THIS IS TO CERIFY THAT SAMEER

PATEL OF CLASS XII “B” HAS

COMPLETED THE PROJECT
REPORT ON HUMAN CLONING.
ON HER OWN WITH KEEN
INTEREST AND HIS OWN SINCERE
EFFORTS, UNDER MY GUIDANCE
AND SUPERVISION.

EXTERNAL EXAMINERINTERNAL EXAMINER

MRS. USHA YADAV
Acknowledgements
I THANK THE ALMIGHTY FOR THE
BLESSINGS HE HAS SHOWERED UPON
ME TOWARDS THE SUCCESS OF THIS
PROJECT. IT IS MY PLEASURE TO
THANK OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER
MRS. USHA YADAV FOR HER
CONTINOUS ENCOURAGEMENT FOR
THIS PROJECT

I GRATEFULLY EXPRESS MY
HEARTFELT THANKS TO OUR
HONOURABLE PRINCIPAL MRS.
AKANSHA SAMUEL FOR
PERMITTING ME TO CARRY OUT
THIS PROJECT THAT ADDS UP TO MY
EXPERIENCE.

FINALLY I CONVEY MY SINCERE

GRATITUDE TO MY PARENTS,
GUARDIANS AND FRIENDS WHO
HELPED ME TO CARRY OUT THIS
INTRODUCTION:-
The word “Clone” means, “Identical”, identical in all aspects. In
biological point of view, two or more organisms are said to be
clones of each other if they are morphologically, anatomically and
more important, genetically identical. Clones have identical
genome. Since the protein synthesis and metabolism is controlled
by an organism’s genome, clones are identical in all aspects.
Cloning is done by nature in many lower level organisms like
Monerans, Fungi, and in some eukaryotes. Cloning can be clearly
observed during reproduction of these organisms by a process
called “binary fission” in which a single cell grows and divides
into two identical daughter cells. They are Clones. This can also
be observed during “multiple fission” in some protozoans like
plasmodium.
Cloning can be done artificially to produce genetically identical
organisms. Several methods have been developed to clone an
organism. The most applied method is “Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (SCNT)”. This method has been widely used to produce a
large number of identical organisms. The first fully cloned animal
was a sheep named Dolly. It was clone by SCNT technology.
 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, an egg from a female is taken
and its nucleus is taken out and is disposed. Then, a cell from the
body of same organism is taken; it must be a cell other than the
reproductive cells. Any body cell other than the reproductive cell is
called a Somatic Cell. The nucleus of this somatic cell is taken out
carefully and it is inserted into the previously ‘enucleated’ cell. It is
not just insertion; it is fused with the hollow egg using electricity.
This fools the egg that is has been fertilized.
I will explain it with an example. Suppose we want to clone a cow
named ‘A’. We will first request the cow to donate an egg. Since
this has donated us an egg, it is called a ‘Donor’. Now that we’ve
the egg, we will carefully suck out the nucleus from it and keep the
‘enucleated cell’ safely. After that, we will again go to the donor
cow and take a cell from some other body part. These cells are
diploid. Again pull out the nucleus and this time keep the nucleus
safe. Now, carefully insert this nucleus into the previously
enucleated cell and apply an electric current of suitable voltage.
That’s it! If we’ve done everything perfectly, the egg (which now
pretends to be a zygote) should develop into an embryo and slowly
into a cow which is clone of the donor cow!
Look at this picture, it describes the SCNT technology. This is how
Dolly was cloned
Human Cloning
Scientists have managed to clone a number of animals like
sheep, cow, mice etc. But, their dream of cloning a human
remained unfulfilled. There have been many attempts of
cloning a human. It has become more of an ethical and social
issue rather than a scientific advancement. Many scientists
claimed that they have cloned a human. In 2004, a South-
Korean scientist and his team claimed that they have
successfully cloned 11 human embryos for the purpose of
extracting stem cells; later it was confirmed that it was a false
statement.
Scientists say that is in fact possible to clone a human by using
the famous SCNT. A cell, which contains DNA, is taken from
the person who is being cloned. Then the enucleated egg is
fused together with the cloning subject's cell using electricity.
This creates an embryo, which is implanted into a surrogate
mother through in vitro fertilization. If the procedure is
successful, then the surrogate mother will give birth to a baby
that's a clone of the cloning subject at the end of a normal
gestation period. Success rate is estimated to be about 2%.
The Process
Now, I state the steps involved in cloning a human in a brief way. The actual process is far more
complex than what the steps here depict.
Step One:
Go fetch a human egg! Yes of course, you will need an unfertilized alive human egg. Scientists get
them from the egg banks where the eggs are stored safely in an extremely cold environment, perhaps
about -196 degree Celsius.
Step Two:
The next step is to obtain any body cell other that the reproductive cells from the individual to be
cloned. These cells are called Somatic cells.
They are preferably obtained from soft tissues of the body where the cells are active and young.
Step Three:
After getting the somatic cell, the next step is to extract its nucleus carefully. After the nucleus is
extracted, the remaining part of the cell is thrown away and the nucleus is kept safe for the following
process.
Step Four:
Now we take the egg again and extract its nucleus. This time, we throw the nucleus away and keep the
hollow cell with us. Yes! Throw the nucleus away. Only the enucleated cell is going to be part of the
process.
Step Five:
Now we have all the raw material for the cloning process. In this step, the nucleus extracted from the
somatic cell is carefully injected into the enucleated egg. This looks like a brand new cell! But the
process will be incomplete without the next step.
Step Six:
To make the cell actually work, the cell has to be activated by using an electric spark. Then the
nucleus fuses with the cell and forms a kind of pseudo zygote. This is the last step of the human
cloning. Since we have produced a zygote, the rest of the process follows the regular steps like
embryogenesis etc.
Further development of the zygote needs it to be implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. After
complete growth, the individual will be an exact clone of the person from whom the somatic cell was
extracted.

The process seems so easy reading these six steps. But it is in fact extremely complex and the chance
of successful development of the cloned zygote into an embryo and then into a fully grown individual
is very small.
Many attempts have been made to clone human. Some of them succeeded in producing the cloned
zygote and even went up to the embryo development. But the process ended there.
Ethical Controversies
The whole process seems so interesting. But, there are number of ethical issues
associated with this technology. Some people believe that cloning a human creates
another identity of the existing human and that would result in lot of social problems.
For example, a female DNA donor would be the clone's genetic twin, rather than
mother, complicating the genetic and social relationships between mother and child as
well as the relationships between other family members and the clone. Many religions
are also against this process. Like, Sunni Muslims consider human cloning to be
forbidden by Islam.

Benefits and Problems

Many scientists believe that the process of cloning a human could be very
advantageous. Some hope to create a fertility treatment that allows parents who are
both infertile to have children with at least some of their DNA in their offspring. While
others suggest that human cloning might avoid the human aging process. One of the
considered options to repair the cell depletion related to cellular senescence is to grow
replacement tissues from stem cells harvested from a cloned embryo. There are also as
many problems regarding this technology. This is and extremely expensive process
and cannot be produced easily. The success rate of producing a cloned human is
extremely low.

CONCLUSION:
So, cloning a human is actually possible and this experiment has been done many
times all over the world by many organizations. There are also many laws
implemented regarding this controversial process in almost all the countries. There are
only a few countries where human cloning is not completely banned. United States is
one of them. It has no strict rules that ban this technology. This debate continues
forever and some day, some scientist will definitely make his own clone and prove that
human cloning is reality.