.
For example,

1. ex dx  e y dy  0 is of the first order first degree.

2. d x2  n x  0 is of the second order and first degree.


2 2

dt
3

2
3. 1  dy    c 2  d 22 y  is the second order and second degree.
2
  dx    dx 
 3
  dy  
2
2
 d 2y 
4. 1   2
 2  is the second order and second degree.
  dx    c
 dx 

 dy 2
2
dy   x is the first order and second
5. y x 
dx  dx  degree.
2.2 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The differential equation of a function f (x, y) is denoted by df and is given by

f f
df  dx  dy …(1)
x y
Consider the differential equation
M (x, y)dx  N (x, y)dy  0 …(2)

Suppose there exists a function f(x,y) such that


2.8 Engineering Mathematics – I

f f
 M (x, y) and  N (x, y) …(3)
x y
We use equation (3) in the given D.E (2) and it becomes

f f
0  Mdx  Ndy  x dx  ydy  df

(i.e.) df  0

Integrating on both sides, we get f (x, y)  c  arbitrary constant.

In this case, the L.H.S of equation(2) Mdx  Ndy is said to be an exact differential and the
differential equation (2) is called an exact differential equation.
Theorem
Statement: The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation

M N
Mdx  Ndy  0 to be exact is 
y
x
Proof:

Case(i): Necessary condition : Let Mdx  Ndy  0 be an exact differential equation.

M N
We prove that y x

By definition, the equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is exact, if du  Mdx  Ndy for some u(x,y) .
u u
However, du  dx  dy
x
y
u u
 Mdx  Ndy  dx  dy
x u
u N  y
Equating co-efficient of dx and dy , we get M  and
x
y
M 2 u N 2 u
 
and

y yx x
xy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.9

M N (Since  2 u  2 u )
  yx
y x
Hence proved. xy
Case (ii): Sufficient condition:

M N …(1)
Let us assume that y
x
Let u   Mdx
y constant

and 2 u  M
u
 x  M yx
y 2 u 2 u
By (1), M  N
y and 
x yx xy

N 2 u   u 
 
x xy x y  
Integrating both sides with respect to.x, treating y as constant, we have

u
N  y f ( y)


 u u  M  u u 
 Mdx  Ndy  dx    f ( y) dy  x, N  y f ( y) 
x y

 u
  dx 
u 
dy  f ( y)dy  du  f ( y)dy  d u 
  f 
x
y 
( y)dy
which shows that Mdx  Ndy is an exact differential and hence Mdx  Ndy  0 is
an
exact differential equation.
Note: Since Mdx  Ndy  d u   f ( y)dy

Mdx  Ndy  0  d u   f ( y)dy   0
 
2.10 Engineering Mathematics – I

Integrating u   f ( y)dy  c

But u   Mdx and f ( y) = terms of N not containing x


Hence the solution of Mdx  Ndy  0 is  Mdx  
(terms of N not containing x)
y constant

dy  c
Points to Remember:-

M N
1. A differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is an exact differential equation if 
y x

and is non exact differential equation if M  N


y x

2. The solution of exact differential equation is given by

 Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy 


y constant

Example 1:
Show that (x 2  2xy  3y 2 )dx  ( y 2  6xy  x2 )dy  0 is an exact equation and hence
solve it
Solution:

The equation is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0

Here M  x2  2xy  3y 2 N  y 2 
6xy  x 2
M N
 2x  6 y
 6 y  2x
y x

M N
 
y x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.11

Thus, the given equation is an exact equation.

 The solution is 
y constant
Mdx   N (Terms not containing x)
=C

dy
 x  2xy  3y dx   y2 dy 
2 2

3
C3
x 2x 2 y 3xy2  y  C
3 2  3
x3  9xy2  3x2 y  y3  3C  C 1
Example 2:
Solve (x 2  4xy  2y 2 )dx  ( y 2  4xy  2x 2 )dy 
0
Solution:

The equation is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0

Here M  x2  4xy  2y 2 and N  y 2  4xy  2x 2


M N
 4x  4 y  4 y  4x
y x

M N
y  x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.

 The general solution is 


y constant
Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy = C

 (x  4xy  2 y2 )dx   y2 dy 
2

C
x3 4x 2 y 2xy 2  y 3 
3 2  C 3
x  6x y  6xy  y  C
3 2 2 3

Example 3:

Solve (x  3y  4)dx  (2 y  3x 1)dy  0


Solution:

The equation is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0


2.12 Engineering Mathematics – I

Here M  x  3y  4 and N  2 y  3x 1

M N
 3  3
y x

M N

y x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.
 The general solution is 
y constant
Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy = C

 (x  3y  4)dx   (2 y 1)dy 
C
x 2 3xy  4x 2 y  y  C
2

2  2
x2  6xy  8x  2 y2  2 y 
C
Example 4: Solve dy  y cos x  sin y  y  0
dx sin x  x cos y 
x
Solution:

dy y cos x  sin y  y
The given equation can be written as dx 

sin x  x cos y  x
dy(sin x  x cos y  x)  dx( y cos x  sin y  y)
( y cos x  sin y  y)dx  (sin x  x cos y  x)dy  0
M  y cos x  sin y  y N  sin x  x
cos y  x
The equation is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0

M N
 cos x  cos y  1  cos x  cos y  1
y x
M N
y  x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.13

 The general solution is 


y constant
Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy = C

 ( y cos x  sin y  y)dx 


C
Exampley5:
sin x  x sin y  yx  C
Solve (5x4  3x2 y 2  2xy3 )dx  (2x3 y  3x2 y 2  5y 4 )dy 
0
Solution:

The equation is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0

Here M  5x4  3x2 y 2  2xy3 and N  2x 3 y  3x2 y 2  5y 4


M N
 6x 2 y  6xy2  6x 2 y  6xy 2
y x

M N

y x
Thus thegeneral
given equation is an exact equation.
 The solution is 
y constant
Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy = C

 (5x  3x 2 y 2  2xy 3 )dx   5y 4 dy  C


4

5x5 3x3 y2 2x2 y3 5y 5 C


5   3 
2
5
x 5  x3 y 2  x 2 y 3  y 5  C
Solve  
cos6x :tan y  cos(x  y) dx  sin x sec2 y  cos(x  y) dy  0
Example
Solution:
The equation is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0

Here M  cos x tan y  cos(x  y) and N  sin x sec2 y  cos(x  y)

M N
 cos x sec2 y  sin(x  y) ;  cos x sec2 y  sin(x
 y)
y x
2.14 Engineering Mathematics – I

M N
y  x
Thus the given equation is an exact equation.

The general solution is 


y constant
Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy = C

cos x tan y  cos(x  y)dx  C


sin x tan y  sin(x  y)  C
Example 7:

Solve (x 2  x  y 2 )dx  ( yey  2xy)dy  0


Solution:
The given equation is (x 2  x  y 2 )dx  (2xy  yey )dy  0

The equation is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0


Here M  x2  x  y 2 and
N
2xy  yey
M
2y
N
2y
y
The general solution is
x

y constant
Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy = C

M N
2
y(x  x  y )dx   ye dy  x
2 y

Cx3 x 2
 exact
Thus the given equation is an  equation
xy2   yey  e y  
3 2 C2 y
xy  e  yey  C
Exercises 3 2
Solve the following differential equations:
1. (x 2  y 2  a2 )xdx  (x 2  y 2  b2 ) ydy  0 2. (3x2  6xy2 )dx  (6x2 y  4 y3 )dy
0
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.15

dy
 1  ex y  dx   1  x  e x y dy  0 y(x 2  y2  a2 )
3.  
   y
 6. dx
x(x  y  a )  0
2 2 2

(a2  2xy  y 2 )dx


4.
(x  y)2 dx  0 dy
7. x3 sec2 y dx 3x 2 tan y  cos x
(2xy  y  tan y)dx 
5.
(x 2  x tan y2  sec2 y)dy  0
Answers
1. x4  2x 2 y2  2a2 x2  y 4  2b2 y 2  C 5. x2 y  xy  x tan y  tan y  C

2. x3  3x2 y 2  y4  C 6. x4  2x3 y 2  2a2 x2  2a2 y3  y4  C


x
7. x3 tan y  sin x  C
3. x  ye y  C

4. 3a2 x  3x2 y  3xy2  y3  C


2.2.1 Equations Reducible to Exact Equations
Differential equations which are not exact can sometimes be made exact after multiplying by a
suitable factor (a function of x and / or y) called the integrating factor (I. F).
For example, consider the equation
ydx  xdy  0 ...(1)

Here M  y and N  x
M N Therefore the equation is not an exact equation.
y  x

1
(i) Multiplying the equation (1) by ,2 we get
y

ydx  xdy x


 0 (or) d  0 which is an exact equation.
y 2  y 
1 ydx  xdy y
(ii) Multiplying the equation (1) by ,2 we get 0 (or) d  0 , which is an
x x2 x
exact equation.
2.16 Engineering Mathematics – I

1
(iii) Multiplying the equation (1) by , we get dx dy (or) d (log x  log y) 
xy x  y 0 0
1 1
1 and are integrating factors of equation (1). “If a
which is an exact equation. , xy
y2 x 2

differential equation has one I.F., it has an infinite number of I.F.”

Important Formulae:-

The following differentials are very useful in selecting a suitable integrating factor.

xdy  ydx y


(i) ydx  xdy  d (xy) (ii) 2
d  x 
x

ydx  xdy x xdy  ydx  1  y 


(iii) d (iv) 2  d 2 tan

2  x y   
y  y   x 

xdy  ydx   y  ydx  xdy


(v)  d log (vi)  d log(xy)
xy   x  xy
  

xdy  ydx  1  xdy  ydx 1 xy


(vii)
x y
2
 d  log(x 2  y 2 )  (viii)
2
2  x2  y2  d  2log x  y 

Example 1:
Solve : xdx  y(x 2  y2 1)dy
Solution:
The given differential equation is xdx  ydy  y(x 2  y 2 )dy

2xdx  2 ydy
 2 ydy

x2  y2
d (x 2  y2 ) 2
x2  y2  ydy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.17

d (x 2  y 2 )
Integrating on both sides we get,  x2  y2  2 ydy  C

log(x2  y 2 )  y 2  C
Example 2:
Solve (2xy2  y)dx  xdy  0
Solution:
The given differential equation is
2xy 2 dx  xdy  ydx  0
xdy  ydx
2xdx  0
y2

 ydx
2xdx   
 y2 
 xdy 
0
x
2xdx  d    0
y

Integrating on both sides we get,  2xdx d x  C


y

x
x2  y C , x2 y  x  Cy

Example 3:

Solve xdy  ydx  x x 2  y 2 dx


Solution:

y
2

The given equation is xdy  ydx  x 2 1    dx


x
xdy  ydx
y
2

 1    dx

x2 x
2.18 Engineering Mathematics – I

 y y
2

d   1     dx
x x 

y
d 
x   dx
y
2

1   
x
Integrating on both sides

y
d 
x 
   dx
y
2

1  
x

sin1   x  c


y
x
y  x sin(x 
c)
Example 4:
Solve xdx  ydy  a(x 2  y 2 )dy
Solution:

xdx2 ydy2
The given equation is x  y  a dy

d (x 2  y2 ) 2ady
x2  y 2 

d (x 2  y 2 )
Integrating on both sides,  x2  y 2  2a  dy  c

log(x2  y2 )  2ay  C

Points to Remember:-
Homogeneous Equation
A function f(x,y) of the variables x and y is called homogeneous of degree n, if for any
parameter 't’ , f(tx,ty)=tnf(x,y).
Integrating Factor for a homogeneous equation
1
is an I.F.
If Mdx  Ndy  0 is a homogeneous equation in x and y, then Mx  Ny

provided Mdx  Ndy  0


Differential Equations (First Order) 2.19

Example 1:

Solve (x 2 y  2xy2 )dx  (x 3  3x2 y)dy  0


Solution:
The given equation is homogeneous in x and y

Here M  x2 y  2xy2 and N  x3  3x2 y

Now Mx  Ny  x3 y  2x 2 y 2  x3 y  3x2 y 2  0

1
 I.F. 
 x2 y 2
1
1
Mx  Nyby
Multiplying throughout the given equation , we get
(x y2 )
2

1 2 x
 y

x dx  y 2

3y  dy  0 which is an exact equation

dx   y dy  C
1 2 3
 The solution is 
  y x

x
 2 log x  3log y 
C y
Example : 2
Solve ( y3  2 yx2 )dx  (2xy 2  x3 )dy 
0
Solution :
The given equation is homogeneous in x and y.
Here M  y3  2 yx2 N 
2xy  x
2 3

Now Mx  Ny  xy3  2yx 3  2xy3  x3 y

 3xy3  3x3 y  3xy( y 2  x2 )  0


 I.F. = 1 = 1
Mx  Ny 3xy( y2  x2 )
2.20 Engineering Mathematics – I

1
Multiplying throughout the given equation by , we get
3xy( y2  x2 )

y( y2  2x 2 ) x(2 y2  x2 )
dx  dy  0
xy( y2  x2 ) xy( y2  x2 )

y2  2x 2 (2 y2  x2 )
dx  dy  0
x( y2  x2 ) y( y 2  x2 )

( y2  x2 )  ( y 2  x2 )  y 2
dx  dy  0
x x( y2  x2 )
2
y( y 2  x2 )
x y
1 1 dy  0
x dx  y x
2 2 dx  dy
y  y  x2
2

1 ydy  xdx 1
dx   dy  0
x y x
2 2
y
1 1d(y x )
2 2
dx   dy  0
1
x 2 ( y 2  x2 )
Multiplying throughout by 2, and integrating, we get
y
2log x  log( y 2  x2 )  2log y  log
c

x2 y 2 ( y 2  x2 )  c

2log x  log( y 2  x2 )  2log y  log


C

log x2 y 2 ( y 2  x2 )  log C

x2 y 2 ( y 2  x2 )  C 1
If Mdx  Ndy  0 is of the form f1 (xy) ydx  f 2 (xy)xdy  0 , then
Points to Remember:- Mx  Ny

is an I.F. provided Mx  Ny  0
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.21

Example 1:

Solve y(xy  2x 2 y 2 )dx  x(xy  x2 y 2 )dy  0


Solution:
The given equation is of the form f1 (xy) ydx  f 2 (xy)xdy  0

Here M  xy2  2x 2 y3 and N  x2 y 


x3 y 2

Now Mx  Ny  x2 y2  2x3 y3  x2 y 2  x3 y3  3x3 y3  0


1 1
 I.F. = 
Mx  Ny
3 3
3x y
1
Multiplying throughout the given equation by , we get
3x3 y3

1
 12  2  dx   1
 3xy  3ydy
 0
2
 3x y 3x
which is an exact equation.

