Cofferdam

COFFERDAM
oil out of the excavation in which a

cture is built.
èn construction
offerdam is built to
The word "cofferdam" comes from "coffer" meaning

box, in other words a dam in the shape of a box.
TYPES
• Braced
• Earth-Type
• Rock fill coffer dam
• Cellular a)Diaphragm type b)Circular
• Single-sheet pile coffer dam
Double-Walled Sheet Pile
1.BRACED COFFERDAMS
• Formed from a single wall of sheet piling
• Driven into the ground to form a box
• around the excavation site
• The "box" is then braced on the inside
• Interior is dewatered
• Primarily used for bridge piers in
• shallow water (30 - 35 ft depth)
2. EARTH-TYPE
• It is the simplest type of cofferdam.
• It consists of an earth bank with a clay core or
vertical sheet piling enclosing the
excavation.
• It is used for low-level waters with low
velocity and easily scoured by water rising
over the top.
4. DOUBLE-WALLED
SHEET PILE
• They are double wall cofferdams comprising
two parallel rows of sheet piles driven into
the ground and connected together by a
system of tie rods at one or more levels.
• The space between the walls is generally
filled with granular material such as sand,
gravel or broken rock.
5. CELLULAR
• Cellular cofferdams are used only in

those circumstances where the
excavation size precludes the use of
cross-excavation bracing.
• In this case, the cofferdam must be
stable by virtue of its own resistance to
lateral forces.
CELLULAR
COFFER DAM
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• Scouring or undermining by rapidly
flowing water
• Stability against overturning or tilting
• Upward forces on outside edge due to tilting
• Stability against vertical shear
• Effects of forces resulting from:
Ice, Wave, Water, Active Earth and
Passive Earth Pressures
ADVANTAGES
• Allow excavation and construction of

structures in otherwise poor
environment .
• Provides safe environment to work
• Contractors typically have design
responsibility
• Steel sheet piles are easily
installed and removed
• Materials can typically be reused
on
other projects
STALLATION
r installation:
• Barges may be required

COMPONENTS
• Sheet piling
• Bracing frame
• Concrete seal
• Bearing piles
BRACING FRAME
BEARIN
G PILES
DESCRIPTION
The typical cofferdam, such as a bridge

pier, consists of sheet piles set around a
bracing frame and driven into the soil
sufficiently far to develop vertical and
lateral support and to cut off the flow of
soil and, in some cases the flow of water.
DESCRIPTION
The structure inside may be founded

directly on rock or firm soil or may require
pile foundations.
In the latter case, these generally extend
well below the cofferdam.

Inorder to dewater the cofferdam, the
bottom must be stable and able to resist
hydrostatic uplift. Placement of an
underwater concrete seal course is the fastest
and most common method.
CONSTRUCTION
An underwater concrete seal course
may be placed prior to dewatering in
order to seal off the water, resist its
pressure, and also to act as a slab to brace
against the inward movement of the sheet
piles in order to mobilize their resistance
to uplift under the hydrostatic pressure.
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
For a typical cofferdam, such as for a

bridge pier, the construction procedure
follow the listed pattern.
1. Pre-dredge to remove soil or soft
sediments and level the area of the
cofferdam.
2.Drive temporary support piles

3.Temporarily erect bracing frame on the
support piles.
4.Set steel sheet piles, starting at all

four corners and meeting at the center of
each side
5.Drive sheet piles to grade.
6.Block between bracing frame and
sheets, and provide ties for sheet piles at
the top as necessary.
7. Excavate inside the grade or slightly

below grade, while leaving the
cofferdam full of water.
8. Drive bearing piles.

9. Place rock fill as a leveling and support
course.
CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCE
10. Place tremie concrete seal.

Tremie
concrete seal.
Tremie
concrete seal.
11.Check blocking between bracing and

sheets.
12.Dewater.
13.Construct new structure.
AFTER DEWATERING AND
CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURE
14. FLOOD COFFERDAM.
CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCE
15.Remove sheet piles.
16.Remove bracing.
17.Backfill.
WALE AND STRUT SYSTEM
Installation of Wale and Strut System

for Framework
WALE AND STRUT SYSTEM
Installation of Wale and Strut System

for Template
TTY REQUIREMENT
• Light and ventilation

• Attention to safe practices on the part of all workers and
supervisors
Principal hazards and risks
1. Falls from height from dam walls into
excavation or into water
2. Health hazards from contaminated water,

hazardous gases in confined spaces, noise and
vibration from piling operations
3. Hazards from services such as cables in river

