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Linear Algebra (Echelon Form of A Matrix)

The document discusses key concepts in linear algebra including: 1) Echelon form and reduced echelon form of matrices, which involve having leading 1's and zeros below and to the right. 2) Elementary row operations that can convert a matrix to echelon form, such as row interchanges, additions, and multiplications. 3) Rank of a matrix, which is the number of non-zero rows in echelon form, and nullity, the number of zero rows. Rank + nullity equals the number of rows.

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318 views11 pages

Linear Algebra (Echelon Form of A Matrix)

The document discusses key concepts in linear algebra including: 1) Echelon form and reduced echelon form of matrices, which involve having leading 1's and zeros below and to the right. 2) Elementary row operations that can convert a matrix to echelon form, such as row interchanges, additions, and multiplications. 3) Rank of a matrix, which is the number of non-zero rows in echelon form, and nullity, the number of zero rows. Rank + nullity equals the number of rows.

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LINEAR ALGEBRA COURSE

ECHELON FORM of a MATRIX:


A matrix is said to be in echelon form if,
•Every starting non-zero element of each row
is “ 1 ”.
•All the elements below that “1” should be
zero, in the column.
•If all the elements of that column to which “1”
belongs are zero, then matrix is said to be in
REDUCED echelon form.
Examples: -
1 3  5
0 1 4  is in Echelon form.
 
0 0 1 
1 3 0 0
0 0 1 
0


0 0 0 1

is in Reduced echelon form.
ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATION
Elementary row operation is used ,
• to convert the matrices in ECHELON form
• Reduced Echelon form.
• to find the RANK of a matrix
• finding out the INVERSES of matrices &
• finding out the solution of linear system of
equations.
The elementary row operations are of
following types: -

• Interchanging of any two rows


• Adding or subtracting two rows with each
other
• Multiplication of a row by any number
• Adding or Subtracting two rows after
multiplying any of the row by a number.
• Example:- Convert the following matrix to
reduced echelon form using elementary
row operation:-

1 0 3
2 4 1
 
1 3 0
RANK OF A MATRIX: -
The number of non zero rows, after
converting a matrix into echelon form is
known the RANK of a matrix, for example,
1 3 3
A= 0 1 1  has Rank 2
 
0 0 0 1 3 0 4
B = 0 1 1 0 has Rank 3
 
0 0 0 1 
NULLITY OF A MATRIX: -
The number of zero rows, after converting a
matrix into echelon form is known the
NULLITY of a matrix.
so you can find out that the in previous slide
matrix A has nullity …….. and the matrix B
has nullity ………., Hence

RANK + NULLITY = Total No. of rows of


matrix.
Assignment of Ranks
ELEMENTARY MATRIX:
• Elementary Matrix is obtained, when only
a single row operation is required to
convert it into Identity matrix. For example,

3 0 1 0 0 
& 0 0 1 
0 1   
  0 1 0

are elementary matrices.


DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX: -
• Determinant of a matrix is defined as the
value of the matrix. It is calculated by the
method known as “ Laplacian Expansion”.
• It is evaluated either by a single row or
column “. If A is a given square matrix then
its determinant is denoted as
Det A or |A|. For example,
If
 4 1 2
3 2 5
A =  then we expand it by 1st row,
1 2 3

i.e.

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