 The solution is   1


2 
2
dx
   dy
1
3y  C
3x y 3x
1
 2 1
3xy  3 log x  3 log y  C

1
 2 log x  log y  C , where C = 3C
1 1

xy
Example 2:
Solve (1  xy) ydx  (1  xy)xdy 
0
Solution:
The given equation is of the form f1 (xy) ydx  f 2 (xy)xdy  0

Here M  1 xy y   N

1 xy x
Mx  Ny  2x 2 y 2  0
2.22 Engineering Mathematics – I

1 1
 I.F. = 
Mx  Ny 2x2 y2
1
Multiplying throughout the given equation by , the given equation becomes
2x2 y2

1
 12  1  dx   2  21 ydy  0 which is an exact equation.
 2x y 2x  2xy

 1
 The solution is   2  1  dx  1
dy 

2x y C 2x
  2
y
1  1 1 1
    2 log x  2 log y  C
2y x
x 1
log y  xy
C

Example 3:
Solve the equation (x3 y3  x2 y 2  xy 1) ydx (x 3 y3  x2 y 2  xy 1)xdy  0
Solution:
The given equation is of the form f1 (xy) ydx  f 2 (xy)xdy  0

Here
M  x3 y 3  x 2 y 2  xy 1 y N  x3 y 3  x 2 y 2  xy 1
Mx  xNy  2xy(x 2 y2  xy)  2x 2 y 2 (xy 1)  0
1 1
 I.F.= 
Mx  Ny 2x y (xy 
2 2

1)
1
Multiplying throughout the given equation by , we get
2x2 y2 (xy  1)

(x 2 y2  1)(xy  1) (x 2 y 2 1)(xy 1)


ydx  xdy  0
2x 2 y2 (xy  1) 2x 2 y2 (xy 1)
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.23

 x2 y2 1   x2 y 2  2xy 1 
ydx    xdy  0
 2x y 
2 2
 2x 2 y 2

 x2 y 2 1 
1
 ( ydx  xdy)  xdy  0
 2x y 
2 2
xy

1  1
 2  2x 2 2y  d (xy)  y dy  0
1
1
1
Integrating on both sides, we get 2 xy  2xy  log y 
C
Exercises
Solve the following Differential equations

1. ydx  xdy  log xdx  0 5. (1  xy) ydx  (1  xy)xdy  0

2. ydy  ydx  xdy  0 6. (x 2 y  2xy2 )dx  (x3  3x2 y)dy 


x2 0
a (xdy  ydx)
2

3. xdx  ydy  7. y(2xy  ex )dx  e x dy  0


x2  y 2 dy
8. x dx x  x (x 2  y 2 )
4. y(xy  2x 2 y 2 )dx  x(xy  x2 y 2 )dy 
9. (x 2  y2 1)dx  2xydy  0
0
10. Show that the equation (2x  y)dx  (2 y  x)dy  0 can be made exact by the integrating
1
factor and hence solve the equation
x  y2
2

Answers
1. x  y  log x 1  1
0 4.   2 log x  log y 
C xy
2. y 2  y 
C 1 x
2 x 5.   log
 
  C xy
2
3. x y2 2
1  y 
 C  a tan  x  y
2 2 6.  2 log x 
x3log y  C y
2.24 Engineering Mathematics – I

7. x2 y  ex  e y 9. (x 2  y 2 1)  Cx

8. log  y  x  y   x  10. log(x2  y2 )  tan1   C


y
2 2

x  x
 x C

2.3 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its derivative occur only
in the first degree and are not multiplied together. The general form of a linear differential

dy
equation of the first order is dx  Py  Q, ...(1) where P and Q are functions of x only or may
be constants. Equation (1) is also known as Leibnitz’s linear
equation.

Multiplying both sides of the equation (1) by e


pdx
, we get
dy  pdx
 y(e  P)  Qe or
pdx pdx
dx e

d  pdx )  Qe pdx


dx ( ye

Integrating both sides, we get ye   Qe dx  c, which is the required solution.
Pdx pdx

Note 1: The factor e is called the integrating factor.


pdx

Thus I.F. = e  pdx


and the solution is y(I.F )   Q(I.F )dx  c
Note 2: Sometimes a differential equation takes linear form if we regard x as dependent
dx
variable and y as independent variable. Then the equation can be put as  Px  Q , where P,
dy
Q are functions of y only or constants.

The integrating factor in this case is e and the solution is x(I.F )   Q(I.F )dy  c
pdy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.25

dy
Note 3: In the general form of a linear differential equation, the co-efficient of isdx
unity.

dy
For example, the equation R dx  Sy  T , where R, S and T are functions of x only or

constants, must be divided by R to bring it to the general linear form.

Points to Remember:-

dy
 Py  Q
The general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is dx

and its solution is given by ye   Qe dx  c,


Pdx pdx

Example 1:

1 dy y
Solve x dx tan
x x  cos x
Solution:

dy
Multiplying on both sides by x to make the co-efficient of dxunity, we get

dy
dx  y tan x  x cos x

dy
Comparing it with dx Py  Q , we have

P  tan x, Q  x cos x

 pdx   tan xdx  log(sec x)

e
pdx
 elog(sec x)  sec x

 The solution is ye   Qe 


pdx pdx
dx  C

y sec x   x cos x sec xdx 


C
2.26 Engineering Mathematics – I

=  xdx  C

x2
y sec x   C
2
Example 2:
Solve (1 y 2 )dx  (tan1 y  x)dy
Solution:
dx
The given equation can be written as (1  y 2 )  x  tan1 y
dy

dx x tan1 y
Dividing by (1  y2 ) we get  
dy 1  y2 1 
y2
dx
This is of the form  px  Q
dy
1
Here tan1 y
P ,Q 
1  y2 1
 y 11ydy
2 2

I.F. = e 
1
pdy
  etan y
e
 The solution is xe   Qe dy  C
pdy pdy

1
xetan y  tan 1
 1 y 2y etan y dy  C
1

Let t  tan1 y

1
dt  dy
1tan yy2
 xe   tet dt  C
1

 tet   1 et dt  C

 tet  et  C  (tan 1 y 1)etan 


1
y

C
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.27

 x  tan 1 y 1 Ce tan


1
y

Example 3:

dy
Solve x(1  x 2 ) dx (2x 2 1) y  x3

Solution:

dy
Given that x(1  x 2 ) dx (2x 2 1) y  x3

Dividing by x(1  x2 ) , we get


2
2
y x 2
dx x(1 x ) 1 x2

dy
This is of the form dx Py  Q

2x 2 1 1 1
Here P    
1
x(1 x)(1 x) x 2(1 x) 2(1 x)
1 1
 pdx  log x  log(1  x)  log(1  x)
2 2
 log x(1  x) 2 (1  x) 
1 1
2

 

 log  x(1 x2 ) 2   log 1


1


x 1 x2
1
log
x 1x 2
I.F. = e e
Pdx

1
=
x 1 x2

 The solution is ye   Qe 


Pdx Pdx
dx  C
1 x2 1
y.  2

2
dx  C x 1 x2
1 x x 1 x
2.28 Engineering Mathematics – I

1 3
  2  (1  x2 ) 2 (2x)dx  C
1
 (1  x2 ) 2  C

y  x  Cx 1  x2
Example 4:

Solve  e  y dx  1
2 x

 x x 

dy
Solution:
dy y 2 x
The given equation can be written as  e
dx x x
dy
This is of the form dx Py  Q

Here
1 P  e2 x
,Q x
x
 12

I.F. = e  e 
Pdx x
dx
2 x solution is ye    Qe dx  C
Pdx Pdx

e The

2 x

e
ye2 x

e2 x dx  C x
ye   x 2 dx
C
Example 5:
2xC
dy y
Solve dx x xex

Solution:
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.29

dy
The given equation is of the form dx Py  Q

1
Here P  x , Q  xex

Pdx 1
 dx
 I.F. = e  e x  elog x  x

 The solution is ye   Qe dx  C


Pdx Pdx

yx   xe x xdx  C

xy   x2 ex dx  C

Let u  x 2 , dv  e x dx
u ''  2 , v1  e x

v2  e
x
u '  2x , v  ex

xy  uv  u 'v1  u

''v2  C

Example 6:  x2 ex  2xex  2ex


 C
dy
 y  tan x
Solve cos2 x dx

Solution: xy  (x 2  2x  2)ex  C

Dividing by cos2 x , we get

dy 1

tan x dx
y
cos2 x
cos2 x
2.30 Engineering Mathematics – I

 sec2 x  y 
dy tan x
dx cos2 x

dx
 sec2 x  y  tan x
dy

dy sec2 x
This is of the form dx Py  Q

Here P  sec2 x Q  tan x


sec2 x

I.F. = e  e  e tan x
Pdx sec2 xdx

 The solution is ye pdx   Qe dx 


Pdx

yetan x   tan x
t xe dx  Cdv  et dt
Put u  sec
2 tan x

, v1  e
t t

u '  1 Let t  tan v x;e dt  sec2 xdx


ye tan x
 uv  u 'v1  C

yetan x   t etet dt
t
 et C  C

 (t 1)et  C

Example 7:
yetan x  tan x 1etan x  C

dy
Solve sec x dx y  sin x

Solution:

dy
The given equation can be written as sec x dx y  sin x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.31

Multiplying by cos x , we get

dy
dx  y cos x  sin x cos x ,

dy
This is of the form dx Py  Q

Here P  cos x , Q  sin x cos x

I.F. = e  Pdx
e 
 cos xdx
 e sin x

 The solution is ye   Qe dx  C


Pdx Pdx

ye sin x   sin x cos xe sin x dx  C

Let t  sin x dt  cos xdx

ye t   te t dt  C

 tet  et  C

 et t 1  C

 yesin x  esin x (sin x 1)  C


Exercises
Solve the following differential equations:
1. dy  y
 x3  3 5.
dy
 y tan x  3esin x
dx x dx
dy dy
2. 2
 y cot x  cos x 6. (1  x3 )  6x 2 y  1 
x
dx dy dy dx
 1) dx y  e x (x  1)2
4. (x dy 8. x log x 2dx ydy 2 log x 2
3. x  y  e x  xy
Answer
7. (x  1)  2xy  x
dx dx
s1. 10xy  2x5 15x2  C
1
2. y sin x  2sin 2 x  C
2.32 Engineering Mathematics – I

1 7. y(x 2  1)  x 3 
3. xy  2e x  Ce x C
4. y  (x  1)ex  C 8. y log x  (log3 x)2  C
5. y  tan x 1 Cetan x
3 4
6. y(1  x )  x x  x 
3 2
C
3 4 6
x6
2.4 NONLINEAR EQUATION REDUCIBLE TO THE LINEAR FORM

2.4.1Bernoulli’s Equation

dy
dx  Py  Qy ...(1) where P and Q are functions of x alone or
n
Consider the equation

constants.We will show that this equation can be made linear by changing the dependent
variable.

