TOPIC

PLANS RELATED TO URBAN

AND RELAGIONAL PLANNING

URBAN PLANNING PROBLEMS

AND SOLUTIONS EXAMPLES
PLANNING 3 (INTRODUCTION TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING)

GROUP 11:
BIALA, HONELYN R.
FERNANDO, DIVINE GRACE
DEL ROSARIO, ROMAR
What is Urban
Planning?
 Is the art and science of
ordering the use of land and
setting of buildings and
communication routes so as to
secure the maximum degree
of economy, convenience and
beauty.
BASICS OF URBAN Building Transport
PLANNING Materials,
Resources Water

1.3 SCHEMATIC
OF Tourism,
Communication Recreation,
URBAN AREA
Patterns Cultural Activities

• In a sense, God
made the country
and man made the
town.
Knowledge URBAN Work/Education
Transfer
RURAL

Waste/Pollution
Food

Migration/
Trade Habitation
Energy
 7 types of Urban
Planning:
• 1] . Strategic Urban Planning
• Strategic urban planning focuses on setting high-level goals and
determining desired areas of growth for a city or metropolitan area.
• 2] . Land-Use Planning
• Land-use planning largely concerns legislation and policy, adopting
planning instruments like governmental statutes, regulations, rules, codes,
and policies to influence land use.

• They also serve to zone or reserve land for certain purposes such
as:

• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
• Municipal
 • 3] . Master Planning
• Master planning is typically used for greenfield development projects or building on undeveloped
7 types of land—instead of modifying pre-existing structures or spaces, you’re starting from scratch.
• 4] . Urban Revitalization
Urban • In contrast to master planning, urban revitalization focuses on improving areas that are in a state of
Planning: decline.
• 5] . Economic Development
• Economic development is about identifying areas of growth to foster greater financial prosperity
within the city, specifically by enticing companies to build or move offices there.
7 types of Urban Planning:
• 6] . Environmental Planning
• Environmental planning is a type of strategic
development that emphasizes sustainability.

• 7] . Infrastructure Planning
• Infrastructure planning deals with the fundamental
facilities and systems that serve a city and its
people, and how those facilities can support goals
laid out in the strategic plan. This type of urban
planning covers:

• Public works infrastructure 

• Community infrastructure 
• Safety and transportation 
What is Regional
Planning?

• deals with the efficient placement of land-

use activities, infrastructure, and
settlement growth across a larger area of
land than an individual city or town.
Regional planning is a sub-field of urban
planning as it relates land use practices on
a broader scale.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN URBAN
PLANNING AND REGIONAL PLANNING
 Differ in distances or scales involved

Urban Planning Regional Planning

 ASPECTS OF
REGIONAL
PLANNING
• Preliminary Aspects of Regional Planning may
constitute the following: 
Sustainability - Sustainability leads to balance in
Regional Development
•Environment
•Some of the major environmental concerns that can
be addressed by regional planning approach are
the following: i. Control of pollution
• ii. Maintenance of green cover, forests and eco
fragile areas. 
• Disaster Management – The impact of natural
disasters is exaggerated by unscientific plus
unplanned development.
• Promoting Balanced Development –
Imbalanced development of the country has led to
lop-sided development in favor of urban
settlements
 There are (3) main resources for Planning and Development of
Urban and Regional centers

 Lan  Financ
d   Manpower
e 
PROCESS OF URBAN AND
REGIONAL  PLANNING

• Preparation of State
Perspective Plan
• District Development Plan /
Metropolitan 
• Region Development Plan
• Master Plan
• Schemes / Annual Plans
CONTENTS OF
REGIONAL
PLAN
• Physical setting, settlement pattern
• Infrastructure resources
• Transport
• Environment and sustainability
• Regional Policy and development
strategy
• Regional Land use
• Disaster Management Plan
• Implementation Strategies and
Management  Structure
• 1] Physical Regional Planning:
• This types of Panning can be understand as an overall pattern of land-
use, the character and distribution of public structures and
constructions. It controls the distribution and availability of physical
facilities which are necessary for the overall development.

