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    Earthquakes: Members

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    Tevin Samuels
    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up energy in the Earth's crust. They can range from minor tremors to powerful events that cause severe damage. The effects of earthquakes include ground shaking, surface faulting, landslides, and tsunamis. Most earthquakes occur along fault lines in the Pacific "Ring of Fire" due to the movement of tectonic plates. While earthquakes cannot be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through hazard identification, building design, and public education.

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    Earthquakes: Members

    Uploaded by

    Tevin Samuels
    78 views17 pages
    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up energy in the Earth's crust. They can range from minor tremors to powerful events that cause severe damage. The effects of earthquakes include ground shaking, surface faulting, landslides, and tsunamis. Most earthquakes occur along fault lines in the Pacific "Ring of Fire" due to the movement of tectonic plates. While earthquakes cannot be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through hazard identification, building design, and public education.

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    Earthquakes

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    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up energy in the Earth's crust. They can range from minor tremors to powerful events that cause severe damage. The effects of earthquakes include ground shaking, surface faulting, landslides, and tsunamis. Most earthquakes occur along fault lines in the Pacific "Ring of Fire" due to the movement of tectonic plates. While earthquakes cannot be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through hazard identification, building design, and public education.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    78 views17 pages

    Earthquakes: Members

    Uploaded by

    Tevin Samuels
    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up energy in the Earth's crust. They can range from minor tremors to powerful events that cause severe damage. The effects of earthquakes include ground shaking, surface faulting, landslides, and tsunamis. Most earthquakes occur along fault lines in the Pacific "Ring of Fire" due to the movement of tectonic plates. While earthquakes cannot be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through hazard identification, building design, and public education.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    Earthquakes

    Members:
    Tevin Samuels
    Britanny Cross
    Tenecia Golding
    Shawna Tingle
    Trishana Morrison
    Definition
     An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the
    surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in
    the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size
    from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel
    objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities.
    The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of
    earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is also used for non-
    earthquake seismic rumbling.
     At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or
    disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore,
    the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also
    trigger landslides and occasionally, volcanic activity.
     In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event
    whether natural or caused by humans that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are
    caused mostly by rupture of geological faults but also by other events such as volcanic
    activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial
    rupture is called its hypocenter or focus. The epicenter is the point at ground level
    directly above the hypocenter.
    Main Causes
    Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly
    breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the
    seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of
    rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little.
    They don't just slide smoothly; the rocks catch on each other. The
    rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a
    while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up.
    When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. During the
    earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start
    moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The
    spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the
    earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground)
    is called the epicenter of the earthquake.
    Effects/Consequences
     Ground Shaking
     Ground shaking is a term used to describe the vibration of the ground during
    an earthquake. Ground shaking is caused by body waves and surface
    waves. As a generalization, the severity of ground shaking increases
    as magnitude increases and decreases as distance from the
    causative fault increases.
     Surface faulting

     Surface faulting is displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip


    along a fault. Commonly occurs with shallow earthquakes, those with an
    epicenter less than 20 km. Surface faulting also may accompany aseismic
    creep or natural or man-induced subsidence.
     Landslides
     Landslides are caused by earthquakes both by direct rupture and by
    sustained shaking of unstable slopes. They can easily destroy buildings in
    their path, or block roads and railroad lines, or take hilltop homes with them
    as they tumble. 
    Tsunamis
    Tsunamis are water waves that are caused by sudden vertical movement of a large
    area of the sea floor during an undersea earthquake. Tsunamis are often called tidal
    waves, but this term is a misnomer. Unlike regular ocean tides, tsunamis are not
    caused by the tidal action of the Moon and Sun. The height of a tsunami in the deep
    ocean is typically about 1 foot, but the distance between wave crests can be very long,
    more than 60 miles. The speed at which the tsunami travels decreases as water depth
    decreases. In the mid-Pacific, where the water depths reach 3 miles, tsunami speeds
    can be more than 430 miles per hour. As tsunamis reach shallow water around islands
    or on a continental shelf; the height of the waves increases many times, sometimes
    reaching as much as 80 feet. The great distance between wave crests prevents
    tsunamis from dissipating energy as a breaking surf; instead, tsunamis cause water
    levels to rise rapidly along coast lines.
    Tsunamis and earthquake ground shaking differ in their destructive characteristics.
    Ground shaking causes destruction mainly in the vicinity of the causative fault, but
    tsunamis cause destruction both locally and at very distant locations from the area of
    tsunami generation.
    Location of Specific Examples
     Earthquakes can strike any location at any time, but history shows they
    occur in the same general patterns year after year, principally in the circum-
    Pacific seismic belt also known as the Ring of Fire.