Dividing equation (1) throughout by yn , we get 1 dy P


y n dx y yn  Q

dy ...(2)
(i.e.) y  n dx Py1n  Q

Let y1n  v where v is a new variable …(3)

Differentiating equation (3) with respect to x,

dy dv
(1  n) y1n1 dx  dx

1 dv
n dy …(4)
dx
(i.e.) y 1 n
dxequation (2), we get
Substituting equations (3) and (4) in
1
dv
1 n dx  Pv  Q

dv ...(5)
(i.e.) dx P(1 n)v  Q(1 n)
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.33

Now equation (5) is clearly a linear equation in v and the integrating factors is e
P(1n)dx

Multiplying both sides of equation (5) by e


P(1n)dx
we have

d   P(1n)dx 
dx  Q(1 n)e 
P(1n)dx
ve

   Q(1 n)e
P(1n)dx
dx  C
P(1n)dx
On integration, we get ve

(i.e.) y1n e  Q(1 n)e dx  C . This forms the solution of equation (1).
P(1n)dx P(1n)dx

dy
 Pf ( y)  Q , where P and Q are functions of x alone or
Note: Equations of the form f '( y) dx

constants, can also be reduced to the linear type by changing the dependent
variable in the
dy dv
following manner. Putting f ( y)  v , we have f '( y)  dx dx

The above equation becomes dv which is linear in v


dx  Pv  Q
Example 1:

dy
Solve x dx y  x3 y 6

Solution:

dy
Given that x dx  y  x3 y 6

dy 1 ...(1)
Dividing by x, we get dx y  x 2 y 6

x
Dividing equation (1) by y66 ,dy
we have
1 5 ...(2)
dx yx  x .
2
y

Put v  y5
2.34 Engineering Mathematics – I

dv dy
 5 y 6
dx
dx

dy 1 dv
1y6  1 dv
Equation (2) becomes  5 dx vx x 2
dx 5
dv 5
dx
(i.e.) dx xv  5x 2 . This is linear equation in v.

5
Hence P  x, Q  5x
2

5
 Pdx   x dx  5 log x  log x5

1
I.F. = e 
Pdx 5
 elog x  x5 
x5

 The solution is ve   Qe dx 


Pdx Pdx

C y 5
x5 
5x 2 x15 dx 
C
 
1  x2 
 5  C
x5 y 5  2 
5
1  2 
x5 y 5 C 2x
Example 2:
2
dy sin y2  (x  1)3
dx
2
Solve 2 y cos y x
Solution: 1

Put v  sin y 2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.35

dv dy
 cos y2 2 y
dx 2
dx dv
 The given equation becomes dx x  v  (x  1)3 . This is linear equation in v.
1
2
Here P  x, Q1 (x 1)
3

1
 Pdx  2 log x 1  (x 1)2
log 1
log ( x1)2
 1
 I.F. = e e
Pdx
(x  1)2

 The solution is ve   Qe dx 


Pdx Pdx

1 1
v C2  (x  1) dx  C  (x  1)dx  C
3

(x  1) (x  1)2
1 2
sin y 2  x x
(x  1) C 2
2

Example 3:

Solve dy x yxy
dx  1 
Solution:
x2
x 1
2 x
y , the given equation becomes y  12 dy y ...(1)
Dividing by dx 1 x2
1
Put v  y 2

dv 1  12 dy
 y
dx 2 dx

 12 dy dv
y 2
dx x dxv  x
dv
Equation (1) becomes 2 dx 1 
x2
dv x x
 v  . This is linear equation in v
dx 2(1  x ) 2

2
2.36 Engineering Mathematics – I

x
Here P  x
2(1  x2 ) , Q 2

x
 Pdx  dx  4  1  x2dx   4log(1  x2 )
1 2x 1
 2(1  x 2
)
1

 log(1  x2 ) 4

Pdx 1

 I.F. = e  (1 x ) 4 2

 The solution is ve   Qe dx 


Pdx Pdx

C 
1 x 
1
v(1  x )2 4   2 (1  x ) 4 dx  C
2

1 
1

4  (2x)(1  x ) 4 dx 
2

put 1 x2  t , 2xdx C
 dt

1 1 1  t 4 
3

  4  t 4 dt  C   4  3   C
 4
 3

2 4
1 1 (1  x2 )
v(1  x )   4 C
4 3
4
1
1
v   (1  x2 )  C(1  x2 )4
3

1 1
 y   3 (1  x 2 )  C(1  x 2 ) 4

Example 4:

dy sin x cos2 x
Solve  y tan x 
y2
dx
Solution:
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.37

Multiplying by y2 , the given equation becomes

dy ...(1)
y2 dx y3 tan x  sin x cos2 x

Put v  y3

dv dy
 3y 2
dx

dx
1 dv
dy 3 1dxdvv tan x  sin x cos2 x
Equation (1) becomes
y2 
dxdv
(i.e.)  3 tan x  v  3sin x cos2 x . This is linear equation in v
dx
3 dx
Here P
3tan x , Q  3sin x cos2 x

 Pdx  3 tan xdx 


3log(sec x)  log(sec3 x)

e  sec3 x  cos3 x
Pdx

 The solution is ve   Qe dx  C


Pdx Pdx

y 3 cos3 x   3sin x cos 2 x cos3

x du  C 3t 
6

= C
6
 3 cos5 x sincos 6  C
xdxx
 y 3cos x3   C
2
Let t  cos x , dt  sin xdx

 y 3 cos3 x  3 t 5 (dt ) 
C
2.38 Engineering Mathematics – I

Example 5:

dy
Solve dx x sin 2 y  x3 cos2 y

Solution:

Dividing by cos2 y , the given equation becomes

dy 2sin y cos y
sec2 x x  x3
dx cos2 y
dy ...(1)
sec2 x dx 2x tan y  x3
Put v  tan y

dv dy
 sec2 y
dx
dv dx
Equation (1) becomes dx  2xv  x3 . This is linear equation in v. Here P  2x, Q  x3

I.F. = e  ex
2 xdx 2

 The solution is ve   Qe dx  C


Pdx Pdx

vex 2 x  x3ex dx  C 
 x e xdx  C
2
2
2

1
2 xte
put 2 t dt  C
 t ,2xdx  dt

1
 2 (t 1)et  C
2 1 2

vex  (x 2  1)ex  C
2
2 1
2

 tan yex  2 (x 2 1)ex  C


Differential Equations (First Order) 2.39

1
tan y  2(x 2 1)  Ce x
2

Example 6:

dy y
Solve dx x xex
Solution:

1
This is linear equation in y, Here P  ,xQ  xex
Pdx 1

e
 e x dx  elog x  x

 The solution is ye   Qe dx  C


Pdx Pdx

yx   xex xdx  C   x2 e x dx  C v  ex
v1 ex
Put u  x 2
v2  e
x
u '  2x

'' 2u 'v1  u ''v2  


 yx  uuv
C

xy  x2 ex  2xex  2ex   C

Example 7: xy   x2  2x  2 ex  C

dy
Solve dx 2 y tan x  y 2 cos3 x

Solution:

dy
Given that dx 2 y tan x  y 2 cos3 x

Dividing by y2 , we get 1 dy 2 tan x


  cos 3 x
y 2 dx y
2.40 Engineering Mathematics – I

dy …(1)
y2 dx 2 tan xy1  cos3 x

Put v  y1

dv dy
  y 2
dx
dx

dy dv
dx
2
Equation (1) becomes dv y 
 2 tan xv  cos x 3

dx
dv
 2 tan xv  cos 3dx
x . This is linear equation in v.
dx
Here P  2 tan x , Q  cos 3 x

 Pdx  2 tan xdx  2 log(sec x)  log(sec x)


2

 I.F. = e  sec2 x
Pdx

 The solution is ve   Qe dx  C


Pdx Pdx

sec 2
x x  3 x sec2 xdx  C   cos xdx  C
y1ysec2 xsin
 cos 
C
Example 8:

dy 2
Solve xy  dx y3 e  x

Solution:

dy 2
The given equation can be written as dx xy   y 3 e  x

1 dy x
Dividing by y3 , we get y3 dx  2e x
2

y
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.41

dy …(1)
y3 dx xy2  e x
2

Let v  y2

dv dy
 2 y 3
dx
dx

dy 1 dv
1 dv y 3 
2
Equation (1) becomes  2 dx xv  e x
dx 2
dv 2 dx
dx  2xv  2e . This is linear equation in v
x

Here P  2x, Q  2e x

I.F.= e   e  ex
Pdx 2 xdx 2

The solution is ve   Qe 


Pdx
dx  C
Pdx

2
2 x 2

y2 ex   2e ex dx  C
2  2x 
e x2
y C
Example 9:

Solve 1  dy   1  2   1
y 3  dx  y 2  x  x3
Solution:

The given equation can be written as y 3  dy   y 2  2   1 ...(1)


     dx   x
Put v  yx23
dv dy
 2 y3
dx

dx
dy 1 dv
y3 
dx 2 dx
2.42 Engineering Mathematics – I

1 dv 2 1
Equation (1) becomes  2 dx vx 
x3

dv 4 2
( i.e.) dx xv   . This is a linear equation in v.
x3

4 2
Here P   x, Q 
x3
1
4 dx 1
I.F. = e  Pdx  x
e 4log x
e log x4
 x4
e

 The solution is ve   Qe dx  C


Pdx Pdx

14
y 2 x   2x3 x14 dx  C
1
4 2  2  7 dx  C
1
x y x
1 1
4 2
  3x6 C
x y
Exercises
Solve the following equations
dy
dy 5. 3  y  e3x y4
1. (1 x ) dx xy  x y
2 2 2
dy
dy dy
2. dx y cos x  y n sin 2x 6. dx y tan x  y 2 sin 2 x

dy
3. dx x sin 2 y  x3 cos2 y
2 dy y4  x
4. 2 y
e
dx
Answer x
s
1 2. y1n e(1n)sin x  2e
(1n)sin x
[(1 n) sin x 1] 
1.  (C  sin1 x) (1  x2 )  x
y 1 n C
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.43

1 x2
3. tan e
x2
 e (x 1)  C
2
cos x C  sin3 x
6. 
2 y 3
4. y4 x2  2ex (x 2  2x  2)  C

1
5. y3  Cex  e3x2

2.5 ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES


2.5.1 Orthogonal Trajectories in Cartesian Co-ordinates

If two families of curves are such that each member of either family cuts each member of the
other family at right angles, the members of one family are known as the Orthogonal
Trajectories of the other. Families of curves related in this way occur frequently in applied
problems. For instance, in two dimensional problems in the flow of heat, the curves along
which the heat flow takes place and the isothermal curves or loci of points at the same
temperature are orthogonal trajectories. Similarly, in problems in the flow of electricity in thin
conducting sheets, the paths along which the current flows are orthogonal trajectories of the
equipotential curves and vice versa. In hydrodynamics, the flow of water from a lake into a
narrow channel produces a family of streamlines which are the orthogonal trajectories to the
curves of equal velocity potential. Consider f (x, y, c)  ...(1)represents one family of
0
curves, c being an arbitrary constant. We can form a first order differential equation which is
independent of c, and whose general solution is equation (1)

 dy  ...(2)
Let this differential equation be F x, y, 
0
dx
We know that if two curves intersect at right angles, the product of their slopes must be

equal to – 1. Now let ( x, y) be the point of intersection of a curve represented by equation (1),
2.44 Engineering Mathematics – I

dy
and its orthogonal trajectory. The values of x and y are the same for both the curves. dx is the

1
slope of the first curve and  will be the slope of the orthogonal trajectory.

 dy
Therefore, if we write dy1 dy
 for dxin equation (2) keeping x and y the same, we will get


dx
dx
the differential equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the family represented
byequation (1). Hence we get the differential equations of the system of orthogonal trajectories
as

 

 1   dx

...(3)
F  x, y,   0 or F x, y,  dy   0
 dy
dx  
 

Thus the problem of finding the O.T. of a given family of curves requires the solution of a first
order differential equation.
2.5.2 Orthogonal Trajectories in Polar Co-ordinates
...(4)
Let f (r,  , k )  0
represent one family of curves in polar Co-ordinates. In Fig. 2.2 , let C be a particular member
of this family. By differentiating the equation (4) with respect to  , we can eliminate the
parameter k and obtain the differential equation of the given family.

Let this differential equation be F  r, , dr   0 ...(5)


 d 

Now let C be a curve which cuts orthogonally the curve C at P. If  is the angle between the

rd
tangent at P to C and the radius vector OP, we know that tan   dr . If  ' is the angle
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.45

between the tangent at P to the curve C and the radius OP, we have  '    90o as the two

tangents are at right angles. Here tan '  tan(90o   )  cot 

Y
'
C

 90 0

C
Fig. 2.2.