Types of
2] Economic Regional Planning:
• focuses on overall economic structure and activities of any region. It
deals with production, distribution and consumption of material and no-
material resources.

• 3] Allocative Regional Planning: Regional

Planning:
• This type of planning can be used in a situation when the distribution of
resources are highly uneven. Therefore, Production, distribution and
consumption of resources are mainly determined by allocation of the
resources.

• 4] Innovative Regional Planning:

• The interest of innovative planning for regional advancement has
developed in the last decade of 20th century. The connection among
innovation and development is highly unpredictable.
• 5] Indicative Regional Planning:
• Probably, this type of Planning has been started
in France after the world war II.

• 6] Imperative Regional Planning: Types of

Regional
• Basically, this is a planning wherein the usage
is given for along the definition of plans. As
such, the two parts of preparation its
formulation and execution ; are already
discussed in the beginning. The last part is
composed into the arrangement in as clear a
way as the first. The rationale of this planning
Planning:
is basic i.e. when a plan is formulated , it must
be implemented.
 • 1] . Principle of Vertical Unity:
• The principle of vertical unity means that all phenomena (both
physical and cultural) that operate in a regional space are fully
integrated and interrelated with each other.

• 2] . The Principle of Horizontal Spatial Unity:

• This principle implies that each region constitutes a sub-system
of the whole regional system. Therefore, all the regions works
together in case of planning.
Principles of
Regional • 3] . The Principle of Space-time Continuum:
• This principle implies that spatial reality is as true as temporal
Planning: entity.

• 4] . The Principle of Comprehensive Development:

• Comprehensive development means that the regional planning
seeks to achieve the comprehensive development of the entire
regional space.

• 5] . The Principle of Community Development:

• The principle of community development is the principle of
equal opportunities to all for self development.
 • 6] . The Principle of Equilibrium between Social
Desirability and Economic Viability:
• This principle implies that while planning for
comprehensive development of all regions, the regional
Principles of planner has to maintain a balance between what is
socially and economically desirable and viable during one
Regional point of time for a particular region.

Planning: • 7] . The Principle of Ecological Equilibrium:

• The regional planning should make the ecology and
environment sustainable.
PLANS OF
URBAN AND
REGIONAL
PLANNING
HOW DIRTY OLD TOWN BECAME
ENLIGHTENED EDINBURG
Edinburgh map
1575
• map of Edinburgh was drawn
during the sixteenth century.

• The castle and city walls are

clearly visible, along with the
distinctive crown of St Giles
Cathedral.
Edgar's map of
1742

• architect William Edgar in 1742

• It clearly shows the distinctive
pattern of closes and wynds
(very narrow street), creating
what is often described as a
herring bone shape.
John Rocque Plan
von Edinburgh 1764
•September 1751, a six-storey tenement in Edinburgh’s city
centre collapsed
•The city needed to be comprehensively rebuilt and rethought. 
•But in the 18th century it represented the very worst in
medieval squalor.
•And while the Old Town was indelibly associated with the
dark granite citadel HISTORY
•50,000 residents
•“what on earth do we do about Edinburgh?” -Dr Nick
Phillipson at the University of Edinburgh
• increased transatlantic commerce and a growing linen
industry

•people were flocking to a medieval city which was not only

threaten by social problems but had also run out of space.
  PROBLEMS
•marshlands to the south,
•the North Loch – a foul lake flooded in the 15th century to
support the city’s defense, but for 300 years a repository for
sewage and household waste.
GEORGE DRUMMOND

• Lord Provost and “the founder of modern Edinburgh

• a leader with the energy and talent to drive through the
transformation of the city.
• Born in 1688, Drummond dedicated his life and career to
improving the city.
• His achievements included establishing Britain’s first
university medical school and founding the Royal Infirmary
Hospital. 
• the late 1740s- He become Lord Provost of the council for the
second time. It was his lifelong ambition to expand
Edinburgh to the north.
GEORGE DRUMMOND