     The world's greatest earthquake belt, the circum-Pacific seismic belt, is


    found along the rim of the Pacific Ocean, where about 81 percent of our
    planet's largest earthquakes occur. It has earned the nickname "Ring of
    Fire". Why do so many earthquakes originate in this region? The belt exists
    along boundaries of tectonic plates, where plates of mostly oceanic crust are
    sinking (or sub ducting) beneath another plate. Earthquakes in these sub
    diction zones are caused by slip between plates and rupture within plates.
    Solutions
     We cannot prevent natural earthquakes from occurring but we can
    significantly mitigate their effects by identifying hazards, building safer
    structures, and providing education on earthquake safety. By preparing for
    natural earthquakes we can also reduce the risk from human induced
    earthquakes.
     Ways to reduce the impact of earthquakes:
    BEFORE
     1. Develop a seismic conscience.

     2. Make a meticulous inspection of your house and workplace to determine if there are structural dangers.

     3. Get advice from an engineer to assure the structural stability of your site during an earthquake.

     4. Build structures in firm land.

     5. Identify and take measures to reduce the dangers that there are in your home, neighborhood and your
    workplace.

     6. Secure the potentially unstable furniture to the wall or the floor.

     7. Hold movable and equipment with wheels to the floor and the walls

     8. Close tightly the doors of all cabinets and equipment.

     9. Secure firmly all hanging objects of the ceiling.

     10. Remove heavy objects from high places.

     11. Move beds away from dangerous places.

     12. Secure the gas tanks and water heaters to the wall.
    DURING
    1. React quickly.

    2. Ask repeatedly to the Earth to stop shaking.

    3. If you are inside your house or another building, stay there and move to a safe place.

    4. Keep away from dangerous objects and it protect yourself against

    5. those that fall.

    6. Do not run. In most of the cases it is safer to remain inside than to try to leave.

    7. Do not use the elevator or try to leave the building by the stairs during the earthquake.

    8. Stop your automobile and stay in.

    9. If you are outside, stay there, and moving away of posts, trees and buildings.

    10. If you use a wheelchair, stay sit and try to avoid falling objects.
    AFTER
    1. Move away from the sea.

    2. Keep calm, take a moment to think about the consequences of what you are going to do.

    3. Implement familiar and community emergency plans.

    4. Make a fast initial inspection in case there are wound or stuck people.

    5. Wear suitable clothes

    6. Verify if there are fires.

    7. Do not make unnecessary calls.

    8. If you detect any gas leak, close the main valve, open the windows and get away from the building.

    9. Disconect the electrical service if there are damages in the electrical system of the property.

    10. Do not touch cables or electrical posts that have fallen to the ground. Get rid of dangerous substances
    that may have been spilled.

    11. Examine the sanitary system.


    poem
     Earthquake
     The plates below are shaking
    The house & lands on earths are moving
    I can see the fear on people's face
    Moving here &there; in fear, without interest
    Hopeless face and tearful eyes,
    Praying for their God, thinking, how to survive.
    Dear Earthquake, Why you come?
    Not only once but again and again with more
    AFTER SHAKES.
    Thank You For Your Time

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