1
   1   1 dr
tan  d r d
r dr
 1 dr
Hence, if we write d
r d in the place of r drin equation (5), keeping r and  the same, we
will get the differential equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the family
dr
represented by equation (4). Obviously we replace d
in the equation (5) by r 2 dr. We get
d
 2
d 
the differential equation of the system of orthogonal trajectories as F r, , r 0.
dr 
2.46 Engineering Mathematics –
I

Note: A family of curves f (x1, y1, c1 )  0 is said to be self orthogonal, if the same differential
equation is obtained by replacing dy dx in the differential equation of the form

f (x2 , y2 , c2 )  0 dx
dy
Points to Remember:-
1. Orthogonal trajectory in Cartesian form
The differential equations of the system of orthogonal trajectories is given by
 
1
   dx 

 
F  x, y,   0 or F x, y,   0
 dy
 d dx 
2. Orthogonal
y trajectory in Polar form
The differential equations of the system of orthogonal trajectories is given by

F r, , r 2 d   0
 dr 

Example 1:
Find the orthogonal trajectories of family of rectangular hyperbola xy  c 2
Solution:
The given equation is xy  c2
Differentiating with respect to x,

dy
x dx  y  0

dy y

dx x
dy
Replace by 
dx
we get
dx

dy
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.47

 dx y

dyx
dy x
dx  y
ydy  xdx

Integrating,  ydy   xdx

C
y22 x2 2
 
y 2  x2  2c which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 2:

Find the orthogonal trajectories of family of circle x2  y 2  a 2


Solution :
The given equation is x2  y2  a2

dy
Differentiating with.respect to ‘x’, 2x  2 y dx  0

dy
2 y dx  2x

dy x

dx
y
dy dx
Replace by 
, we get
dx dy

 dx x

dy

dy y

dx

dy dx

y
2.48 Engineering Mathematics – I

dy dx
Integrating on both sides, we get  y   x
log y  log x  log
c
log y  log x  log
c y
x  C which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 3:
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the system of Parabolas y2  4ax
Solution:
The given equation is y2  4ax

dy
Differentiating with respect to x, 2 y dx  4a

dy 2a

dx
dy
y  2y  y
2  a 2 
 y 
dx 4xy 2x  4x 

dy dx
Replace dxby  , we get
dy

 dx y

dy2x
dy 2x

dx y
Integrating on both sides, we get

y2 2x 2
 ydy 
  C which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
2 2 2 xdx
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.49

Example 4:

Find the O.T. of the family of ellipses given by x 22 y2 


a 
1
b2  
Where  is a parameter
Solution:

2
The given equation is x  y2  ...(1)
a 2
1
Differentiating with respect tob x, 
2

2x 2 y dy
 0
2
a
b   dx
2

2 y dy 2x
b2   dx   a 2
2
...(2)
dx ya2

(1)  y2 1 x2
b2   
2
2
a2

a2 2
y2
a2  x2 a2

Equation (2) becomes dy x  
dx   y a 2 yx
2 2

dy


xy dx
a 2  x2
dy dx
Replace by  , we get
dx dy
2.50 Engineering Mathematics – I

xy
dy   a  x2
dx 2

2
2

dxxy
a2  x2
dx
Integrating on both sides, we get  ydy   x

y2 x2 
 a log x 
2

2 C 2

y2 x2 a 2log x  C
 
2 2
x2  y 2  2a2 log x  2C which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 5:
2 2 2
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the series of hypocycloids x 3  y 3  a 3
Solution :
2

2
The given equation is x 3  y 3  a 3
Differentiating with respect to x, we get

2  13 2  13 dy
x  y 0
3 1
y 3
dy 1
x 3
3   1  1
 y 3 x 3
dx
dy dxdx
Replacing by  , we get
dx
2  13 dy 2  13
dy y  x
3

dx

3
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.51

 dx y 3
 1
dy x 3
1

dy x 3

dx 1
y 3
1 1

Integrating on both sides, we get  y 3 dy   x 3 dx


4 4

C
4 4
3 3
4 4

y 3  x 3  C is the required orthogonal trajectories.


Example 6:
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the curve of the family 2x 2  y 2  kx
Solution:

The given equation is 2x 2  y 2  kx ...(1)


Differentiating with respect tox,

dy ...(2)
4x  2 y dx  k
To eliminate k, dividing equation (2) by (1), we get

dy
4x  2 y
dx 1
2x2  y2  x

dy
(i.e.) (4x  2 y dx)x  2x 2  y 2

dy
4x2  2xy dx 2x2  y2
2
2
dx 2xy
2.52 Engineering Mathematics – I

dy dx
Replacing by  , we get
dx

2
dy 2

dy 2xy
...(3)
dy 22xy 2
dx   y  2x
This is a homogeneous equation.
put y  vx

dy dv
vx
dx dv dx 2vx2
Equation (3) becomes v  x  2 2
dx v x  2x 2
dv 2v 2v  2v  v3
x  v 
dx 2  2  v2
v2
dv 3
x  v
dx 2 
Integrating on both sides, we
v2 get

 dxx   2 v 1 dv


3
v
1
log x   2  log v  log
v
C
log x  log v  log C  
1 v2

log
vx  1
  2
C v
2
(i.e.) log  y    x 2
C

y
y
x 2   y 2 log  , which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
C
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.53

Example 7:

Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of ellipses x 22 y3


a  4a 2 
1
Solution:

The given equation is x 22 y2


a  4a 2 
1
4x2  y2 1
4a2 
(i.e.) 4x 2  y 2  4a2
Differentiating with respect to x,

dy
4(2x)  2 y dx  0

dy 4x

dx y
Replacing dy   dx , we get
dx dy

 dx 4x

dy y
dy
y
Integrating on both sides, we get  dy dx
dx4 y   x
4 log y  log x  log C
4x
y  Cx is the required orthogonal trajectories.
4

Example 8:
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the system of circles r  a cos
2.54 Engineering Mathematics – I

Solution:
The given equation is r  a cos ...(1)

Differentiating with respect to  , we get

dr ...(2)
d  a sin
To eliminate a, dividing equation (2) by (1)
dr
d   sin
r

cos
dr
d  r tan
dr
Replacing d
by r 2 dr
d
d
r 2 dr r tan

d
tan  r dr
Integrating on both sides, we get

dr d
 
r

tan
Example 9: log r  logsin   log
C
r  a(1  cos ),
Find the O.T of the cardioids where ‘a’ being a parameter.
r  C sin which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Solution:
The given equation is r  a(1  ...(1)
cos ),
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.55

dr ...(2)
d  a sin
To eliminate a, dividing equation (2) by (1)
dr
d  sin

1 cos
dr d dr  r sin
Replacing d by r 2
dr
d
d r sin
r 2 
Integrating on both sides,1we dr 
 get
cos 1
cos
dr (1 cos )
 

r sin
d
log r   (cos ec 
cot )d 1
log r  log cos sin .c
log r  log(cos   sin 
sinec
cot  logsin
1) cos  
 c
rlog
sin  sin  c

r  c(1  cos ) which is the required orthogonal trajectories.


Example 10:

Find the orthogonal trajectories of the curves r n  a n cos n and deduce the orthogonal

trajectories of the series of lemniscates r 2  a 2 cos 2


Solution:

...(1)
The given equation is r n  a n cos n
Differentiating with respect to ,
dr ...(2)
nrn1 d an n sin n
2.56 Engineering Mathematics – I

To eliminate an , dividing equation (2) by (1)


dr
nrn1

rn
cos
d  n sin n n
dr
d  r tan n
dr d
Replacing by r 2
d

dr d
r 2 dr r tan n

dr

r dr
Integrating on both sides, we get  r   cot n d
d tan
log(sin n )
n r 
log n  log c
n log r  log(sin n )  n log
c
…(3)
r n  cn sin n
This is the required orthogonal trajectories.
To deduce the O.T of the series of lemniscates r 2  a 2 cos 2 put n  2 in equation (3), we

get r 2  c 2 sin 2 which is the required O.T


Example 11:
Prove that the system of confocal and coaxial parabola y2  4a(x  a) is self orthogonal.
Solution :
The given equation is y2  4a(x  a) ....(1)
Differentiating with respect to x,

dy
2 y dx  4a

dy 2a

dx
y
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.57

y dy
a  2 dx...(2)

 y dy  y dy 
Equation (1) becomes y2  4  x 
2 dx  2 dx 
2y
 dy  x  y dy 

 dx  2 dx 
2
 dy  2 
dy 
y  2xy 
2
y   ...(3)
 dx   dx 
dy dx
Replacing by  , we get
dx
dy
2
 dx  2  dx
y 2  2xy     y  
dy  dy 
2
 dx  
2 dx 

y  2xy 
2
y 
 dy   dy 
2
 dx  
2 dx 

 2xy  y 
 dy   dy 
2
 dy 
Multiplying by   , we get
dx
2
 dy   dy 
y2    2xy  y
2

 dx   dx 
2
 dy  2
dy 
 y 2  2xy  y   which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
 dx   dx 
Since equation (3) is the same as equation (4), the system of confocal and coaxial parabolas is
self orthogonal, (i.e.) each member of equation (1) cuts every other member orthogonally.

Exercises
1. Find the equation of the system of O.T of the family of curves x2  y2  a2

2 2
2. Find the O.T. of the family of the hyperbola x  y 2 
a2 4a 1
2.58 Engineering Mathematics – I

2
x
3. Find the equation to the O.T to the family of ellipses given by  y2
 1 , where  is
a2 a2  
an arbitrary constant.
4. Prove that the system of confocal and coaxial parabola x2  4a( y  a) is self orthogonal.
5. Find the equation of the system of O.T of a series of confocal and coaxial parabolas
2a
r
1
cos
6.Find the O.T of the family of semi cubical parabola ay2  x3 , where a is a variable parameter.

7. Show that the cardioids r  a(1  cos ) and r  b(1  cos ) intersect at right angles.

8. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r 2  k(r sin 1)

Answers

1. xy  A
2c
5. r  1  cos
c
2. y4 

6. 2x 2  3y 2  C
x
3. x2  y 2  2a2 log x  C 8. r sin   2tan   C

2.6 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The Law of Natural Growth


When a natural substance increases in magnitude as a result of some action which affects all
parts equally, the rate of increase depends on the amount of the substance present. For instance,

dN
if N represents the total population of a country, its rate of increase with time is .dtUnder

ideal conditions, granting all the necessaries of a comfortable living to the people and assuming
constant birth and death rates and in the absence of such factors as war, famine, disease,
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.59

emigration, etc., one can reasonably guess that the rate of increase of the population will be
proportional to the total population at any given time. Hence, the growth of population will

dN
obey a differential equation of the form dt  kN ...(1) where k is a positive constant. More

generally, if N represents any self-generating population, the rate of growth of N will be


represented by the same differential equation.
The solution of the equation (1) is N  Ce k t suppose N  N , when observations begin at
0

steadily increasing. kt

Law of Decomposition (Decay)


In a radioactive substance, atoms disintegrate spontaneously. If at any time t, the
number of
dN
radioactive atoms present is N, the rate at which N is decreasing is dt and this is negative.

This rate of decrease or decay is found to be proportional to N itself. Hence we have the law,

dN
dt  kN , where k is a positive constant. As before, the solution of this equation is
 kt
N  N0 e , where N 0 is the number of radioactive atoms present at time t  0 . Due to the

exponential factor with negative index, in this case N decreases steadily.


Cooling of Bodies
According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate at which the temperature T of a hot body
decreases is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the body and the

dT
temperature T of
0 the surrounding air. Hence dtk (T  T ) 0

dT dy dy
Put T  T0  y , then dt  dt. The above equation becomes  dt
ky , which is of the

same form as before. Here y is the excess of temperature of the body over that of the
surrounding air at time t.
Simple Electric Circuits
We shall consider circuit shown in Fig. 2.3 made up of
2.60 Engineering Mathematics – I

(i) three passive elements – resistance, inductance, capacitance and


(ii)an active element – voltage source which may be a battery or generator
R (ohms) - Resistance
L – Inductance
C – Capacitance
E–
Electromotive
force
Resistance: Resistance is that circuit parameter, which opposes the flow of current, E  IR is
the voltage drop across a resistance R. dI
Inductance : Inductance is that circuit parameter which opposes a change in current. E  L dt

, that is the voltage drop across an inductance L is the rate of change of current in
times.

Fig. 2.3

q
Capacitance : Capacitance is that circuit parameter which opposes a change in voltage e  , c

dq
since the current is the rate of flow of positive change i  dt.
Kirchhoff’s Law
(i) In a closed circuit the sum of the voltage drops across each element of the circuit is equal to
the impressed voltage.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.61

(ii) At a junction of two or more elements of a circuit, the amount of current into the junction

point is equal to the amount of current away from the junction point.
L dt  RI  E (or)
dI

di
L dt Ri  E , where I is the current if E is constant or a function of t.
Unimolecular ChemicalReactions
In certain simple chemical reactions, the rate at which the molecules of a substance ‘A’ undergo
a chemical change is proportional to the number of molecules of it, which are present at any
particular instant. Hence, if N is the number of molecules of A, remaining at time t, then

dN
dt  kN which is of the same form as before. Such a reaction is known as a first-order
process.

Example 1:
The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate proportional to N. The value of N

1
was initially 100 and increased to 332 in one hour. What was the value of N after 1 2
hours?
Solution :

dN ...(1)
The differential equation to be solved is dt kN

…(2)
The solution of equation (1) is N  Cekt
N  100ekt …(3)
When t  0 , N 100 , so C 100 ,

…(4)
When t  3600 secs, N  332 (i.e.) 332  100e3600k
3
When t  hours =5400 secs, N  100e5400k …(5)
2

From equation (4), e3600k  332


100
2.62 Engineering Mathematics – I

3 3
 332   332 

3 2 2
2  
5400k
 (i.e.) e 
Hence e
3600k

 100   100 
3
2

 100 
Example 2: In a certain chemical reaction, the rate of conversion of a substance at time t is
proportional to the quantity of the substance still untransformed at that instant. At the
end of one hour 60 grams remain and at the end of four hours 21 grams. How many grams
of the first substance were there initially?
Solution :
Let x grams of the substance remain after t hours. Then the differential Equation of the reaction

dx
is dt kx …(1) where k is a positive constant.

