Electricity

 Physics
 HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY

 Thales of Miletus
(630-550 BC) was
the first, that about
600 BC, knew that
amber, when
rubbed acquires the
power of attraction
for some objects
 HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
 1600 –William Gilbert ,
an English scientist, found
that many other substances
have the same ability as that
of the amber when rubbed,
he called this ability electrics
hence coins the term
electricity from the Greek
word elektron that means
amber.
 HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
 Benjamin Franklin
– He determined that
electricity was a single force,
with positive and negative
aspects or charges

– He developed the theory

that electricity is a fluid that
exists in this area and its
flow is due to excess or lack
of it in her. He invented the
lightning rod.

– Demonstrated the electrical

nature of lightning with his
kite-flying experiment
performed in 1752,
These are just a few of the brilliant
minds that helped in shaping our
world as we know it today.

As we progress further we will be

introduced to some other
personalities that have contributed
with the science of electricity.
 Essential Questions(EQ):
 How does electricity transform a society?

 Experts consider electricity to be both a

blessing and a curse, explain in your own
words, why it is so.

 In what instances can we say electricity is

indeed very valuable in our everyday
lives? Cite some examples.
 The nature of electricity
Electricity is a form of energy that can only be appreciated by the effects it
produces.

Electricity exists in everything in our body,

in the air we breathe, the book we read,
objects, etc.

The study of electricity at rest is called

"electrostatic" and the study of electricity
in motion is called “electrodynamics”.
 Electricity and Magnetism
 Electric forces hold atoms and molecules
together.

Electricity controls our thinking, feeling,

muscles and metabolic processes.

 Much of our current technology owes its

existence from the continuing study about
Electricity and magnetism (e.g. computers).
 Introduction

Background and review about

Electricity
 Electricity

Everything in the world is made up of atoms.

Each atom has smaller parts in it. One of those
parts is called electrons. Electrons can move
from atom to atom. When an electron moves to
a different atom, it causes another electron to
have to move. When electrons move quickly
from one atom to another is it called
Electricity!
Inside an atom, Electron
electrons have a
Proton
negative charge
and protons have Neutron

a positive charge.

A charge is a measure of
These particles the extra positive or
attract each other. negative particles that
an object has.

Proton charge e, electron charge e

 What is electricity?
The flow of electrons
in the form of an
electric charge
 Electricity
Electricity occurs in 2 different forms

Static Current
 Is stationary  Flows around circuit
E.g. Brush your hair E.g. turn on light
Wool socks in Walkman
tumble drier
What is static electricity?
When two objects rub against each other electrons
transfer and build up on an object causing it to have a
different charge from its surroundings.

Like the shoes rubbing against the carpet. Electrons are

transferred from the carpet to the shoes.
 Static Electricity
Static electricity is
the charge that
stays on an object.

Unlike charges
attract each other,
and like charges
repel each other.
 Static Electricity

 Occurs with materials which are

insulators
 Rubbing adds or removes
electrons
 Object becomes charged

 Like objects repel, unlike attract

 The steady flow of electricity
is called an
Electric Current

A current will move along a

wire or a path called a circuit.

Circuit means to “go around.”

 Current Electricity
 Electrons flow through a conductor
 Negative to positive

 Circuit = continuous loop for

electrons to flow
 Needs energy supply

 Energy user
 Images

Statics electricity

Current electricity
 Static electricity

12/08/21 20
 Static electricity

12/08/21 21
 Static electricity

12/08/21 22
 Current Electricity

filament

12/08/21 23
What is the difference between static
electricity and current electricity?

Static electricity is stationary or collects

on the surface of an object, whereas current
electricity is flowing very rapidly through a
conductor.

The flow of electricity in current electricity

has electrical pressure or voltage. Electric
charges flow from an area of high voltage to an
area of low voltage.
 Classes of Materials

 CONDUCTORS are materials in which

charges may move freely (e.g. copper).

 INSULATORS are materials in which

charges cannot move freely (e.g. glass).

 SEMICONDUCTORS are materials in which

charges may move under some conditions
(e.g. silicon).
What is a conductor and insulator?

A conductor is a material which allows an

electric current to pass. Metals are good
conductors of electricity.