• The disaster of 1751

• The Royal Exchange (now the offices of Edinburgh
city council)
• In 1752 -he launched the Commission of
Proposals for Public Works
•Drummond acquired 100 acres of fields on the far side of
North Loch almost 40 years earlier,
•One of Drummond’s last administrative acts, - a
competition for the new towns Edinburgh plan.
JAMES CRAIG

•James Craig who won the competition for Edinburgh’s New

Town - a relatively unknown young architect.
•An architect without qualifications
•Apprenticed to one of the city’s leading masons from the age of
16, he displayed notable draughtsman skills.
•in his early 20s-abandoning his apprenticeship, he set himself up
as an architect without qualifications, and immediately entered the
council’s competition.
•His vision for New Town reflected his deep study of classical
architecture, along with the latest thinking in urban design.

• Craig’s initial plan showed streets in the shape of a Union

flag, but this was later changed to a more suitable grid
pattern.
 CRAIG’S FINAL PLAN
FOR THE NEW TOWN
EDINBURG- 1767

• Grid plan.
• Three parallel roads (Princes street,
George street and Queen street)
• the New Town was built from a
distinctive white sandstone.
• The buildings themselves adhered to
classical orders.
• the New Town would be defined by its
generous space, open views, light and
order.
 ROBERT ADAM

In 1791 Robert Adam, the most

famous British architect of his day

He designed Charlotte square, the

last section of the original plan to
be built. Located at the west end
of George street, mirroring St
Andrew square to the east, it is
regarded by many as the jewel in
the crown of the New Town and
one of the finest neo-classical
squares in Europe (its garden
provides the setting each year for
the Edinburgh Book Festival).
 PRESENT EDINBURGH

Craig’s vision for New Town endures. Designated a Unesco

world heritage site.

Nowadays the historic city centre around Edinburgh Castle, the Old
Town, is a bewildering delight of winding passages and cobbled
lanes, full of pubs, restaurants, boutique shops and arts venues.

It was in these decades that the city transformed itself from “auld
reekie” into the “Athens of the north” - Scottish Enlightenment.
PRESENT EDINBURGH
Edinburgh World Heritage's Edinburgh World Heritage's
Green Map Community Map
 HOW ALEXANDRIA LAID FOUNDATIONS
FOR THE MODERN WORLD
—SOMEONE FAMOUS
 HISTORY OF ALEXANDRIA
• Alexandria, named after 
Alexander the Great, is considered
to be Egypt's second capital.
• In 332 BC the young 25-year old
Alexander founded the city.
• His chief architect, Dinocrates, was
appointed to spearhead this project.
• Alexandria as a Hellenistic center
in Egypt, and to be the link between
Greece and the rich Nile Valley.
• Alexander left the city named for
him, never to return.
• Ptolemy - One of his favorite
generals. He Become governor of
Egypt, Ptolemy succeeded in
bringing Alexander's body back to
Alexandria The port city of Alexandria was ‘the greatest mental crucible the world has ever known’
 ABOUT THE
ALEXANDRIA
• Alexandria is most celebratory for being the site of
some of the ancient world’s most ingenious and
grandiose structures.
• the city’s design that has had the most impactful
influence on contemporary, urban life.
• Alexandria was laid out on a grid system that
integrated public and private space, the ornament
with functionality, and the land and sea.
 DINOCRATES
•Dinocrates, (flourished 4th
century BC), Greek architect who
plan for the city of Alexandria
 (c. 330 BC)
•Dinocrates was a student of 
Hippodamus, the man responsible
for building the great Athenian
harbour at Piraeus and often referred
to as the father of urban planning.
ANCIENT CITY OF ALEXANDRIA

Drawings of the two ports of

Alexandria.