...(2)
The solution of equation (1) is x  Ce kt
...(3)
When t  1, so 60  Ce k
...(4)
21  Ce4k
x  60
To find C, eliminate k from equations (3) and (4).
When t  4, x  21 so
60
Initially From t  e0 k ,x CC
when (3)

Substituting in equation
(4), we get 4
21   60   603 4
C C  C
3 604
(i.e.) C  21
Taking logarithms,
3log C  4 log 60  log 21 
5.7906
log C  1.9302
C  anti log1.9302  85.15
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.63

Hence, initially there were 85 grams of the substance.


Example 3: The current i in an electric circuit containing an inductance L and
a
resistance R in series an acted on by on electromotive force E sin wt . Find the value of
the current at any time t, if initially no current in the circuit. (Use Kirchhoff’s law). (Jan-
2011)
Solution :

di
By Kirchhoff’s law, L dt Ri  E sin wt

di R E sin wt
 i
dt L L
This is linear differential equation.Rt
R
I.F. = e  L dt  e
L
Rt
E
C
The solution is given by i (I.F.) =  L sin wte
L Rt Rt
E
ie L L e L sin wtdt 
C  Rt 
Rt eL 
E   R
ie L  2 sin wt  w cos wt   
L R  2L
w C 
 L2

 ax eax (a sin bx  b cos


  e sin bxdx  a  b bx)
2 2

 Rt
i E L2 R  …(1)
 2 22
sin wt  wcos wt   ce L
LRLwL 

Initially when t  0, i  0
2.64 Engineering Mathematics – I

ELw
0  C
R  L2 w 2
2

ELw
C
R  L2 w
2

 Rt
EL ELw
Equation (1) becomes i   R 
2 2 
sin wt  wcos wt  R 2 L w
2
2
e L
R  L w  L
2



Lw  Lw Rt


 R 2 sin wt 
wcos wt  e L
E  2 2
R 2
 L 2
w  R  L w 2
2 2

 R  L w
2

Lw R
Let sin  , cos 
 R 2  L2 w 2 R 2  L2 w 2
 Rt
E  
i (cos sin wt sin  cos wt)  sin e
L

R 2  L2 w 2 

E  R
 t 
i sin(wt  )  sin.e L
 which gives the current at any time t.
R 2  L2 w2 

Example 4: When a switch is closed in a circuit containing a battery E, a resistance R and

di
an inductance L the current i builds up at a rate given by L  Ri dt
E, find i as a

function of t.
Solution:

di
Given that L dt Ri  E

di R E
(i.e.) dt  Li  This is a linear equation.
L Rt
R
 I.F. = e  L dt e
L

E
 The solution is i(I.F.) =  L(I.F )dt  c
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.65

Rt
E Rt
ie L   L e L dt 
C Rt

E e L C

LR
Rt Rt L
EeL
ie L  C

 Rt R
i  E  Ce L
R

Example 5: According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in
moving air is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the substance and
that of the air. If the temperature of the air is 300 c and the substance cools from 100 0 c to
700 c in 15 minutes, find when the temperature will be 400 c.
Solution :
Let the unit of time be a minute and T the temperature of the substance at any instant t. Then by
dT
dT (or)  kdt
Newton’s law of cooling, we have dt k(T  30) T  30
Integrating on both sides, we get
log(T  30)  kt  C ...(1)

Initially, when t  0, T 100 , C  log 70

Equation (1) becomes, log(T  30)  kt  log 70


…(2)
kt  log 70  log(T  30)

Also, when t  15, T  70 ...(3)


15k  log 70  log 40
Dividing equation (2) by (3),
2.66 Engineering Mathematics – I

t log 70  log10 loge 7


   3.48
15 log 70  log
log e 4 
7
40
t = 15(3.48) = 52.2 minutes.

Hence the temperature will be 400c after 52.2 minutes.

Exercises
1.Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. If half the original quality
disappears in 1600 years, find what percentage of the original amount disappears in 200 years?

2.In a certain chemical reaction, the rate of conversion of a substance A at time t is proportional
to the quantity of A remaining untransformed at the instant. If that amount is 45 at the end of
one hour and 15 at end of 3 hours, find the amount at the start.
3. The equation of the electromotive force in terms of the current i for an electric circuit
having
di i 1 dE
a resistance R and a condenser of capacity C is given by dt Rc R dt
Find the current i when E = a constant.
Answers
 t

1. 8.3% 2. 40 3 3. i  E e Rc

2
R
2.6.1 Geometrical Applications
Let P be a point (x, y) on a curve. PT and PN are the tangent and the normal at P, meeting the x

axis at T and N respectively. PM is the ordinate of P. Let PTM  . We know that

dy
tan  dx. The several lines have been given the following names; PT is the tangent; TM the
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.67

subtangent; PN the normal and MN the subnormal. The following formulae express these

dy
lengths in terms of dx

y dx
1. Sub tangent = TM  y ;
dy
 dy

dy
2. Sub normal  MN  y dx

 dx 
 dx  
2
3. Tangent  PT  y
1   
 dy 

 dy  
2

4. Normal  PN  y 1    
 dx
Also, if ds is a small element ofthe arc
 of the curve at P, we have the relation

2 2
 ds   dy 
 dx   1   dx  
We can setup easily the differential equation of a family of curves, given some geometrical
property which can be expressed interms of the tangent and normal lines.

Example1: Find the equation of the curves for which the subnormal at each point has a
constant value a.
Solution :

dy
Length of the subnormal at any point (x.y)  y dx

dy
Hence y dx a is the differential equation to the given family

(i.e.) ydy  adx

Integrating, y 2  2ax  C which represents a family of parabolas.


2.68 Engineering Mathematics – I

Example 2: The part of the normal between the point p(x,y) of a curve and the x-axis is a
constant k. Form the differential equation of the family and show that the curves are all circles.
Solution :


 dy  
2

  k 
The equation of normal is given by y 1   
dx
 
This is the differential equation of the family.

 dy  
2
Squaring the above equation on both sides, we get
y 1 
2
k2
  dx  

k 2  y2 
2 2
(i.e.)  dy   k 2 1
 dx   y y2

(k 2  y2 )
dy
 y
dx
ydy
Separating the variables,  dx
(k 2  y 2 )

Integrating on both sides, we get (k 2  y 2 )   x  c

k 2  y2  (c  x)2

(i.e.) (x  c)2  y2  k 2 which is clearly the equation to a family


at circles.

Exercises
1.Find the equation of the curve in which the subnormal is constant and equal to 5 and which
passes through the point (2, 1)

2. Find the curves for which the subnormal at any point on it is the square root of the abscissa.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.69

3. Determine the curve in which the subtangent is equal to the square of the subnormal and
which passes through the point (1,1)

4 3 4
Answers1. y 2  10x 19 2. y 2  3x 2  C 3. 3y 3  4x 1

2.7 EQUATIONS OF DEGREEMORE THAN ONE


In this chapter, we shall consider the differential equations of the first order but with a degree

dy
higher than the first. For convenience, we denote dx
by p. The general differential equation of

the first order and degree n is of the form


p n  P pn1  P p n2  ...  P p  P  0 ...(1) where P , P ,..., P are functions of a x and y.
1 2 n1 n 1 2 n

To solve this equation (1), we consider the following cases :


1. Equations solvable for p
2. Equations solvable for y
3. Equations solvable for x
2.7.1 Equations Solvable for p
Suppose in (1), the left side can be resolved into n rational factors of the first degree. Then (1)

can be put in the form ( p  F1 )( p  F2 )...( p  Fn )  0 …(2) where F1, F2 ,..., Fn are
functions

of x and y. Equating each factor of (2)


dy
to zero,
dy
we get n differential
dy equations each of the first
.These equations can be
order and first degree. They are dx  F 12, dx F , ... dx  F n

solved by the usual methods. Let solutions of these equations be respectively. f1 (x, y, c1 )  0,

f 2 (x, y, c2 )  0, ... f n (x, y, cn )  0 ...(3) where c1, c2 ,..., cn are arbitrary constants. The n

solutions in (3) can be combined into one single solution of the form f1 (x, y, c)  f 2 (x, y, c)

... f n (x, y, c)  0 …(4)


Since every particular solution obtained from equations (3) can also be obtained from
equation (4) by giving suitable value of c, there is no loss of generality in replacing the n
arbitrary constants c1, c2 ,..., cn by a single arbitrary constant c.
2.70 Engineering Mathematics – I

Example 1:

Solve p2  9 p 18  0 , where dy


p  dx

Solution :

The given equation is p2  9 p 18  0

( p  6)( p  3)  0
p60 p30
p6p3

dy dy
6 3
dx dx

 dy  6 dx  dy  3 dx
y  6x  c, y  3x  c
Example 2:
The combined solution is ( y  6x  c)( y  3x  c)  0
Solve p2  2 py cot x 
y2
Solution :
The given equation is p2  2 py cot x  y 2  0 solving for
y,

2 y cot x  4 y 2 cot2 x  4 y2 2 y cot x 4 y2 (1 cot2 x)


p 
 2 2

2 y cot x  2 y cos ec2 x  2 y cot x  2 y cos ecx


 2 2
p   y cot x  y cos
ecx
Case (i) p   y cot x  y cos ecx
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.71

dy
dx  y(cos ecx  cot x)
Integrating, log y  log(cos ecx  cot x)  logsin x  log
c
(i.e.) y(cos ecx  cot x) sin x 
c
1

(i.e.) y  cos x sin
 xc
sin x sin x
(i.e.) y(1 cos x)  c
Case (ii) p   y cot x  y cos
ecx
dy
dx  y( cot x  cos ecx)

dy
Integrating,  y   (cot x  cos ecx)dx
log y  logsin x  log(cos ecx  cot x)  log
c
 cos ecx  cot x   c  1
(i.e.) y  c   cos2x  
 sin x   sin x 

(1 cos x)
 c 1 cos2 x  1
c cos x

(i.e.) y(1 cos x)  c

Example 3:
The combined solution is y(1 cos x)  c

Solve p3  2xp2  y 2 p 2  2xy2 p  0 where dy


p  dx

Solution :
The given equation is p( p 2  2xp  y2 p  2xy2 )  0

(i.e.) p( p( p  2x)  y 2 ( p  2x))  0

(i.e.) p( p  2x)( p  y 2 )  0
2.72 Engineering Mathematics – I

p  0 , p  2x  0 , p  y 2  0

dy dy dy
0,  2x,  y2
dx dx dx
Integrating the above equations, we get

y  c ,  dy  2 xdx ,  dy
y  
2
dx

1
y  x 2  c y  x 
c
y  x2  c  0, yx  cy 1  0

The combined solution is ( y  c)( y  x2  c)(xy  cy


1)  0
Example 4:

d 2y dy
Solve x
2
 2xy  22 y  2
dx x dx
2

Solution :

The given equation is x2 p 2  2xyp  2 y 2  x2  0

2xy  4x 2 y 2  4(x2 )(2 y 2 


p
x2 ) 2x 2

2xy  4x2 y2  4x 4 2xy  2x x2  y 2


 
2x 2

y x2  y 2
p ...(1)
x 2x 2

Let y  vx

dy xdv
pv
dx dx dv vx  x2  v2 x2
Equation (1) becomes, v  x 
dx x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.73

 v  1 v2

 dv dx
2  x
1 v

dv dx
Case (i)  1 v2   x

sin1 v  log x  c

sin 1   log x  c


y
x

dv dx
Case (ii)  1v2 x
 sin1 v  log x  c
2

 sin 1  y   log x  c 2
x 

sin  1   log x  c2  0


y
x
 1  
 y   log x  c  l og x  1
yc0
Hence the combined solution is sin
  x  sin   x  
Example 5:
Solve the equation xp2  2 py  x  0
Solution :
The given equation is xp2  2 py  x 
0
2 y  4 y2 
Solving for p, p 
4x 2 2x

dy  y
 y  1
2
…(1)
 x 

dx x
2.74 Engineering Mathematics – I

This is a homogeneous
equation Put y  vx

dy dv
pvx
dx dx
dv v2 1
Equation (1) becomes v  x x  v 

(i.e.) dv dx
 x
v2 1

Integrating, we get
dv dx
  

v2 1 x


log v  v 2 1    log x 
logyc y2  x2

x2  c and y  y2  x2  c

(i.e.) y  y 2  x 2  cx2  0 and y y2  x2  c  0

 The combined solution is y  y 2  x 2  cx 2  y y 2  x2  c 


Example 6: 0

Solve the equation p( p  y)  x(x  y)
Solution :
The given equation is p2  yp  (x 2  xy)  0

y y 2  4(x2  xy)  y  ( y 


p 
2x)2 2 2

 y  ( y  2x)
p
2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.75

Case (i) p   y  y  2x  x
2

dy
x
dx
Integrat
ing on
2 c
both y x 
sides, 2 2
we get
(i.e.) 2 y  x2  c 
0
 dy   y  y  2x
Case(ii) p  2
xdx

dy
dx  x  y

dy
dx  y  x , which is a linear equation.