An insulator is a material which does not

allow an electric current to pass. Nonmetals
are good conductors of electricity. Plastic,
glass, wood, and rubber are good insulators
 Insulators and Conductors
 Both insulators and conductors can be charged.
Insulator
 The difference is that
– On an insulator charges are not able to move from
place to place. If you charge an insulator, you are
typically depositing (or removing) charges only from
the surface, and they will stay where you put them.
– On a conductor, charges can freely move. If you
try to place charge on a conductor, it will quickly
spread over the entire conductor.
Conductor

September 5, 2007
Electrostatics
 Electrostatics
 Deals with the electrical nature of
matter, the electrical charges they
carry, the transfer of these charges
from one body to another body and
the forces brought about by the
interaction of these charges.
 Coulomb’s Law
Charles Augustin de Coulomb
(1736-1806)

was the first person to measure the

amount of electricity and magnetism
generated in a circuit.

We still call the unit of electrical charge

a coulomb in his honor.

Coulomb is the unit of measurement of

electrical charge.

1 coulomb(C) = 6.25 x 1018 electrons

 Coulomb’s Law
 The force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of
the charged magnitudes

Fq1 and Fq2

 inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
1
F
d2
That is mathematically stated as:

1 q1 q2
F x x
d2 1 1
hence:

q1q2
F 2
d
 Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics
States that:
The electrical force of attraction ( or repulsion )
between two charged objects is directly
proportional to the product of the charged
magnitudes and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between the charges.
mathematically stated as:

q1q2
F 2
d
 Electric Force and Coulomb’s Law
 If a proportionality constant ( k ) is
introduced, two point charges q1 and q2
are separated by a distance d, the
magnitude of the electric force F
between them is stated as the equation:

q1q2
F k 2
d
 Coulomb’s Law

q1q2
F k 2
d
Wherein:

F is the electric force of attraction or repulsion in Newton (N)

k = 9 x 10 9 N ∙ m2/ C2 is the Coulomb constant

q1 and q2 are charges in Coulombs ( C )

d is the distance between the two charges in meters ( m )
 Important :
The Law of Electric Charges developed after
Benjamin Franklin’s findings, states that
like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

 In determining the type of force that exist between

two charges if when q1 has a positive charge and
q2 has negative charge, F will therefore be a
force of attraction that will bring the bodies
closer to each other.
-
+
Important :
 If q1 and q2 are both negatively charged
bodies or both are positively charged
bodies, F will be a force of repulsion which
will make the two charged bodies move away
from each other .

+ -
-
+
Sample exercises

Coulomb’s Law
 Sample exercises on Coulomb’s Law
1. A charge of +3 x 10 – 6 Coulomb (C) is 10 cm from a charge of
+5 x 10 – 6 Coulomb (C). Calculate the magnitude, direction and

type of force between the charges.

Given : q1 = 3.0 x 10 – 6 C Solution: Equation
q2 = 5.0 x 10 – 6
C q1q2
F k
d = 10 cm = 0.10 m d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (3.0 x 10 -6

C) (5.0 x 10 -6
C)
( 0.10m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (15.0 x 10 - 12
C2 )
(1.0 x 10 -2
m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 15.0 x 10 -10
)

F = + 13.5 N , force of repulsion

 Sample exercises on Coulomb’s Law
2. A positive charge of 6.0 x 10 -6 C is 0.030m from a second
positive charge of 3.0 x 10 -6 C. Calculate the force between the
charges.
Given : q1 = 6.0 x 10 – 6 C Solution: Equation
q2 = 3.0 x 10 – 6
C q1q2
F k
d = 0.030 m d2
Find: Force ( F )
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (6.0 x 10 -6
C) (3.0 x 10 -6
C)
( 0.030m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (18.0 x 10 -12
C2)
(9.0 x 10 -4
m2)
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 2.0 x 10 -8
)

F = + 180 N, force of repulsion

 More exercises on Coulomb’s Law

3. Two objects are both negatively charged with 0.5 C

each and are 40 cm apart. What kind of force exists
between them and how much?

4. What is the force between two equal but opposite

charged 10-5 C objects that are 2 meters apart and
the type of force that exist between them?

5. What is the force between charges of

+6.0 x 10-5 C and a charge of -3.0 x 104 C, if they are

0.4 meters apart? Determine the type of force that

exist between them.
 Answers:
3. Given : q1 = - 0.5 C Solution: Equation
q2 = - 0.5 C
q1q2
d = 40 cm = 0.40 m F k
d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( - 0.5 C ) x ( - 0.5 C )

( 0.40 m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( 0.25 C2 )
( 0.16 m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 1.5625 )

F = 1.40625 x 10 10 N, force of repulsion

= 1.41 x 10 10
N
 Answers:
4. Given : q1 = - 10 – 5 C Solution: Equation
q2 = + 10 –5
C
q1q2
d= 2m F k
d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( 10 –5
C ) x ( 10 –5
C)
( 2 m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( 10 – 10
C2 )
( 4 m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 2.5 x 10 -11 )