bed, temporary power cables in water etc.
4. Contact with moving equipment such as
collisions between boats, pontoons, crane barges
and cofferdam. moving plant and slewed
equipment in confined space
5. Flooding caused by failure of cofferdam walls
Some design options
to reduce hazards
1.Consider a temporary causeway instead
of floating rigs
2.Prefabricated caissons towed into place be

used instead of driven piled cofferdams to
lessen the work in the water and reduce the
noise.
3.Consider the level of the working platform or

causeway with respect to high tide and flood
levels.
5.Plan the shape of the cofferdam to suit
working space and construction plant as well as
final structure.
6.Consider the use of different construction or of

remotely controlled techniques to design out
the need for underwater working.
7.Incorporate lugs and holes in design to aid

fixing of equipment
U TYPE SHEET PILES
Z SHAPED SHEET
PILES
JOINTS IN SHEET PILING
TYPES OF INTERLOCKS
1. BALL AND SOCKET

2. SINGLE JAW SOCKET
3. DOUBLE JAW SOCKET
4. HOOKE AND GRIP
5. THUMB AND FINGURE ONE PIONT
6. THUMB AND FINGURE THREE
POINT
7. DOUBLE HOOKE
Cellular Type
The cellular type is more expensive and requires more

technical know-how. It involves arranging the cells in a
circular shape on the inside. The outer parts of the
circle will then have diaphragm walls. Finally, a Y-
element joins the circular parts with the diaphragm.
To reduce leakage and increase stability, you fill the
empty spaces with clay or sand. You can easily
increase the length of the cofferdam by adding to the
diaphragm.
Uses of Cellular Cofferdams

Cellular cofferdams are water exclusion structures with
wide useability. For example, they help const bridge
footings or piers, locks, dams, and other in-water
structures.
It can also serve as a temporary structure for
hydroelectric power plants. Engineers are beginning to
adapt cellular cofferdams for
permanent hydroelectricity structures.
The purpose of a cofferdam is to provide a safe
workspace for construction within and over water
bodies. Cofferdams are expensive to construct, but you
may re-use the same materials for other cellular
cofferdam constructions.
Advantages of Cellular Cofferdams
Here are some advantages of a cellular cofferdam:
Reduced Leakage: Cellular cofferdams are less likely to have leaks.

Stability: with the reinforcement using gravel and soil, cellular
cofferdams are relatively more stable.
Good range: Cellular cofferdams are useful when the layer of water is

over 20m, unlike some other types of cofferdams.
Design Factors to Consider When Constructing Cellular Cofferdams
Like with every other structural work, there are vital considerations
before constructing a cellular cofferdam. In general, the design of a
cofferdam should satisfy every one of these criteria:
1. Must withstand all the loads it would carry.
2. The walls of the cofferdam must not disturb the permanent
construction or any nearby structures.
3. The amount of water seeping into the cofferdam must be controllable
by pumping it out.
4. At all times, the formation level stability must be preserved and not
prone to heaves, pipes, or boiling.
5. Proof of overall stability and balance of earth pressure.
The design factors you should consider when constructing a cellular

cofferdam are:
The soil
Excavation size/depth
Water table

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What are the different types of cofferdams described in the document?

What are the different types of cofferdams described in the document?

What design considerations must be taken into account for cellular cofferdams?

What design considerations must be taken into account for cellular cofferdams?

COFFERDAM

oil out of the excavation in which a

The word "cofferdam" comes from "coffer" meaning

• Cellular cofferdams are used only in

• Allow excavation and construction of

• Barges may be required

The typical cofferdam, such as a bridge

The structure inside may be founded

well below the cofferdam.

For a typical cofferdam, such as for a

2.Drive temporary support piles

4.Set steel sheet piles, starting at all

7. Excavate inside the grade or slightly

8. Drive bearing piles.

10. Place tremie concrete seal.

11.Check blocking between bracing and

Installation of Wale and Strut System

Installation of Wale and Strut System

• Light and ventilation

2. Health hazards from contaminated water,

3. Hazards from services such as cables in river

2.Prefabricated caissons towed into place be

3.Consider the level of the working platform or

6.Consider the use of different construction or of

7.Incorporate lugs and holes in design to aid

1. BALL AND SOCKET

The cellular type is more expensive and requires more

Uses of Cellular Cofferdams

Here are some advantages of a cellular cofferdam:

Reduced Leakage: Cellular cofferdams are less likely to have leaks.

Good range: Cellular cofferdams are useful when the layer of water is

The design factors you should consider when constructing a cellular

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