 I.F. = e x

 The solution is y(I.F.) =  x(I.F)dx  c

yex   xex dx  c  xex  ex  c

y  x 1 ce x  0

Hence, the combined solution is (2 y  x2  c)( y  x 1 ce x ) 


Example
0 7:
1 x y
Solve p   
p
Solution: y
x p2 1 x2  y2
The given equation is 
p xy
2.76 Engineering Mathematics – I

p 2 xy  xy  px2  py2

p 2 xy  xy  px2  py2  0

p 2 xy  p( y2  x2 )  xy 
0
(x 2  y2 )  ( y2  x2 )2  4x 2
p 2
y 2xy
2
2 y 4  x4  2x 2 y 2
2xy
2
2
(x 2  y 2 ) 2 (x 2  y2 )  (x 2  y 2 )
2xy  2xy

(x 2  y 2 )  (x 2  y2 )
Case(i) p 
2xy
2 2 2
2 2

dx 2xy
2xy

dy x

Integrating on both sides, we get
dx  ydy   xdx
y2 x2 c

2 2y
y 2  x2  2c

(x 2  y2 )  (x 2  y 2 )
Case (ii) p 2xy

dy 2 y2 y
 
dx 2xy x
dy dx
Integrating on both sides,   
we get y x
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.77

log y  log x  log c


xy  c  0

Hence the combined solution is ( y2  x2  c)(xy  c) 


0
Example 8:
Solve : 2 p 2  (x  2 y 2 ) p  xy2 
0
Solution:

The given equation is 2 p 2  (x  2 y 2 ) p  xy2 


0
(x  2 y2 )  (x  2 y2 )2  8xy2
p
4

(x  2 y2 ) x2  4 y4  4xy2 
 8xy24

x2  4 y 4  4xy 2
(x  2 y 2 )
 4

(x  2 y2 ) (x  2 y 2 ) 2 (x  2 y2 )  (x  2
 4  4
 y2 )
x  2 y2  x  2
Case (i) p  2
y 4

dy x
(i.e.) dx  2
Integrating on both sides, we get
 2dy   xdx
x2
2y c
2
4 y  x2  2c
0
x  2 y2  x  2
Case (ii) p  y 2 4
2.78 Engineering Mathematics – I

dy
(i.e.) dx  y 2

Integrating on both sides, we get  dy


y  
2
dx

1 1
 y  x  c2 y x  c 
2 0


Hence the combined solution is (4 y  x2  c) 1  x  c 0
 y 

Exercises
Solve the following equations

1. p 2  5 p  6  0 dy
 dy   (x  y )  xy  0
2 2 2

4. xy 
2. x p  3xyp  2 y  0
2 2 2
dx
 dx 
3. xyp2  p(3x2  2 y2 )  6xy  5. 4 p2  8 p  3  0
0 6. xy2 ( p 2  2)  2 py2  x2 
Answers 0

1. ( y  3x  c)( y  2x  c)  0 4. ( y  cx)( y2  x2  c)  0

2. (xy  c)(x2  y  c)  0 5. (2 y  x  c)(2 y  3x  c)  0

3. ( y2  2x 2  c)( y  cx2 )  6. (x 2  y2  c)(x2  y2  cx4 )  0


0

2.7.2 Equations Solvable for y

If F (x, y, p)  0 is the differential equation of the first order but of degree higher than one,

then y can be expressed explicitly as a single valued function of x and p.


...(1)
(i.e.) The equation of this type can be re-written as y  f (x, p)
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.79

 dp  ... (2)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get p   x, p, 
dx
Equation (2) is a differential equation of the first order and first degree in the variables x and p.
It can be solved by the usual methods. Let the solution of equation (2) be  (x, p, c)  0 …(3)
where c is an arbitrary constant. If we eliminate p between equation (1) and (3), the eliminant is
the general solution of the given equation. If p cannot be easily eliminated between the
equations(1) and (3), they jointly provide the required solution in terms of the parameter p.
Example 1:

Solve y   px  x4 p 2
Solution:
The given equation is y   px  x4 p 2 ...(1)

Differentiating (1) with respect to ‘x’

   p  x
dy dp   4 dp

 x  2 p   p 2  4x 3
dx  dx   dx

dp 4 dp
p   p
 x  2 px 4p x 2 3

dx
dx
dp dp
2px  2 px4
 4 p 2 x3  0
dp dx dx
x dx (1 2 px3 )  2 p(1 2 px3 ) 
0
 dp
x dx  2 p 1 2 px3  
0
 
dp
Case (i) Let x dx 2 p  0

xdp
dx  2 p
2.80 Engineering Mathematics – I

Integrating on both sides, we get dp dx


 p  2 x
log p  2
log x  log c
log p  2 log
x  log c

px2  c c …(2)
p
x2
c c2
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get y   x 4

x x2
x4
c
y   x c 2 which is the general solution.

Case (ii)Let1 2 px3  0

2 px3  1
1
p …(3)
2x3
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), we get
1 1
y 3 x
x4 2x 4x 6
1 1
y 2  2
2x 4x

1 2
y   4xwhich is also a solution of the equation (1). However, it does not contain any

arbitrary constant. This solution is called a singular solution.

Example 2:
Solve : 4 y  x2  p 2
Solution :
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.81

The given equation is 4 y  x2  p2 …(1)


Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get

dy
4  2x  2 p
dp
dx dx
dp
(i.e.) 4 p  2x  2 p dx

dp 2 p  x

dx p
To solve this,
put p  vx

dp dv
 v  x Hence dv 2vx  x 2v 1
vx  
dx dx
dx vx
dv 2v 1 v 2v  v2 v
x   
1
dx v 1 v

vdv

dx
v
2v  v2 1 xdx
(v 1)2 dv  
x
(v 11) dx
(v 1)2 dv   x
1 1 dx
dv  dv  
v 1 (v x
1)2

1
  log x 
Integrating on both sides, we get log(v 1)  v 1
c
1
c
(i.e.) log(v 1)x  v 1
2.82 Engineering Mathematics – I

1
p p  c
Put v  , xwe get log 1
 x x  p
x 1
x
log p  x  c ...(2)
px

The given equation is 4 y  x2  p2 ...(3)


Equations (2) and (3) which express x and y interms of p constitute the solution.
Example 3:

Solve : y  3x  log p
Solution :
The given equation is y  3x  log p …(1)
dy 1 dp
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get 3
dx p dx

1 dp
p  3  p dx

1 dp
p  3  p dx

1
dp ...(2)
1  dx p( p  3)

1 1 B
By resolving into partial fraction, we have A
p( p  p( p  3) p  p 
3) 3
1  A( p  3) 
B( p)
1
Put p  0 ; 1  A(3)  A   3

1
Put p  3 ; 1  B(3)  B  3
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.83

dp  1 1 1 
Equation (2) becomes 1    
dx  3 p 3 p  3 

1 dp 1 1
 3  p  3  p dp
   dx
3
1 log p  1 log( p  3)  x 
c
3 3
p3
(i.e.) log p  3x  c

p3
p e ,
3xc
(i.e.)

3
(i.e.)1 p  e3x c 1( c 1ec )

3
(i.e.)1 c1 e3x  p

3
…(3)
(i.e.) p  1 c e3x
1

3
Substituting equation (3) in (1), we get y  3x  log 1 c e3x
2

This gives the general solution of the given equation.

Example 4:
Solve y  x  a tan1 p
Solution:
The given equation is y  x  a tan1 p …(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x,

dy
1
 1 a dp p2
 dx
1 dx
2.84 Engineering Mathematics – I

a
p
1 dp p2
1 dx
p 1
 a
dp p2
dx dp …(2)
 1 dx
a ( p2 1)( p
1 1)A Bp  C (using partial fraction)
( p2 1)( p 1) p 1 p2 1

1  A( p 2 1))(Bp  C)( p
1)
1
Put p=1,1  A(2)  0  A  2

Put p = 0,1  A 
C(1)

1 A c
1 1
1  2  C  C  2
Put p= -1, 1  A(2)  (B  C)
(2)

1  2A 2B  2c
1  1 2B 1
1
2B  1  B   2

 1 p 1  dx


 (2) becomes, dp 2  p   
 2( p 1)
2
2( p2 1) a
1 11 dp  1 p dp 
1 1 dx
 2
2 2
dp  
2  p 1
2 a
p 1 p 1
1
log( p 1)  2 log( p 2 1)  tan1 p   a  c
1 x

2 


Differential Equations (First Order) 2.85

a p 1 1

...(3)
x  2 log  tan p   c
p2 1

Substituting equation (3) in equation  we get
(1),

y  log( p 1)  2 log( p2 1)  tan1 p   a tan1 p  c ...(4)


a 1
2 
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equation (3) and (4) gives the general solution.

Example 5:

Solve y  (1 p)x  p 2


Solution :

The given equation is y  (1 p)x  p 2 ...(1)


Differentiating with respect to x,

dy dp dp
 1 p  x  2 p
dx dx dx
p  1 p  (x  2 p)
dp dx

dp
(x  2 p)dx 1 
0
dp
(x  2 p) dx  1

xdx 2 p  
dp
dx
dp  x  2 p …(2)

This is a linear equation in x, I.F  e  e p


dp

 The solution of equation (2) is xe p   2 pe p dp 


c

 2( pep  e p )  c
2.86 Engineering Mathematics – I

x  2  2 p  ce p …(3)
Substituting equation (3) in (1)

y  (1 p)(2  2 p  ce p )  p 2

 2  2 p  ce p  2 p  2 p2  cpe p 
p2
Example 6:
Solve p 2 x  2 py  ax 
0
Solution :
The given equation is p 2 x  2 py  ax  …(1)
0

p2 x  ax  1  px  
The given equation can be written as y  ax
 2 2 
p p

 dp  
dy  p  1  p  x dp  pa  ax  

dx  
2 2 
 p
dx dx 

a  p  x 
dp
dp
2p px  dx
dx p 2

xp 2 dp  ap  x dp 
p
dx  dx 
p2
dp dp
p3  xp2  ap  x a
dx
dx
dx

2 p  p  a 
dp
x x dp( p p(a)
2 2
p a)  0
0 dx 
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.87

dp  ( p2  a) 
 x dx  p  0
 0
dp
x dx  p
dp dx
Integrating,  
p
x
log p  log x  log c
p  cx …(2)
Substituting equation (2) in given equation,

c2 x3  2cxy  ax  0
2cxy  c2 x3  ax
a
2 y  cx2  c

y  2  p 2  c(1 p)e p …(3)


Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (2) and (3) gives the
general solution.
Example 7:
Solve y  2 px  p2
Solution :
The given equation is y  2 px  p2 …(1)
Differentiating with respect to x,

dy dp
 2 p  2x  2 p
dp
dx dx dx
dp
(i.e.) p  2 p  (2x  2 p) dx

dp
p  (2x  2 p)dx 
0
2.88 Engineering Mathematics – I

dx 2x  2 p   p
(i.e.)

dp
dx
p dp  2x  2 p  0

dx 2
dp  px  2 …(2)

which is linear equation

2
I.F  e  p dp  e 2log p  p 2
 The solution of equation (2) is

x(I.F )   2(I.F )dp 

c xp2 2  2 p 2 dp  c
xp2  3p3  c

2
x  3p  cp 2 …(3)

2 2  2
Substituting equation (3) in (1), we get y  2 p  p  cp p
3 

4
y  3p 2  2cp1  p 2 ...(4)

Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (3) and (4) together constitute the general
solution of equation (1)
Exercises
Sove the following differential equations
1. x  xp2  2 yp  4. y  2 px  tan1 (xp 2 )
0 5. p2 x  2 py  x  0
2. x  yp  ap 2
6. y  x  p2  2 p
3. y  2 p  3
p 2 Answers
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.89

1 x2 c 4. y  2 cx  tan1 c
1. y  
2c 2 5. c2 x2  2cy 1
p
2. x  (c  a sin 1 p) 6. (x  c)2  4( y 
1 p 2
c)
3. x  2 log p  6 p  c with the given
relation

2.7.3 Equations Solvable for x


If F (x, y, p)  0 be the differential equation of the first order but of degree higher than one,
then x can be expressed explicitly as a single valued function of y and p.

(i.e.) The equation of this type can be re-written as x  f ( y, p) …(1)

1  dp 
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to y, we get p  y, p, …(2)
 dy 
Equation (2) is a differential Equation of the first order and first degree in the variables y and p.
It can be solved by methods already known.
Let the solution of equation (2) be  ( y, p, c)  0 …(3)
where c is an arbitrary constant
If we eliminate p between the equations (1) and (3), the eliminant is the general solution
of the given equation. If p cannot be easily eliminated between the equations (1) and (3), they
jointly provide the required solution interms of the parameter p.

Note: Some differential equations can be put in both the forms y  f (x, p) and x  f
( y, p) . Both these forms may lead to the required solution. Sometimes one of the forms will
lead to the required solution more easily than the other.