In the absence of chalk to mark

out the shape of the new city’s
future roads, houses and water
channels, Dinocrates used bareley
flour instead.
ANCIENT CITY OF ALEXANDRIA

• Dinocrates’ plan for Alexandria was a cut and

paste job.

• Dinocrates’ genius was to extend the lines of his

gridiron right out over the water, building a 600ft
wide land bridge – known as the heptastadion,
because it was seven times the length of a Greek
stadium
 ANCIENT CITY OF ALEXANDRI
• An application of the Hippodamean grid road
network system.

• Alexander’s royal palace, Canals were cut from

the Nile, under the main streets to supply the
homes of the rich with a steady provision of fresh
water.

Part of Olynthos' urban site plan, exhibiting the Hippodamean grid pattern.
 ANCIENT CITY OF ALEXANDRI
• Alexandria grew to be larger than Carthage in less than a
generation, becoming the center of the new commerce
between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East.
• Only a century after its foundation, Alexandria became
the largest city in the world.
• Now home to nearly 5 million people, and the second largest
metropolitan area in EGYPT

the lighthouse’s architect, Sostratus

 PHILADELPHIA GRID
MARKS BIRTH OF
AMERICA’S URBAN DREAM
Marketing a Colony—
William Penn’s Maps of
Pennsylvania

-In 1681, King Charles II granted

William Penn a large tract of land in
North America to settle debts to his
family.
-William Penn -English Quaker leader
and colonist
-In 1681, William Penn required a map of
his new Province of Pennsylvania.
-Thomas Holme-Penn’s Surveyor-
General, was commissioned to design it.
- advertise Pennsylvania and its unsettled
lands
- commissioning cartographers John
Thornton and John Seller to construct a
large map
 Marketing a Colony—William Penn’s
Maps of Pennsylvania

- map’s title mentions Pennsylvania is “partly inhabited”

- name of Pennsylvania - meaning Penn’s woods
- the map is decorated with trees – almost an alphabet from
ash to walnut
- Clearly this map was intended to sell people on Penn’s new
colony.
-Penn planned a great port city connected to the country by
17th-century superhighways uniting commercial and landed
interests.
-1st purchasers-property lot in each of three zones: country,
city, and its surrounding liberties.

Map of the ‘partly inhabited’ south and east bounds of Pennsylvania (1681)
 Marketing a Colony—William Penn’s Maps of Pennsylvania

- 1682 - his “Holy Experiment”

- In 1683, he published a map of the city to
attract settlers from England.
-Penn hoped to create a “Green Country
Town,”
-Central to this idea was his inclusion in the
design of five public squares, one in each
quadrant of the city and one in the center.
  It reveals a developmental method for
provinces and cities.
-It is a small map; black and white because it
is a print and shows a grid-like plan for the
city, with eight streets generally running east
to west and twenty streets generally running
north to south.
-plots along rivers and high street has been
sold
A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania in America (1683)
 Marketing a Colony—William Penn’s Maps of Pennsylvania

• The design pattern was grids with its

central square at the intersection of axial
streets, surrounded by four satellite
squares.
• it shows the many townships, the number
of settlements in each township
• the values inscribed in his grid and
squares – egality, adaptability,
community, greenness – promise to shape
the city’s image for years to come.
• The focal points of William Penn’s
landmark plan for Philadelphia are five
public squares that remain popular hubs
for locals today.
-
Mapp of the Improved Part of Pennsylvania in America (1687), drawn by Thomas Holme for William
Penn 
 FIVE PUBLIC SQUARES
Southwest (Rittenhouse) Square
• Rittenhouse Square (18th and Walnut
streets)
• the most vibrant outdoor space in town.
• Originally called Southwest Square
• renamed after David Rittenhouse- a renowned
astronomer and the first director of the United
States Mint.
• Surrounded by luxury high-rises, active cultural
spaces, and some of the best alfresco dining
options in Philadelphia.
Southeast (Washington) Square 
• Washington Square (named after President George
Washington) forms part of 
Independence National Historical Park.
• 520 Chestnut St- Independence Hall 
• Liberty Bell Center- Sixth and Market streets,
Philadelphia
• the square was also a burial ground
 FIVE PUBLIC SQUARES
Northwest Square (Logan Circle) 
• the Benjamin Franklin Parkway.
• A wide scenic boulevard that cuts diagonally across
northwest Center City.
• the Parkway is home to many of Philadelphia’s most
impressive sights, including The Franklin Institute, the 
Academy of Natural Sciences, The Barnes Foundation
• In the middle of this boulevard is a circular park with
views of all these architectural delights: Logan Circle.

