Mini Project 2

PRESENTATION ON
AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA SINCE

INDEPENDENCE
STUDY ON PROGRESS, PERFORMANCE,
DETERMINANTS AND CHANGING TECHNIQUES
SUBMITTED BY : JANHVI BANKHWAL

ENTROLLMENT NUMBER : 2000380700075
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INTRODUCTION
Agriculture earns foreign exchange. Agricultural development is an
integral part of overall economic development. In India, agriculture
was the main source of national income and occupation at the time of
Independence. Agriculture and allied activities contributed nearly 50
percent to India’s national income. Agriculture plays an essential role
in the process of economic development of less developed countries
like India. Besides providing food to nation, agriculture releases
labor, provides saving, contributes to market of industrial goods and
Earns foreign exchange. Around 72 percent of total working
population was engaged in agriculture.
WTO period and this covered all the sub sectors of agriculture. The
growth rates in output of all crops decelerated from 2.93 percent to
1.57 percent. In order to achieve the goal of self sufficiency in
agriculture, new agricultural strategy has been initiated in 1966-67.
The fundamental of this strategy is the application of science and
technology for increasing yield per hectare. This strategy, known as
New Agricultural Strategy or Green Revolution, is based on the
extension of high yielding varieties responsive to heavy doses of
fertilizers and the package of improved practices in selected areas with
assured rainfall or irrigation facilities. The programmers included
under the new strategy are:
 The high yielding varieties programmed,
 Multiple cropping programmed,
 Integrated development of dry areas,
 Plant protection measures,
 Increased use of fertilizers
 New irrigation concept.
.
CHANGING AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
We look at changing structure of Indian agriculture in
terms of employment and land holding. The share of
agriculture in employment declined from about 82 percent
in 1950/51 to about 72 percent by 2001. During the same
duration, the share of agriculture in total GDP also
declined from 54.66 percent in 1950/51 to 24 percent by
2001.Among agricultural workforce about 45.6 percent are
registered as agricultural labor and the rest, i.e., 54.4
percent as cultivators while 28.1 percent was registered as
agriculture labor and the rest as cultivators in 1950/51.
This indicates that agricultural workforce shifted from
cultivators to agricultural labors.
PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Since independence India has made much progress in

agriculture. A lot of efforts have been done by the
government of India for development of the agricultural
sector since independence. Its outcome can be broadly
classified into food crops and commercial crops. In India
the major food crops include rice, wheat, pulses, coarse
cereals etc. Similarly, the commercial crops or non food
crops include raw cotton, tea, coffee, raw jute, sugarcane,
oil seeds etc. In India, total agriculture production effect
growth in total cultivated areas and increase in the average
yield per hectare of the various crops.
SOURCES OF GROWTH IN INDIAN
AGRICULTURE
The sources of crop income growth in Indian agriculture over
the 1980s and 1990s. Using a method developed by Minot
(2003), the analysis decomposes crop income growth into
the contribution of yield increases, area expansion, price
increases, are expansion, and diversification from low
value crops to higher value crops. The results confirm that
at the national level, technology (higher yield) was the
main source of crop income growth during 1980s.
Diversification towards HVC such as fruits and vegetables
accounted for about 27% of crop income growth in the
1980s and 31% in the 1990s.
The results confirms that at the national level, technology
(higher yield) was the main source of crop income
growth during 1980s, while rising prices ad
diversification emerged as the dominant sources of
growth in agriculture during 1990s. The result reflect
the slowing growth in rice and wheat yield in India, as
well as importance of diversification into HVC.
Diversification involves institutional development to
better link small farmers with growing markets for high
value commodities.
DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION
PRESSURE OF POPULATION ON AGRICULTURE

The high man-land ratio in the developed
countries of the world is contrasted by low man-land
ratio in the developing countries (of Asia in particular).
Overcrowding in agriculture has resulted in
fragmentation of landholdings and pseudo-
unemployment in agriculture.
RURAL ENVIRONMENT
The developing countries are characterized by
mass illiteracy and a conservative, superstitious social
atmosphere in rural areas. The farmers, in general, are
also reluctant to use modern methods of agriculture.
ROLE OF NON FARM SERVICES
. On the other hand, the presence of intermediaries in
agriculture has harmed the economies of developing countries to
a great extent. Non-farm services such as finance, marketing,
etc. influence agricultural productivity. In developed economies,
vigorous governmental backing to farmers in the form of credit
and crop insurance, for instance, has insulated them from the
risks of a market economy.
SIZE OF HOLDINGS
The highly populated countries of Asia are
characterized by low to very low per capita landholdings, which
hamper mechanization. Moreover, small holdings cause great
wastage of time, labor and cattle. Moreover, adopting scientific
methods of cultivation and application of HYV seeds is
impossible in small holdings.
IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN
AGRICULTURE
Technology in agriculture affects many areas of

agriculture, such as fertilizers, pesticides, seed
technology, etc. Biotechnology and genetic
engineering have resulted in pest resistance and
increased crop yields. Mechanization ha led to eficient
tilling, harvesting, and a reduction in manual labor.
Irrigation methods and transportation systems have
improved, processing machinery has reduced wastage
etc, and the effect is visible in all areas. Some
technological advancements that have innovated
agriculture :
Improved productivity from mechanization of agriculture.
Climate/ weather prediction through artificial intelligence.
Resilient crops developed via use of biotechnology.
Improving farm yields and supply chain management use
Big data.
CONCLUSION
Technology and technological change is an important

factor in promoting growth and development. Technology,
by raising the productivity of factor inputs, viz., labor,
capital, land and other natural resource, increase the output
productivity and thereby contributes positively to economic
growth. Though developed countries benefitted most from
technological innovations, the developing countries also
reaped benefits from these innovations. As such, the issue
of technology and technological change, due to its far
reaching impacts on economic growth and equity,
stimulated interest of researchers, development
professionals, academicians, as well as policy makers alike.
In fact, technological change has been one of the most
rapidly growing areas of study in the field of agricultural
economics since the early 1950s and thrust is still
continuing.
The present study provides a review of:
the place of agriculture in economic development theories

 the models of technological change in agriculture
the various economic concepts and definitions of technological
change
 the wide range of methods developed to empirically measure
technological change
 the results of some selected empirical studies that dealt
explicitly with the issue of technology and technological change
in agriculture.

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Mini Project 2

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PRESENTATION ON

AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA SINCE

SUBMITTED BY : JANHVI BANKHWAL

Since independence India has made much progress in

PRESSURE OF POPULATION ON AGRICULTURE

Technology in agriculture affects many areas of

Technology and technological change is an important

the place of agriculture in economic development theories

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