Example 1:
Solve y  2 px  y2 p3
Solution :
2.90 Engineering Mathematics – I

Given equation is y  2 px  y 2 p3 …(1)


Solving for x, we have x  1  y  y2 p2 
2  p 
Differentiating bothsides with respect to y

dx 1 1  1 y dp dp 
  p p 2 dy
2 yp 2  2 y 2 p
dy
 p 2 dy


2 1 y dp2 dp
(i.e.) p p p dy2 yp  2 y p
2 2
dy

Multiplying by p2 , we get

dp
2 p  p  y dy  2 yp4  dy
dp
2 y 2 p3 4 dp dp
p  2 yp  y  2 y 2 p3 0
dy
dy
dp
p(1 2 yp3 )  y (1 2 yp3 ) 
0
 p  y dp  (1 2 yp3 ) 
dy
0 dy 
Discarding the factor (1 2 yp3 ) ,
dp dp
py 0 , py
dy
dy

dy dp
 0
y p
c …(2)
 yy  log p  log c
py  c ie. p log
Integrating,
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.91

2cx c3 2 3
Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get y  y  y (i.e.) y  2cx  c , which is the required

solution.
Example 2:

 p 
Solve p  tan x  1 p 2 
 
Solution :
p
Given equation can be written as x  tan1 p  ...(1)
1 p2
Differentiating with respect to ‘y’

dx 1 1 dp (1
  
p )  2 p dp dy
2 2
p 1 p 2
dy
2 2
(1p p)2 )2 (1 p dy
2

1   (1 )  2 p dp
p  (1 p ) 2 2
 dy

1 2

dp
22 2
pdy  (1 pp ) dyd p
 (1 p2 )2
1
yc …(2)
 1 p2
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (1) and (2) together constitute the general
solution.
Example 3:
Solve x  y  a log p
Solution :
The given equation is x  y  a log p ...(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to y,
2.92 Engineering Mathematics – I

dx 1 dp 1 1 dp
 1 a   1 a
dy p dy p p dy

1 a dp
 1 
p p dy a
dp
1 p
dp
 1 p  a 
dy  dp
Integrating,  dy  ady
 p 1
y  a log( p 1)  c

...(2)
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get
x  a log( p 1)  a log p 
c p
xa  c ...
 a[log p 1
xlog  log(
(3) p 1)]  c
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (2) and (3) give the general solution.
Example 4:
Solve p3  4xyp  8y 2  0
Solution :
The given equation is p3  4xyp  8y 2  0 ...
(1)
p2 8y
Solving for x, 4x  y  p
Differentiating with respect to y,
dx 2 2 p dp 8 8y dp
4 p   
dy y2 y dy p p 2 dy
2

p y2  y p 2 dy p
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.93

 2 p 8 y  dp p2 4
 p dy   p
 y 2
y2

(2 p3  8y 2 ) dp ( p3  4 y 2 )

yp2 dy py2
dp
2( p3  4 y2 ) y  p( p3  4
y2 )
( p3  4 y2 )  2 dy
y dp  p  0
 dy 

dp
p3  4 y 2  0 or 2 ydy  p 
0
Case (i): Let p3  4 y 2  0

p3  4 y2 …(2)
Substituting equation (2) in
equation (1),
4 y2  4xyp  8y 2
0

4xyp3 y 12 y 2
p
x
27 y3
p 3 ...(3)
3
x
27 y3
Equating equation (2) and (3), we get 4 y 
2

x3
(i.e.) 4x 3  27 y , which is the singular solution of equation (1)
dp
Case (ii): Let 2 y p0
dy

dp dp dy
2y  p (i.e.) 2 
dy p y
2.94 Engineering Mathematics – I

Integrating, we get 2 log p  log y  log c

(i.e.) p 2  cy …(4)
Substituting equation (4) in equation (1),

pcy  4xyp  8y 2  0

(i.e.) py(c  4x)  8y 2


Cancelling y and squaring, we get
p2 (c  4x)2  64 y2

cy(c  4x)2  64y 2

c(c  4x) 2  64 y , which is the general


solution.
Example 5:

Solve x  y  p2
Solution :
The given equation is x  y  p 2
Differentiating with respect to ‘y’

dx 1 dp
dy  p 1 2 p
dy

p
1
dy
dp
1  2 p
1 p dp
2p
p dy
2
dy p dp
2  1 p

p2 1
 1  p dp  2  dy
p2 11 dp  dy
 1 1 p 2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.95

2
dy
p 1 2

 
 ( p 1)( p 1)
dp 
dp  1  dy

 (p  p 1 2
2
1)
p y
  p  log( p 1)  
c 2 2
 p2 
2   p  log( p 1)  c 
 2
y

y   p 2  2 p  2log( p 1)  c
Since the elimination of p is very difficult,
x  [2 p  2 log( p 1)  c]

y   p 2  2 p  2log( p 1)  c are the general


Examplesolution.
6:

Solve x  p  p4
Solution :
The given equation is x  p  p4 …(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to y,

dx dp dp
  4 p3
dy dy
1 dp
p  dy(1 4 p )
3
dy
dy  dp(1 4 p3 ) p
 dy   ( p  4 p )
4

dp p 2 4 p5
y 
2 5  c …(2)
Since the elimination of p is very difficult, equations (1) and (2) give the general solution.
2.96 Engineering Mathematics – I

Example 7:

Solve the equation p3  2xyp  4 y 2  0


Solution :
The given equation is p3  2xyp  4 y 2  0 …(1)

p2 4
(i.e.) 2x  y  yp …(2)

Differentiating equation (2) with respect to y

dx 2 2 2p 4 4y
2  p    2
dp p
dy y dy dp
p p dy
y2
2p 4 y  dp  2 p2 
(i.e.)   p 2  dy    y 2  0
 y   p 
2  1
dp
(i.e.) p y ( p  2 y dy
2
3 2
)  py2 ( p3  2 y2 ) 
0
(i.e.) ( p3  2 y2 ) 2 y dp  p  0
 dy 
dp
p3  2 y 2  0 or 2 ydy  p 
0
Case(i): dp
2y p
dy
2dp dy
 p 

y
2 log p  log y  log c …(3)

p 2  cy
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), we get
cpy  2xyp  4 y2  0
p(c  2x)  4 y
(i.e.)
Squaring and using c(c  2x)
equation (4), 
2
16 y which
cy(c 2x)2  is16the
y 2 general solution of equation (1)
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.97

Case (ii): p3  2 y 2  0

p3  2 y 2 …(4)
Substituting equation (4) in equation (1)
2 y 2  2xyp 
4 y2  0
(i.e.) xp  3y
Raising power three on both sides,
x3 p3  27 y3 ( fromequation
2x3  27(i.e.)
y , which
2
(4) ) of equation (1).
x (2 yis)the singular solution
3

 27 y3
Exercises
Solve the following equations

1. y  3 px  6 p2 y 2

2. y 2 log y  xyp  p 2

3. y  2 px  p2 y

4. p2 y  2 px  y  0
Answers
1. y3  3cx  6c2

2. log y  cx  c2

3. y 2  2cy  c2

4. cx  log y  c2

2.7.4 Clairaut’s Equation


An equation of the form y  px  f ( p) is called Clairaut’s equation.
Let the Clairaut’s equation be y  px  f ( p) …
(1)
2.98 Engineering Mathematics – I

Differentiating equation (1), with respect to x,

dp
p  p [x  f '( p)] dx

dp
[x  f '( p)] dx

dp …(2)
dx  0
or f '( p)  x  0 …(3)
Solving equation (2), we get p  c …(4)
By Eliminating p between the equations (1) and (4), we get the general solution of equation (1)
as y  cx  f (c)
Thus the general solution of a Clairaut’s equation is obtained by replacing p by c in the given
equation. Eliminating p between the equations (1) and (3), we also get a solution of equation(1).
This solution does not contain any arbitrary constant. Also it cannot be obtained as a particular
case of the general solution. This solution is called the singular solution of equation (1).
Note: The singular solution of equation (1) is the eliminant of p between y  px  f ( p) and

df
x  dp 0 .Equivalently, the singular solution of equation (1) is the eliminant of c between

df
y  cx  f (c) and x  dc0 .Equivalently, the singular solution of equation (1) is the

df
eliminant of p between y  cx  f (c) and x  dc 0 .

Example 1:
Solve y  (x  a) p  p 2
Solution :
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.99

The given equation is y  px  ap  p2 …(1)


This is Clairaut’s equation.
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x,

dy dp dp dp
 p 1 x a 2p
dx dx dx dx
dp dp dp
(i.e.) p  p  x a 2p
dx
dp dx 0
or dx (x  a  2 p)
dx
dp
Either dx  0 or xa2p
0
Case (i): dp
Let dx  0
Integrating, we get p  c …(2)
Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get
y  cx  ac  c2
This is the general solution
Case(ii): Let x  a  2 p  0

xa
Then p  2

xa
Put p  2 in (1)
(x  a)2
y  (x  a) x  a 
 2   4

(x  a)2 (x  a)2 (x  a)2
  
2 4
4
 (x  a)2  4 y , which is the singular
solution.
2.100 Engineering Mathematics – I

Example 2:

Sove : y  px  ap1
Solution :
The given equation is y  px  ap1 …(1)
This is Clairaut’s equation.
Put p  c in (1), we get

y  cx  ac1

...(2)
This is general solution
Differentiating equation (2) with respect
 1 to c,
0  x  a c 2 

a
0x
c2
a
a …(3)
x c 
c2
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), xwe get
a a
yx a
x
x
y

ax 

ax  2 ax

 y2  4ax
This is the singular solution.
Example 3:

1 p2
Solve y  px 
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.101

Solution :

The given equation is y  px  1 p2 ...(1)

This is Clairaut’s equation

Put p  c in equation (1), y  cx 


1 c2 …(2)

This is general solution


Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘c’,
1 c
0x 2c  x
 2 1 c2 1
c 2

c 2
x  x2  c 2 …(3)
1 c2 1 c

c c2 1 c2 1


 
(2)  y  c  1 c 2
  1 c2
 1 c2  1 c2
1
y2  ...(4)
1 c2
Adding equations (3) and (4), we get,

x 2  y2  c 2  1
1 c2
x 2  y 2  1
1 c2
This is the singular solution.
Example 4:

Solve y  (x 1) p  tan1


p
Solution :
The given equation is y  (x 1) p  tan1 p …(1)
This is Clairaut’s equation

Put p  c in (1),

y  (x 1)c  tan1 (c)…(2)


2.102 Engineering Mathematics – I

This is general solution.


Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘c’,
1
0  (x 1)
 1 c2
1
 x 1
1 c2
1
1 c2 
1 x

c2  1 1  1 x 1  x
1xx 1 x 1 x
c
1 x
Substituting the value of c in equation (2)
x x
y  (x  tan1
1) 1 x 1 x
This is singular solution.
Example 5:

Solve y  2 px  p2
Solution :
The given equation is y  2 px  p2 …(1)
This is Clairaut’s equation

Put p  c in equation (1), we get y  2cx  c2 …(2)

This is general solution.


Differentiating equation (2) with respect to c,
0  2x  2c
2c  2x  c  x
Substituting the value of ‘c’ in equation (2), we get
y  2x 2  x2  x2
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.103

This is the singular solution


Example 6:

Solve x2 ( y  px)  yp2


Solution :

The given equation is x2 ( y  px)  yp2 ...(1)

Put x 2  X , and y2  Y

Then 2xdx  dX and 2 ydy  dY

dY y dy y
P  p
dX x dx x
x
or p  yP

 2  2
Equation (1) becomes X  y  x P  y x 2 P
2

 y  y

X ( y2  x2 P)  x2
P2

X (Y  XP)  XP2
Y  XP  P 2
This is Clairaut’s equation.
So the general solution is Y  Xc  c 2
…(2)
(i.e.) y  x c  c
2 2 2

Differentiating equation (2) with respect to c


0  x 2  2c
2
c  x
2
Substituting the value of ‘c’ in equation (2), we get
2.104 Engineering Mathematics – I

2
x2  x 4
 x4 x4
y  x      
2

 2 4 2 4
4
y 2  x
4 4 .This is the singular solution
4 y 2  x
Example 7:
Solve ( px  y)( py  x)  2
p
Solution :
Given equation is ( px  y)( py  x)  2 p …(1)

Put X  x 2 , Y  y 2

dX  2xdx dY  2 ydy
dY y dy y
  (i.e.) P  p (say)
dX x dx x

x
or p  yP

Substituting p value in equation (1),


x  x 
Px  y Py  x  2 x P
 y  y  y

 x2 P  y   xP  x  2 x P
 y  y

 x2 P  y 2  P 1  2 P
x
x 
 y  y

2
x2 P  y 2 
Pp 1

2P
y 2  x2 P  P 1
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.105

2P ...(2)
Y  XP  P 1
This is Clairaut’s equation.

Put P  c in equation (2), we get


2c
Y  Xc  c 1

2c
(i.e.) y 2  x 2 c  c 1

This is the general solution.


Example 8:

Solve y  2 px  yp2
Solution:

The given equation is y  2 px  yp2 …(1)

Put y2  Y

dy dY
2 y dx  dx
2
2 yp  P (say)  y2 p2  P
4
Multiplying throughout the given equation by y, it becomes,
y2  2ypx  y2 p2 ...(2)

2
(i.e.) Y  Px  P …(3)
4
which is a Clairaut’s equation.