Northeast (Franklin) Square 

• Renamed after Philadelphia’s favorite son, 

Franklin Square (200 Sixth St., Philadelphia) is fabled to
be nearby the site of Ben Franklin’s famous kite and key
experiment.
• a key visitor attraction with a miniature golf course,
historic carousel and fountain, playgrounds, and a
surprisingly tasty hamburger stand close to Independence
National Historical Park.
 FIVE PUBLIC SQUARES
Centre Square (City Hall) 

• Situated at the intersection of Broad and Market

streets, Centre Square is the only one of the
original squares no longer solely a public space.
• Centre Square is now home to Philadelphia’s 
City Hall
• grand medieval palace-architectural style of the
French Second Empire.
• the largest municipal building in the world.
 04
L’Enfant Plan by Major Pierre
Charles L’Enfant, 1791
L’Enfant Plan by Major Pierre Charles
L’Enfant, 1791

• Washington D.C. was established

in 1790 when an act of Congress
authorized a federal district along
the Potomac River
• In 1791 French engineer, Major
Pierre Charles L’Enfant, designed
the plan for the capital city of
America for George Washington.
• His design was based European
models with American ideals.
• Capitol Hill became the center of
the city
• These wide boulevards allowed for
easy transportation
 PLAN OF MALL

"The Mall was designed as open to all

comers, which would have been
unheard of in France. It's a very sort of
egalitarian idea.“biographer Scott Berg
The MacMillan Commission's plan of • In 1901, the Senate formed the McMillan Commission, a
Washington, D.C.  team of architects and planners
• planned an extensive park system
• The Commission's work finally created the famous green
center and plentiful monuments of today's Washington.
 
Le Plan Voisin by Le Corbusier, Paris, France, 1925

• Le Corbusier’s radical Plan Voisin, proposed in 1925,

sought to completely redevelop central Paris.
• district with 18 cruciform towers placed on a rectangular
grid surrounded by an extensive open, park-like space.
• integrate it with highways, rail lines, and an airport.
• Contemporary City
• The space is highly structured with two new traffic arteries
pierced through the city, one on the east-west, the other on
a north-south.
• to link the capital to the four corners of the country, the
major French and European cities
• The density of sky-scraper is 1,200 inhabitants to the acre.
• Paris in the heart of town (146 inhabitants to the acre)
• London (63)
• over-crowded quarters of Paris (213), and of London
(169).
• This great density shortens the distances of travelling and
ensures rapid intercommunication.
 Le Plan Voisin by Le Corbusier, Paris, France, 1925

Le Corbusier’s urban, utopian vision was never realized, however, its innovative
conceptualization remains significant.
Chandigarh by Le Corbusier, 1951
Chandigarh by Le Corbusier, 1951

• Chandigarh was one of post-colonial

India’s first planned cities.
• It is the capital city of the Indian states
of Haryana and Punjab
• The city was designed by famed
architect, Le Corbusier
• resembles the shape of the human body
with the “head”, “heart”, and “lungs”
representative of the capital, city center,
and open green spaces, respectively.
Le Corbusier

• rationally planned cities with clearly

defined zoning.
• cities of tomorrow-"superblocks" with
multistory apartment blocks, ample
green space
• Bands of superhighways, while a
network of smaller roads and pedestrian
walks would connect individual units.
• Chandigarh turned out to be his first and
only opportunity to see these ideas
applied at the scale of a city.
• Its central units are residential sectors of
approximately 240 acres, designed to
house 150,000 people.
Central Chandigarh. • with its own business center.
• each sector forms a coherent community.
Chandigarh's housing plan:

