L4 Descript of VOWELS-1

English Phonetics and Phonology:
DESCRIPTION OF PHONEMES
:VOWELS
Mgs. Nina Nesterenko
VOWELS and CONSONANTS
In written English, the 26 letters of the alphabet comprise
5 vowels and 21 consonants.
In spoken English, there are 20 vowels and 24 consonants.
“It is this discrepancy, of course, which underlies the complexity of English spelling.“(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2006)
VOWELS and their IPA symbols
VOWELS vs CONSONANTS
any sound with a sound with

no audible noise
produced by audible noise
constriction in produced by a
the vocal tract constriction
Difference between vowels and

consonants
the way they are produced
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xa5bG_wrK7s ( VOWELS. Video)
VOWELS
• The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis,
meaning “”speaking ", because in most languages
words and thus speech are not possible without
vowels.
• There are only five letters used to write vowels in
English. They stand for about 20 vowel sounds in
most English accents
VOWELS
Vowels are described in
terms of the ways in which
the tongue and lips move.

V. are normally made with
no obstruction in the air

stream in the mouth,
pharyngeal and nasal
cavities.
Vowels are MELODY of English
a e i ou y
VOWELS
•Vowels form centre of word and
nucleus or peak of syllable
Ex: table car com - pu- ter
• Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets
no obstruction in the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal
cavities.
Vowels are always voiced
CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS
VOWELS: CLASSIFICATION
LENGTH
SIMPLE (short,lax) COMPLEX (long/tense)

Retain the same position Change position of the
of the speech organs speech organs, and
through articulation end with /w/ or /y
[i ,e , ə , æ, Ɔ (o) ,u, Λ]
[ i: , a:, Ɔ:, u: , :] + diphthongs
hit, busy, myth, egg, said, certain, bead, cheese, people, class, far,
about, banana, hat, apple,dog, heart, fork, or, taught, food, true,
because ,polish, book, push, put fruit, shirt, pearl , world
does, bus, come
ENGLISH VOWELS
SIMPLE (SHORT) COMPLEX (LONG) TENSE
ǽ - cat, bat, mat /eɪ̯/ -day, pay, say,
ɪ - hit, sit, split /aɪ̯/ - sky, buy, cry, tie ɪ: -cheese knee,agree
ə - away , about , upon / ɔɪ̯ / - boy, noise, moist ɑ: - arm, palm, calm
ʊ - put, could , should / ɪə̯ / - pier, hear, near ɔ: - call, mall, Paul
/ eə̯ / - pair, hair, lair u: - fruit, pool, suit
ɛ - end, air, bet ɛ:- turn, first, serve,
ʌ - uncle, nut ,bus, but / ʊə ̯/ - tour, poor, curve
e - left, egg, instead /oʊ / - oh, no, so, phone,
low, grow, home,

shoulder
/ɑʊ /- pound ,how, cow,
aloud, now, down

Pure(single) vowels vs DIPHTHONG , or SHORT and LONG
Ex:
bit-beat we – weed (ɪ - ɪ:)
mat-mate (ǽ- ei)
rip-ripe (ɪ - ai)
pull-poo (ʊ- u: )
let – ley pet- pain (e –ei )
net – night (ɛ- ai )
Bob- boy (ɑ- oy)
(VIDEO: Classification of vowels)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB8PyODhC_8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arMntA15A0s Vowels IPA (video)
VOWEL LENGTH
Short vowels
Long vowels
Ex: smile signal

lake ago
tube destruction
go chocolate
Employee certain
Your examples? Consult a dictionary

VOWEL LENGTH
Vowel length has to do with the word stress.
Stress plays a significant role in vowel duration .
VOWELS
DIPHTHONGS and TRIPHTHONGS.
“diphthong”- Greek diphthongs -"two sounds" or "two tones".
Ex: smile, face, go
Diphthongs are vowel sounds in
which the tongue starts in one
position and rapidly moves to
another.
It is also called a gliding vowel
- two adjacent vowel sounds
within the same syllable
Ex: boy, toy, annoy / ɔɪ̯ /,

hey, way, lane / eɪ ̯ /,
nice, bite , kite / aɪ ̯ /
On the articulatory level the description of vowels
notes changes:
in the stability of articulation

(mono- vs , di/ triphthongs)
Difficulty in pronouncing diphthongs : producing them is a motor skill.

To make diphthongs, the tongue, lips (and jaw on occasions!) have to move.
Your tongue moves to:

Triphthongs
Triphthong - Greek origin - "with three sounds," or "with three tones".
It is compound vowel sound resulting from the succession

of three simple vowel sounds and functions as one unit.
It is characterized by a vowel combination involving a quick, but
smooth movement of the articulator from one vowel quality to
another.
• [aʊ̯ə̯] hour, flour, sour, flower, our, power, shower
• [aɪ̯ə̯] fire, tire, higher, tyre
• [ɔɪ̯ə̯] loir, employer,
• [ eiə ] layer , player
• [əʊə] slower , lower
In class:
1. Classify the words according to the length of vowels (short or long ) in
the following words. Work with dictionary.
Sit, mad, egg,class , seal, pot , bus, loan, boast
pat, minute, bike, peace, meet, set, mate, pole,
orange, sofa, Paul, house, cloud, urban, sir, third,
measure , cucumber, faucet, author, gone
2. Work with a dictionary to find examples of pairs of words that change

meaning depending on the vowel length, as in words sheep- ship, chick-
cheek
LONG SHORT LONG
SHORT
Sit, seal bus pole

mad, loan faucet sofa
class boast author house
pot , bike minute cloud
Paul urban
orange peace
egg sir
pat meet
measure third
set, mate
gone cucumber
In class:
Write a list of words containing diphthongs and
thriphthongs. Use dictionary.
DIPHTHONGS TRIPHTHONGS
Vowel length
Technique to teach Vowel Length
You can demonstrate varying vowel lengths within a word by stretching rubber
bands on the longer vowels and letting them contract on shorter ones.
For example, the word 'fifteen' would have the rubber band stretched for the 'ee'
vowel, but the word 'fifty' would not have the band stretched because both of its
vowels are spoken quickly.
VOWELS: CLASSIFICATION
•The tongue may move

forward, backward, up, down,
thus changing the quality of vowels.
When the tongue is in the front part of the mouth
and the front part of the tongue is raised to the
hard palate ,a front vowel is pronounced.
[ i: ] [e] [ǽ]
lead leg map

• Your examples?
VOWELS,Tongue Position
• When the tongue is in the front part of the mouth and the front
part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate a front vowel is
pronounced.
• They are – [i:, e, i, ǽ], as in words
sea, seat , sit
set, second
spit, sick
map, apple,fat

• When the front of the tongue is raised towards the back part of
the hard palate the vowel is called central.
They are – [Λ, ə: , ( Ɛ ) , ə], as in the words:
bus, fuss, hut, up, but, come
bread, spread, again, friend, guest
yes, seven, bed, fence
Vowels
TONGUE POSITION
When the front of the tongue is raised towards the back part of the
hard palate the vowel is called
central
[Λ] [ə]
cup away
Your examples?
Vowels
TONGUE POSITION
When the tongue is in the back part of
the mouth and the back of it is raised
towards the soft palate
a back vowel is pronounced.
[a: ] [ɔ] [ɔ :] [u:]
Class, moss soft, often all, law pool, cool
Your examples?
•When the tongue is in the back part of the mouth and the back of it is
raised towards the soft palate a back vowel is pronounced.
They are – [a:, Ɔ:, Ɔ, u:, u], as in the words:
arm, dark, father, alarm, pardon
caught, taught, naughty raw
follow, log, pocket, opera
cook, good, wood, could, should
woman, do, rule, rude, tuna
On the articulatory level the description of vowels
notes changes:
in the lip position In the tongue position
(rounded/unrounded, The tongue may move forward,
spread ,neutral) backward, up, down, thus changing
the quality of vowels.
rounded, spread, neutral
put beads name
ocean leap claim
When the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them
is more or less round the vowel is called rounded.
They are – [ɔ ɔ: u u:].
horse mall book suit
Your examples?
Lip Position
ROUNDED UNROUNDED
• When the lips are drawn • When the lips are neutral
together so that the or spread the vowels are
opening between them is called unrounded.
more or less round the
vowel is called rounded. They are – [i: i e ǽ a: Λ ə: ə].
They are – [o o: u u:].
LIP POSITION
• When the lips are in smiling position, the vowels are called
spread.
They are – [ I I: ]
cheese beads people
knee list
Your examples?
LIP POSITION
When the lips are not rounded
nor spread, they are called neutral.
ǽ a: Λ ə ɛ ɛ:
apple bar bus egg pearl
Your examples?
The Articulation of VOWELS
In class:
Classify the vowels in the following words according to their articulation
Bread leg foot hymn egg pull cough mat cup sit away
friend path bed apple oil bin beads lock head lost
• Front high/close
• Centre mid
• Back low /open
Rounded /unrounded
FRONT CENTRAL BACK
HIGH/CLOSE Hymn Pull
Bin Cup R
Beads foot
Leg O
sit
MID Bread Away U
Bed Friend Lock
head Lost N
oil D
LOW/OPEN Mat Cough
apple path E
D
To be continued……

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What are vowels and consonants in written and spoken English?

What are vowels and consonants in written and spoken English?

How are vowels classified?

How are vowels classified?

English Phonetics and Phonology:

In spoken English, there are 20 vowels and 24 consonants.

any sound with a sound with

Difference between vowels and

no obstruction in the air

SIMPLE (short,lax) COMPLEX (long/tense)

low, grow, home,

aloud, now, down

Ex: smile signal

Your examples? Consult a dictionary

Ex: boy, toy, annoy / ɔɪ̯ /,

in the stability of articulation

Difficulty in pronouncing diphthongs : producing them is a motor skill.

Your tongue moves to:

Your tongue moves to:

Your tongue moves to:

It is compound vowel sound resulting from the succession

2. Work with a dictionary to find examples of pairs of words that change

Sit, seal bus pole

•The tongue may move

lead leg map

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