2
The general solution of (3) is Y  cx  c …(4)
4
Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to c,
c …(5)
0x2
Eliminating c between the equations (4) and (5_), we get
2.106 Engineering Mathematics – I

Y  x 2

(i.e.) x2  y 2  0, which is the singular solution of (1)

Exercises
Solve the following
a
1. y  px 
p
2. y  px  ap(1 p)
3. p  log( px  y)

4. y  2 px  y 2 p 2

5. ( px  y)( py  x)  h2
p

6. y  xp2  p
Answers
a
1. y  cx  cis general solution, y 2  4ax is the singular solution.

2. y  cx  ac  ac2 is general solution, (x  a)2  4ay is the singular


solution.

3. y  cx  ec is general solution, y  x log x  x is the singular solution.

4. y2  2cx  c2 (Hint: Put 2x  X , y 2  Y )


2 2 h2 c
5. y  cx  1 c
6. x(1 p)2  c  log p  p with the given relation.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.107

PART A - QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Define exact differential equations.

Any differential equation of the form Mdx  Ndy  0 is said to be exact, if it satisfies the

condition that  M  N , where M,N being functions of x and y only.


y x

2. What is the General solution of the exact differential equation?

where
The General solution of the exact differential equation is  Mdx   Ndy  C,

 Ndy   (The terms not containing x)dy.


3. D.E
Any When do form
of the you say that the=0
Mdx+Ndy Differential Equation
is said to be exact if itis satisfies
exact? the

condition that M N
y  x

4. Check whether the following differential equation is exact or non-exact.

(a 2  2xy  y 2 )dx  (x  y) 2 dy  0

The given differential equation is (a 2  2xy  y 2 )dx  (x  y) 2 dy  0 …

(1) Equation (1) is of the form Mdx  Ndy  0 ,

whereM = (a 2  2xy  y 2 )
… (2)

N =  (x  y) 2 … (3)

M … (4)
y  2x  2 y

N … (5)
x  2x  2 y
2.108 Engineering Mathematics – I

From equations (4) and (5) we get M N


y  x

Therefore, the given differential equation is exact.

5. Define Integrating factor.

If an equation of the form Mdx  Ndy  0 is not exact, it can always be made exact by

multiplication with a proper factor. Such a multiplier is called an Integrating factor.

 dy   6 dy  8 
2

6. Solve  0
 dx  dx
Given equation can be written as p 2  6 p  8 
0,
( p  2)( p  4)  0

( p  2)  0 & ( p  4)  0

p2 p
4
dy dy
=2 =4
dx dx
dy  2dx dy  4dx

2dx  dy  0 4dx  dy  0

2  dx   dy  4  dx   dy  c2
c1

2x  y 2xc14xy  yc14xc2  y  c 2  0

(2x  y  c1 ) (4x  y  c2 )  0

The General solution is given by (2x  y  c) (4x  y  c) 


0.
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.109

dy
7. Solve p 2  7 p 12  0 , where p  dx
.

Given that p 2  7 p 12  0

( p  3)( p  4)  0

( p  3)  0 ( p  4) 
0

p3p 4

dy
3
dy
4
dy  3 dx
dx dy  4dx

3dx  dydx 0 4dx  dy  0

3  dx   dy  4 dx   dy 
0 0

3 x  y  c1 4x  y  c2

3xyc 0
 The General 1solution is (3
4xyyc
x c2  0 y  c2 ) 
1 )(4x

0
8. What is meant by General and Singular solution?

The solution of the differential equation of the first order contains the arbitrary constant is
called General solution. The solution of the differential equation of the first order does not
contain any arbitrary constant is called Singular solution.

9. Define Clairaut’s form (or) Clairaut’s equation and its solution.

The differential equations of the form y  xp  f ( p)


(or)
2.110 Engineering Mathematics – I

 f   is called Clairaut’s Equation.


dy dy
yx
Put p=c. Then the solution of
dx  
Clairaut’s equation is y  xc  f (c)

10. What is the General solution of y  px  ap


?

The Given equation is y  px  ap . This equation is of the form

y  xp  f ( p) , which is known as Clairaut’s form. Put

p = c , then we get the General solution.

 y  cx  ac is the General solution of the given


equation (1).

11. Solve y  (x  a) p  p 2

The given equation can be written as y  xp  ap 


p2

This equation is of the form y  xp  f ( p) , which is known as Clairaut’s form.

Put order
The first p = c ,differential
then the general solution
equation is of the  xcdy
is yform dx ac
Py  cQ
2

12. Define first order linear differential equation.


Where P and Q are functions of x only (or) constant. It is called Linear differential
equation.

13. What is the General solution of the first order linear differential equation?

dy
The General solution of the first order linear differential equation dx  Py  Q
is

ye    Qe  dx  c
Pdx Pdx
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.111

14. Define Orthogonal Trajectory.

If two families of curves are such that each member of either family cuts each member of the
other family at right angles, the members of one family are known as the orthogonal
trajectory of the other.

15. What is the Orthogonal Trajectory of x 2  y 2  a 2 ?

Given that x 2  y 2  a 2

Differentiating the above equation with respect to x,

dy
2x  2 y dx  0

dy dx
Put 
dx dy

x dx dy dx
  
y dy y
x

dx dy
 0
x y

dx dy

x

y
 log c
log x   log c
 ylog
log x   y  log c

x
y c
2.112 Engineering Mathematics – I

x
The Orthogonal trajectory of x 2  y 2  a 2 is y c

16. Write down the standard form of Bernoulli’s equation and its solution.

dy
The Bernoulli’s equation is dx Py  Qy n

The general solution is


y 1n e    (1 n)Qe 
p(1n)dx p(1n)dx
dx  c

17. Solve: xdx  y(x 2  y 2 1)dy

The given differential equation is xdx  ydy  y(x 2  y 2 )dy

2xdx  2 ydy
 2 ydy

d (xx2  yy 2 ) 2
2 2

x2  y 2  ydy

Integrating on both sides we get,

 d (x 2  y 2 )
x2  y2  2 ydy  c

log(x2  y 2 )  y 2  c .

18. Solve: (2xy 2  y)dx  xdy  0

The given differential equation is (2xy 2  y)dx  xdy  0


xdy  ydx
2xdx  0
y2

 ydx  2xdy 


2xdx   y 0
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.113

x
2xdx  d    0
y 

Integrating on both sides we get,

 2xdx   d   c
x
y

x
x2  c
y

x 2 y  x  cy .

19. Solve x  y  a log p


Given x  y  a log p
… (1)

Differentiating equation (1) we get,

dx a dp
 1
dy p dy

1 a dp
 1
p p dy

1 a dp
1 
p p dy

dp
dp
dy p a a
1
 pdy
1
Integrating on both sides, we get
2.114 Engineering Mathematics – I

dp
 dy  a p 1

y  a log( p 1)  c … (2)

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1) we get,

x  a log( p 1)  a log p  c

x  a log p  log( p 1) c


p
 
x  a log c
 ( p 1) 

p
  y  a log( p 1) 
Hence the solution is given by x  a log   c , c
( p 1)
dy
20. Solve  y cot x  cos x
dx
dy
Given,  y cot x  cos x
dx

This is linear equation in y where P = cot x and Q = cos x

I.F  e   e
pdx cot xdx
 elogsin x

I.F. = sin x

ye   Qe 
pdx pdx
dx  c

ysinx   cos x sin x dx  c


Differential Equations (First Order) 2.115

sin 2x
y sin x   2 dx  c

cos 2x
ysinx   4 c

dy
dx x
y
21. Solve  ex
dy y
 ex
Given that
dx x

dy 1
This equation is of the form dx Py  Q where P  & Qx e x

dx
Pdx   x  log x
e e x
 Pdx log x

The General solution is given by

ye    Qe 
pdx pdx
dx  c

yx   e x xdx  c  xy  (xex  ex )  c

22. What is the equation of orthogonal trajectory in Cartesian and polar co-ordinates?

The equation of orthogonal trajectory in Cartesian co-ordinates is

dy dx

dx
dy

The
equati
on of
ortho
gonal
traject
ory in
polar
co-
ordin
2.116 Engineering Mathematics – I

dr d
r2
d dr

23. Find the orthogonal trajectory of xy= c2

Given that xy = c2

Differentiating with respect to ‘x’, we get


dy dy y
x y0 
dx dx x

The equation of dy dx

orthogonal trajectory dx
is
y dx dy

x dy

x dx – y dy
=0
 xdx   ydy  0
  c1 x 2  y 2  c ,2
x22 2y 2

which is the required Orthogonal trajectory.

24. What is the General solution of y  px 


ap

The given equation is y  px  ap

This is clairaut’s equation, put p = c

Then the general solution is y  cx  ac

25. Solve y= (x-a) p - p2

Given equation is y = (x-a) p – p2


Differential Equations (First Order) 2.117

This is clairaut’s equation

Put p = c

y= (x-a) c – c2...(1)

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘c’

xa
0 = (x-a) - 2c , 2c = (x-a) , c  2

Substituting ‘c’ in equation (1)

(x  a) (x 
y  (x  
a) 22 4
a)

 (x  a) 2  (x  a) 2  2(x  a) 2  (x  a) 2  (x  a)
2

2 4 4
4
dy
26. Solve p = sin (px-y) where p  dx

Given that p = sin(px –y)

sin 1 p  px  y

y  px  sin 1 p ...(1)

Equation (1) is a clairaut’s equation

Substituting p = c in equation (1), we get

y  cx  sin 1 c is the general


solution of equation (1).
27. Solve p = log (px-y), where dy
p  dx

Given that p = log (px-y) …(1)


2.118 Engineering Mathematics – I

Taking exponential on both sides.

e p
 e log(px y ) , e p
 px  y

y  px  e p …(2)

Equation (2) is in clairaut’s form.

Sustituting p = c in equation (2)

y= c x – ec is the general solution of equation (1).

dy
28. Solve p 2  9 p  18  0 , where p  dx

Given that p 2  9 p 18  0


p  3p 6  0
p  3 and p  6

dy dy
dx  3  dy  3dx dx  6

3dx  dy  0
 6dx   dy  c 2

 3 dx   dy  c  6dx   dy  c
1

3x  y   0 y  c2 2  0
 c1 6x
6x  y  c

The general solution is given by 3x  y  c  6x  y  c   0


Differential Equations (First Order) 2.119

29. Define the Law of Natural Growth.

When a natural substance increasing in magnitude as a result of some action which effects
all parts equally, the rate of increase depends on the amount of the substance present. For
instance, if N represents the total population of a country, its rate of increase with time is
dN
dt .Hence the growth of population will obey a differential equation of the form

dN
dt  kN …(1)Where k ia a positive constant. More generally, if N represents any self-
generating population, the rate of growth of N will be represented by the same differential
N  N 0 e . As k is positive, N is steadily increasing.
kt
equation. The solution of (1) is

30. Define the Law of Decomposition.

In a radioactive substance, atoms disintegrate spontaneously. If at any time t, the number of

dN
radioactive atoms present in N, the rate at which N is decreasing is dt and this is
negative. This rate of decrease or decay is found tobe proportional to itself. Hence we

dN
have the law  kN where k is a positive constant. As before, the solution of this
dt
 kt
equation is N  N 0 e Where N 0 is the number of radioactive
atoms.
2.120 Engineering Mathematics – I

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1.Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE): Differential equations which involve only one
independent variable and ordinary differential co-efficients are called ordinary differential
equation.

2.Partial Differential Equations (PDE): Differential equations which involve two or more
independent variables and partial derivatives with respect to them are called partial
differential equations.

3.Order and Degree of a Differential Equation: The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest ordered derivative occurring in the differential equation. The degree of
a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it.

4. The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation to be exact is

M N

y x

5. The solution of exact differential equation is given by


 Mdx   N (Terms not containing x) dy 
y constant

C
6. 6. The following differentials are very useful in selecting a suitable integrating factor.

(i) ydx  xdy  d (xy) xdy  ydx


d
y
(ii) 2  x 
x

ydx  xdy x xdy  ydx  1  y 


(iii) d   (iv) x2  y2  d tan
y 2  y   
  x 
Differential Equations (First Order) 2.121

(v)
xdy  ydx   y 
xy  d log
  
vi ydx xyxdy  d log(xy)
  x 

xdy  ydx
 d  log(x2  y2 )
1 xdy  ydx 1 xy
(vii)  viii  d  log

x2  y2 2 x y
2 2
2 x  y
7. Homogeneous Equation

A function f(x,y) of the variables x and y is called homogeneous of degree n, if for any
parameter 't’ , f(tx,ty)=tnf(x,y).

1
is a homogeneous equation in x and y, then is an
8. If Mdx  Ndy  0 Mx  Ny

I.F. provided Mdx  Ndy  0

1
, then is
9. If Mdx  Ndy  0 is of the form f1 (xy) ydx  f 2 (xy)xdy  0 Mx  Ny

an I.F. provided Mx  Ny  0

dy
10. The general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is dx Py  Q and

its solution is given by ye   Qe dx  c,


Pdx pdx

dy
11. Bernoulli’s Equation : dx Py  Qy n .

12. Orthogonal Trajectories: If two families of curves are such that each member of
either family cuts each member of the other family at right angles, the members of one
family are known as the Orthogonal Trajectories of the other.

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