• Unite d'Habitation,
• the Marseilles apartment block
completed in 1952.
• "the first manifestation of an
environment suited to modern life.“
• a massive structure of reinforced
concrete
• 450 feet long
• 70 feet deep
• and 180 feet high, containing 337
apartments for a population of 1,600.
• piece of gigantic sculpture
Chandigarh's housing plan:

• Its seventh and eighth floors form an interior street flanked by small shops.
• On the roof is a garden with a playground for children and a wandering track for
• apartments, arranged as duplexes running.
• have 15-foot-high living rooms opening on four-foot-deep balconies.
• But, the bedrooms are very narrow
• has brought criticism on the grounds that it is cramped and lacks privacy.
Brasilia by Lúcio Costa,
Brasilia, Brazil, 1957
Brasilia by Lúcio Costa, Brasilia, Brazil, 1957
• Planned and developed by Lúcio
Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, Brasilia,
was constructed to serve as
independent Brazil’s new capital.
• The city is noted for its use of
modernist architecture and utopian
city plan.
• The physical layout of Brasilia
resembles that of a bird or an
airplane.
• combination of the city’s Highway
Axis and the Monumental Axis
• Each axis systematically divides the
city into sectors based on specific
activities, such as residential, federal,
and civic regions.
• Brasilia was subsequently designated
a UNESCO World Heritage site in
1987.
Brasilia by Lúcio Costa, Brasilia, Brazil, 1957

• 1957-Brazilian president Juscelino

Kubitschek held a national
competition
• an international jury selected the
entry by Lucio Costa (1902—
1998) for the urban design of the
new city—the so–called Pilot Plan
(Plano Piloto) of Brasilia.
• Brasilia's residential quarters—
which were meant for five
hundred thousand inhabitants
• world renowned architect Oscar
Niemeyer (1907—2012) and his
team designed the executive,
legislative, and judiciary palaces,
Brasilia's celebrated icons.
 BRASILIA
TODAY
• Brasilia is the fourth–
largest metropolis in
the country
• Oscar Niemeyer's
palaces turned into new
symbols of the nation.
• In 1961, Costa argued
that its qualities should
be gauged while
considering three
different
configurations:
a monumental scale,
a gregarious scale, and
a residential scale.
• Thirteen years later, he
added a fourth
category:
a bucolic scale.
RESIDENTIAL SCALE (everyday scale)
MONUMENTAL SCALE (monumental scale, in which man acquires a collective dimension; the urbanistic
expression of a new concept of nobility)
GREGARIOUS SCALE (which dimensions and space are deliberately reduced and concentrated in order to
create a climate conducive to grouping)
BUCOLIC SCALE (Open areas intended for lakeside retreats or weekends in the countryside )
BRASILIA TODAY

• In the early 1980s, an inter–

institutional group of architects—
from local government, the
national monuments agency, and
the university.
• Brasilia characterized as defining
its uniqueness.
• address by UNESCO's legal
requirements for the candidacy of
Brasilia as a World Heritage Site,
a title that was awarded in
December 1987.
• thus making the Pilot Plan one of
the first modernist sites on that list
Islamabad Master Plan,
1964
• planned city in the 1960s to
replace Karachi as the capital
of Pakistan.
• symbol of Pakistan’s
departure from its colonial
past
• was designed by Greek
architect Constantinos
Apostolou Doxiadis.
• divided the city into eight
zones
• administrative, diplomatic,
residential, industrial,
educational, commercial,
rural, and green sectors.
Islamabad’s planning reflects
the integration of the natural
environment with its urban
landscape that is accessible
to its entire community.
Songdo City by Kohn Pedersen Fox, 2007

