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    Organic - Chemistry Handouts

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    Vernice Ortega
    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and functional groups. It provides the general formulas and structures of these compounds and examples of common reactions like combustion, halogenation, cracking, and addition reactions. The document also includes practice problems asking to draw structures of various organic molecules.

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    Organic - Chemistry Handouts

    Uploaded by

    Vernice Ortega
    47 views34 pages
    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and functional groups. It provides the general formulas and structures of these compounds and examples of common reactions like combustion, halogenation, cracking, and addition reactions. The document also includes practice problems asking to draw structures of various organic molecules.

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    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and functional groups. It provides the general formulas and structures of these compounds and examples of common reactions like combustion, halogenation, cracking, and addition reactions. The document also includes practice problems asking to draw structures of various organic molecules.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    47 views34 pages

    Organic - Chemistry Handouts

    Uploaded by

    Vernice Ortega
    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and functional groups. It provides the general formulas and structures of these compounds and examples of common reactions like combustion, halogenation, cracking, and addition reactions. The document also includes practice problems asking to draw structures of various organic molecules.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 34

    Organic

    Chemistry
    Alkanes

    Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n = 1,2,3,…


    • only single covalent bonds
    • saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the
    maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the
    number of carbon atoms in the molecule

    CH4 C2H6 C3H8

    methane ethane propane


    How many structural isomers does pentane, C5H12, have?

    H H H H H

    H C C C C C H

    H H H H H
    H CH3 H
    n-pentane
    H C C C H
    H CH3 H H H CH3 H
    H C C C C H
    2,2-dimethylpropane
    H H H H
    2-methylbutane
    Alkane Reactions
    Combustion
    CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
    Halogenation
    light
    CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) CH3Cl (g) + HCl (g)

    Cl2 + energy Cl• + Cl•


    H H

    Cl• + H C H •C H + HCl

    H H
    H H

    H C• + Cl Cl H C Cl + Cl•

    H H
    Cycloalkanes

    Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings are called


    cycloalkanes. They have the general formula CnH2n where n =
    3,4,…
    Alkenes

    Alkenes have the general formula CnH2n where n = 2,3,…


    • contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond
    • also called olefins
    CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3

    1-butene 2-butene

    Cl Cl Cl H
    C C C C
    H H H Cl
    cis-dichloroethene trans-dichloroethene
    Alkene Reactions
    Cracking LARGE HYDROCARBON
    Pt MOLECULES ARE BROKEN
    C2H6 (g) catalyst
    CH2 CH2 (g) + H2 (g)
    INTO MORE USEFUL BITS
    OF HYDROCARBONS IN
    HIGH P AND HIGH T
    Addition Reactions
    CH2 CH2 (g) + HBr (g) CH3 CH2Br (g)

    CH2 CH2 (g) + Br2 (g) CH2Br CH2Br (g)


    Alkynes

    Alkynes have the general formula CnH2n-2 where n = 2,3,4,…


    • contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

    CH C CH2 CH3 CH3 C C CH3


    1-butyne 2-butyne

    Production of acetylene
    CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l) C2H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)
    Alkyne Reactions
    Hydrogenation
    CH CH (g) + H2 (g) CH2 CH2 (g)

    Addition Reactions
    CH CH (g) + HBr (g) CH2 CHBr (g)
    CH CH (g) + Br2 (g) CHBr CHBr (g)
    CH CH (g) + 2Br2 (g) CHBr2 CHBr2 (g)
    EXERCISE
    EXERCISE
    EXERCISE
    1 DRAW THE STRUCTURE FOR

    3-heptyne
    1 DRAW THE STRUCTURE FOR

    3-heptyne
    2 DRAW THE STRUCTURE FOR

    3-nitro-1-hexyne
    2 DRAW THE STRUCTURE FOR

    CH C CH CH2 CH2 CH3

    NO2

    3-nitro-1-hexyne
    3 DRAW THE STRUCTURE FOR

    1,3-dichlorocyclopentane
    4 DRAW THE STRUCTURE FOR

    1,1-diethylcyclohexane
    5 H3C CH2 CH2 CH3
    CH CH CH2 CH3
    H3C CH
    CH3
    6
    H3C CH2
    CH CH3
    H2C CH2
    CH3
    7 CH3 CH3 CH3
    CH3 CH2 CH CH CH CH2 CH CH3
    CH2 CH3
    8 H3C CH3

    CH3
    H3C
    9
    Br Br

    Cl
    10 CH3
    CH CH2
    H3C CH CH3
    H2C
    CH3
    Aromatic Compound Nomenclature

    CH2CH3 Cl NH2 NO2

    Br
    Br
    Br
    Br

    Br Br
    Aromatic Compound Reactions

    Substitution reaction

    H Br
    H H H H
    FeBr3
    + Br2 + HBr
    catalyst
    H H H H
    H H
    H CH2CH3
    H H H H
    AlCl3
    + CH3CH2Cl + HCl
    catalyst
    H H H H
    H H
    Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    Biological production of ethanol
    enzyme
    C6H12O6 (aq) 2CH3CH2OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g)

    Commercial production of ethanol


    H2SO4
    CH2 CH2 (g) + H2O (g) CH3CH2OH (g)

    Metabolic oxidation of ethanol


    alcohol dehydrogenase
    CH3CH2OH CH 3CHO + H2
    Functional Group Chemistry

    Ethers have the general formula R-O-R’.

    Condensation Reaction
    H2SO4
    CH3OH + HOCH3 catalyst CH3OCH3 + H2O
    The Grandma Ester Corporation
    The goal is to convince an investor to invest in your
    company so that you can build a factory to make ester
    compounds. For example, you could make hexyl
    pentanoate, and sell it for use in perfumes and make
    the investor money. You must come up with a
    compound that you can make and sell. You can use
    your textbooks and the internet as resources. You can
    also access the link:
    https://jameskennedymonash.wordpress.com/2013/12/
    13/infographic-table-of-esters-and-their-smells/ to look
    at an infographic of the ester compounds responsible for
    the smell of different fruits, perfumes and flowers.
    Functional Group Chemistry

    Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( C )

    O
    functional group.
    Functional Group Chemistry

    Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( C )

    O
    functional group.
    O
    • aldehydes have the general formula R C H
    O
    • ketones have the general formula R C R’

    O O O
    H C H H C CH3 H3C C CH3
    formaldehyde acetaldehyde acetone
    Functional Group Chemistry
    Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl ( -COOH ) functional
    group.
    Functional Group Chemistry

    Esters have the general formula R’COOR, where R is a


    hydrocarbon group.

    O
    CH3COOH + HOCH2CH3 CH3 C O CH2CH3 + H2O
    ethyl acetate
    Functional Group Chemistry

    Amines are organic bases with the general formula R3N.

    CH3NH2 + H2O RNH3+ + OH-

    CH3CH2NH2 + HCl CH3CH2NH3+Cl-

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