F = 0.225 N, force of attraction

 Answers:
5. Given : q1 = + 6 x 10 – Solution: Equation
5
C q1q2
q2 = - 3 x 10 4 C F k
d2
d= 0.4 m
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( 6 x 10 –5
C ) x ( 3 x 10 4
C)
( 0.4 m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( 18 x 10 –1
C2 )
( 0.16 m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 11.25 )

F = 101.25 x 109 N
= 1.0125 x 1011 N , force of attraction
More sample exercises

Coulomb’s Law
 More exercises on Coulomb’s Law
6. Two point charges are separated by a distance of 100 cm. What kind of
force exists between them and how much if the first charge is +3 C and
the other is -4 C?

7. What is the force between two equal but opposite charged 1.5 x 10-5 C
objects that are 30 cm apart and the type of force that exist between
them?

8. What is the force between charges of +2.5 x 10-6 C and a charge of

+2.0 x 104 C, if they are 0.20 meters apart? Determine also the type of

force that exist between them.

9. Two objects are positively charged with 0.5 C each and are 80 cm
apart. What is the magnitude of the force that acts on the two objects
and what type of force exists between them?

10. A metal sphere is give n a charge of - 3.5 x 10-8 C and the second
sphere has a charge of +2.0 x 10-6 C and separated by 2.0 meters.
What is the magnitude of the force between them and what type of
force exists between them?
 Answers:
6. Given : q1 = + 3 C Solution: Equation
q2 = - 4 C
q1q2
d = 100 cm = 1 m F k
d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (3C)x(4C)

( 1 m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( 12 C2 )
( 1 m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 12 )

= 108 x 10 9 N
F = 1.08 x 10 11 N , force of repulsion
 Answers:
7. Given : q1 = + 1.5 x Solution: Equation
10-5 C
q2 = - 1.5 x 10-5 C q1q2
F k
d = 30 cm = 0.30 m d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (1.5 x 10-5 C ) x (1.5 x 10-5 C )

( O.30 m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (2.25 x 10-10 C2 )
( 9.0 x 10 -2
m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 0.25 x 10 -8
)

= 2.25 x 10 1 N
F = 22.5 N , force of attraction
 Answers:
8. Given : q1 = +2.5 x 10- Solution: Equation
6
C
q2 = +2.0 x 104 C q1q2
F k
d = 0.20 meters d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (2.5 x 10-6 C ) x (2.0 x 104 C)

(0.20 m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (5.0 x 10 -2
C2 )
( 4.0 x 10 -2
m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 1.25 )

= 11.25 x 10 9 N
F = 1.125 x 10 10 N , force of repulsion
 Answers:
9. Given : q1 = +
0.5 C Solution: Equation
q2 = +
0.5 C
q1q2
d = 80 cm = 0.80 m F k
d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • ( 0.5C ) x ( 0.5C )

(0.80 m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (0.25 C2 )
( 0.64 m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 0.390625 )

= 3, 515, 625, 000 N

F = 3.52 x 10 9 N , force of repulsion
 Answers:
10. Given : q1 = - 3.5 x 10-8 C Solution: Equation
q2 = +2.0 x 10-6 C
q1q2
d = 2.0 m F k
d2
Find: Force ( F )

= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (3.5 x 10-8 C ) x (2.0 x 10-6 C )

( 2.0m )2
= ( 9 x 109 N m2/ C2 ) • (7.0 x 10 -14
C2 )
( 4 m2 )
= ( 9 x 109 N ) • ( 1.75 x 10 -14
)

= 15.75 x 10 -5
N

F = 1.575 x 10 -4 N , force of attraction

ELECTRIC FIELD
 Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867)
•Introduced the idea of lines of forces.

• He studied the magnetic field

around a conductor carrying a DC
electric current. While conducting
these studies, Faraday established
the basis for the electromagnetic field
concept in physics.

• He was the first to produce

an electric current from a
magnetic field.
 Electric Field of Force
 The electric force acts
over the distance separating
the two objects.

 Electric force is an
action-at-a-distance force.

 In this topic, we will explore

this concept of action-at-a-
distance using a different
concept known as the
electric field.
 Electric Field
 The region or
space around the
charged body or
particle is
described as an
electric field.

 The electric
field is that
region where an
electric force acts
on a body.
 Electric Field
@ They are nothing but a way of pictorially
mapping the electric field around a
configuration of charges.

@ It is the curve drawn in such a way that the

tangent to it at each point is in the direction of
the net field at the point.