• outside of Seoul, South Korea

• built from scratch since its
conception in 2001
• conceptualized as the ultimate
smart city and sustainable city
• aims to mitigate the blights of
modern urban life, which can be
seen in the over 20 million
square feet of LEED-certified
space
• use of sensors to monitor energy
use, and expansive green spaces.
Songdo City by Kohn Pedersen Fox, 2007

• Positioned as the gateway to

Northeast Asia,
• the 1,500 acre Songdo International
Business District (IBD) is a model
for future, sustainable city-scale
developments, not only in Asia but
across the globe.
• as a pedestrian friendly city
• 40 percent green space
• A new 100-acre recreational park
• 45 million square feet of office
space, 30 million square feet of
residential space, 10 million square
feet of retail, 5 million square feet of
hotel facilities and 10 million square
feet of public realm.
• K-12 International School, world-
class hospital, museum and
university campuses.
King Abdullah Economic City, 2005

• Located on the coast of the Red Sea,

100 km north of Jeddah
• one of four new cities being created
in Saudi Arabia to promote
industrial expansion
• Announced in 2005 by the late King
• size of Washington, DC, It
comprises King Abdullah Port,
residential districts, the Haramain
Railway district and an ‘Industrial
Valley’.
King Abdullah Economic City, 2005 Key Facts
Timeframe: 2005-2025+
Current
population: Approximately 3,000
Intended population: 1.7 million
Size of city: 181 square kilometers
• Planners / contractors: Emaar, The
Economic City, the master developer
of KAEC, is working with multiple
partners on the project including
Saudi Binladin Group, SOM (as a
consultant to the master plan) and
dozens of other local and
international contractors.
Environmental and sustainability
strategies:
• walkable environment
• flood prevention system
• Indigenous desert plants
• materials are being re-used and
recycled
Copenhagen, Denmark- The Finger Plan
● The famous Finger plan of
Copenhagen was first implemented
in 1947.

● Eiler Rasmussen and Christian

Erhardt.

● plan was earlier called” Peter”

Bredsdorff urban plan that focuses
on metropolitan train lines and
green areas.

● urban designer Jan Gehl was hired

to make New York city more 
bicycle-friendly.

● This city also regulated its green

spaces in frequent small areas

●
Copenhagen, Denmark- The Finger Plan
Copenhagen, Denmark- The Finger Plan
● Copenhagen is a true metropolis.
The City of Copenhagen is
inhabited by half a million people
or one tenth of Denmark’s total
population

● The goals of Copenhagen’s Green

Structure Plan are to control urban
development to ensure that people
are always able to access to open
space, parks and undeveloped,
natural areas on a regional scale.

● The 170 km s-tog lines of the Five

Finger Plan, along with an
extensive bus system, four lines of
waterbuses and a small but efficient
metro (2002-2007), make up
Copenhagen’s city public
transportation system.
Shanghai, China- Planned Urbanization ● Shanghai attracted international
attention in 2015 as the city became the
first highly developed urban area in
China

● urban planners focus on bridging

income inequality through well-paying
jobs accessible

● efficiently integrating low- and

moderate-income families into
Shanghai’s urban plan

● It has an extensive public transport

system

● the most well- planned cities in the

world for its practical strategies

● including housing, infrastructure,

transportation, energy, employment,
education, and healthcare.
Shanghai, China- Planned Urbanization ● Until 2030, Shanghai is adopting smart
growth policies

● diversified plan to prioritize public

transport.

● plan also advocates green commuting

● Designating functional zones.

● To foster quality, inclusive economic

development

● six functional zones: innovation,

business, recreation, gateway,
manufacturing, and goods delivery.

● Experts predict that Shanghai’s

population will grow from 27 to 34
million by 2050.
URBAN PLANNING
PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS
 URBAN PLANNING PROBLEMS AND
 SOLUTIONS
The basic concern of City-
town planning is the
internal form, structure,
function and appearance of
urban areas.
 Physical aspects such as
buildings, roads, land use,
etc. play an important role
in urban planning, at the
same time social, economic
and technological forces
should also be considered
while planning so that a
healthy environment is
created in the city/town
PROBLEMS IN URBAN PLANNING
Urban Sprawl •Urban Sprawl refers to the
migration of population from
populated towns and cities to
low-density residential
development over more and
more rural land which results
in:

•- Increased Traffic
•- Environmental Issues
•- Increase Public
Expenditure
 •Affordable housing is
Housing affordability housing deemed affordable to
those with a median
household income. Housing
choice is a response to an
extremely complex set of
economic, social, and
psychological impulses as
follows:

•- Housing expendintures
•- Economy
•- Transportation
Individual Control or Small Parcels of Land •Private ownership of small parcels
of Urban land sometimes interferes
with the effective control of the
space pattern of the city like the
following:

•If in a continuous Residential Area

where two house walls are shared,
the problem arises in such areas
when one house owner isling to
renovate the house and another is not
in case of deterioration. They may
develop conflict which may turn out
to be a problem in the future.
 •Every city occupies a unique
Unique environmental site environmental site, hills, valleys,
rivers, waterfronts, or any other
physical features make one city/town
look different from another as
following:

•Topography affects the routes of

transportation. If a heavy rail line has
to be constructed, it needs a level route,
but if the city/town does not possess
this feature, then transportation is
affected.
•Breaks in transportation like from
waterway to land-way or from the
roadway to railway prove advantageous
for certain manufacturing and
commercial activities.
SOLUTIONS IN URBAN PLANNING
 URBAN
PLANNING
SOLUTIONS
• As we mentioned before Urban
Planning must be accompanied
by the sustainability concept.
Here where we should stand
and understand that the city is
more than the sum of its parts.
It is a whole living thing that is
constantly changing, evolving
and morphing into an ever more
Eco-Friendly and welcoming
entity which can be achieved
through innovative sustainable
solutions such as following:
 •Census population doubles which
Sustainable and affordable housing require more housing spaces, yet our
goal to meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs.

•Sustainable housing means “

housing which contributes to
community building, to social justice
and to economic viability at a local
level”

•Affordable Housing has become a

commonly used term for
summarizing the nature of the
housing difficulty in many nations.
Green Roofs •Green Roofs (Roof with a
vegetated surface and substrate)
provide ecosystem services in urban
areas, including improved storm-
water management, better regulation
of building temperatures, reduced
urban heat-island effects, and
increased urban wildlife habitat.

•Protection from noise Pollution

•Improvement of Micro-climate
•Storm water management and
water Retention
 •There is a need for zero-carbon cities which are
urban areas powered by renewable energy
techniques and technologies. A zero-carbon city
Zero-carbon cities runs entirely on renewable energy; it has no
carbon footprint and will in this respect not cause
harm to the planet.

•To become a zero carbon city, an established

modern city must collectively reduce emissions of
greenhouse gases to zero and all practices that
emit greenhouse gases must cease.
Sustainable Transportation •Transport has a major impact on the
spatial economic development of cities
and regions. The attractive of particular
locations depends in part of the
relative accessibility, and this in turn
depends on the quality and quantity of
the transport infrastructure.

•Allows individuals and societies to

meet their access needs safely and in a
manner consistent with human and
ecosystem health, and with equity
within and between generations
•Is affordable operates efficiently,
offers a choice of transport mode, and
supports a vibrant economy.
THANKS
REFERENCES:
• https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/architectural-drawings-
master-plans/
• https://www.theguardian.com/cities/series/the-story-of-cities
• https://www.arch2o.com/well-planned-cities-20th-century/
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Penn-English-Quaker-le
ader-and-colonist
• https://utopianview.net/2021/01/30/regional-planning-objectives-types-a
nd
• https://www.viatechnik.com/5-cities-urban-planning-right/-principles/
• https://www.crestrealestate.com/landscape-and-urban-planning/
• https://www.ierek.com/news/index.php/2017/01/17/urban-planning-
definition-problems-and-solutions/