@ An arrow on the lines of force is a must to

indicate the direction of the electric field.

@ Electric field lines are also called as

electric flux lines
 Let us see the nature of the lines of force in the
following cases :

Case 1:

If it is a positively charged body, then the electric lines

of force are directed away from the body.
Case 2:

If the body is negatively charged, then the lines of force

are directed towards the body.
Case 3:

When two positively charged bodies are involved, the

electric lines of force gives a vivid picture of mutual repulsion.

Like Charges (q1 x q2> 0)

Case 4:

In the case of two equal and opposite charges, the lines of force
clearly shows mutual attraction, the lines move from +e to -e.

Unlike Charges (q1 x q2< 0)

 The strength of the field at a particular point
depends on the size of the charge of an
object and the distance between the point
and the object.

 The field becomes stronger the closer the

point is to the object.
• The Field Intensity or Field Strength is described as
the ratio of Force to the amount of test charge.

• The field intensity for an electric field is measured in

Newton per Coulomb [N/C]. 

• This describes the amount of force present for every

coulomb of charge used as a test charge. 

• This equation is known as the

Intensity of an Electrostatic Field

F
E 
q
 Intensity of an Electrostatic Field

F
E 
Where:
q
E is the intensity of an electrostatic field in
Newton per Coulomb ( N/ C )

F is the electrostatic force in Newton ( N )

q is the charge in Coulomb ( C )

 we can now derive the other equations using the
formula of the Intensity of the Electric Field:

F
E 
q

If Electrostatic Force is
unknown
F  Exq
F
If the charge is unknown q 
E
Sample Exercises ( manual computation )
1. A positive charge of 10-6 Coulombs
placed at a certain point in an electric
field experiences a force of 0.30
Newton. Find the intensity of the
electric field at that point.

2. What is the electric field of a force

that is 4.5 x 10 4 N from a charge
q = 2 x 10-7 Coulomb ( C )?
 Answers:
1. Given : F = 0.30 N or 3.0 x 10 -1
N
q = 10-6 C or 1 x 10 -6
C
Find: Electric field intensity ( E )

E = F

q
transpose to the numerator
= ( 3.0 x 10 -1
N) place, and change the sign of
the exponent into its inverse
( 1 x 10 -6 C)

= ( 3.0 ) x ( 10 -1
N ) • ( 10 6
)
(1) C

E = 3.0 x 10 5
N/ C or 300, 000 N/C
 Answers:
2. Given : F = 4.5 x 10 4
N
q = 2 x 10 -7
Coulomb

Find: Electric field intensity ( E )

E = F

q
transpose to the numerator
= ( 4.5 x 10 4
N) place, and change the sign of
the exponent into its inverse
(2 x 10 -7
C)

Having the same base

= ( 4.5 ) x (10 4
N ) • (10 7 ) just add their
exponents if they have
(2) C the same sign and
subtract if unlike sign,

E = 2.25 x 10 N/ C
11 and follow the sign of
the larger number
 Sample Exercises
3. Find the magnitude of the strength of the
electric field that is directed downward by
a force of 30 N experienced by a charge of
-6 C.
4. Find the force on a charge of
5 x 10-9 C if it is placed in a uniform field
intensity of 60, 000 N/C.

5. The force on a test charge is

3.5 x 10-6 N when the charge is placed in
an electric field with an intensity of 5
x 105 N/ C. Find the magnitude of the
charge.
 Answers:
3. Given : F = 30 N
q=-6C

Find: Electric field intensity ( E )

E = F

q
= ( 30 N )
( 6C )

E = 5 N/ C
 Answers:
4. Given : E = 60, 000 N/C
q = 5 x 10-9 C

Find: Force ( F )

from E = F
q

F=Exq

= ( 60, 000 N/C ) x ( 5 x 10-9 C )

cancel Coulomb ( C )
= ( 6.0 x 10 4 N/C ) x (5 x 10-9 C )

= 30 x 10 - 5 N
F = 3.0 x 10 - 4
N
 Answers:
5. Given : E = 5 x 105 N/ C
F = 3.5 x 10-6 N

Find: magnitude of the charge ( q )

from E = F
q
q
= F
E
= 3.5 x 10-6 N cancel Newton ( N )
5 x 105 N/ C

q = 7.0 x 10 - 12
C
 Electronics - Core Standards
Mathematics for Electronics

Students will
understand the
mathematical
processes and
applications that
lead to solutions of
electronic problems.
P = Power (watts or volt-amps)
I = Intensity (current in amps)
E = Electromotive Force (Voltage)
R = Resistance (Ohms)