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    Water Analysis - Alkalinity

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    BELIEVER
    (1) Alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids and is due to hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. (2) It is determined by titrating a water sample with a strong acid and phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. (3) The volume of acid used at each end point indicates the concentration of ions contributing to alkalinity. Total alkalinity is measured as the volume of acid needed to neutralize all alkaline ions.

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    Water Analysis - Alkalinity

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    BELIEVER
    127 views13 pages
    (1) Alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids and is due to hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. (2) It is determined by titrating a water sample with a strong acid and phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. (3) The volume of acid used at each end point indicates the concentration of ions contributing to alkalinity. Total alkalinity is measured as the volume of acid needed to neutralize all alkaline ions.

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    Alkalinity

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    Water analysis_Alkalinity

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    (1) Alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids and is due to hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. (2) It is determined by titrating a water sample with a strong acid and phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. (3) The volume of acid used at each end point indicates the concentration of ions contributing to alkalinity. Total alkalinity is measured as the volume of acid needed to neutralize all alkaline ions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    127 views13 pages

    Water Analysis - Alkalinity

    Uploaded by

    BELIEVER
    (1) Alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids and is due to hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. (2) It is determined by titrating a water sample with a strong acid and phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. (3) The volume of acid used at each end point indicates the concentration of ions contributing to alkalinity. Total alkalinity is measured as the volume of acid needed to neutralize all alkaline ions.

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    Alkalinity and its determination:

    The alkalinity of natural water is mainly due to


    the presence of hydroxide, carbonate and
    bicarbonate ions. Alkalinity is a measure of the
    ability of water to neutralize the acids. It can be
    defined as “the concentration of the salts
    present in water which increases the
    concentration of OH- ions due to hydrolysis
    thereby rising pH of water to alkaline range”.
    The possible conditions causing alkalinity in natural water are;

    (i) OH- only (ii) CO32- only (iii) HCO3- only


    (iv) OH- & CO32- together (v) CO32- & HCO3- together.

    Hydroxide and bicarbonates do not exist together because


    hydroxide ions react with bicarbonate ions to form
    carbonate ions. Therefore existence of hydroxide and
    bicarbonates ions together is ruled out.

    OH- + HCO3-  CO32- + H2O

    Alkalinity of water is estimated by neutralization titration against


    Standard acid solution using phenolphthalein and methyl
    orange as internal indicators
    Requirements:

    Apparatus Required: Burette, pipette, conical flask, beaker,


    dropper, etc.

    Chemicals Required: Alkaline water sample, standard acid


    Solution, phenolphthalein, methyl orange.

    Theory:
    Alkalinity is determined by titrating the sample with a standard
    solution of a strong acid. When the pH of the sample is above
    8.3, titration is first carried out using phenolphthalein indicator.
    At the first end point, the indicator changes from pink to
    colorless, it indicates complete neutralization of hydroxide and
    conversion of all the carbonate into bicarbonate ions. The
    alkalinity measured up to this point is called phenolphthalein
    alkalinity. [P]
    Phenolphthalein alkalinity [P] (in mg/l) = ENVP X 1000

    Vol of water sample


     
    Here E = Chemical equivalent wt. of CaCO3
    N= Normality of Acid solution
    VP= Volume of Acid solution used at phenolphthalein end
    Titration
    point i.e. is
    P continued
    ml using methyl orange indicator. The color
    changes from yellow to red and shows complete neutralization of
    all ions. The total volume of acid used in both the stages
    corresponds to the neutralization of hydroxide, carbonate and
    bicarbonate and is thus, a measure of Total Alkalinity. [M]

    Methyl orange alkalinity [M] (in mg/l) = ENVM X 1000


    Vol of water sample
    Here VM= Total Volume of
    Acid solution used
    When standard acid solution is added to alkaline water
    following reactions takes place ;

    (A) Neutralization of hydroxide ions


    (1) OH- + H+  H2O

    (B) Neutralization of carbonate ions


    (2) CO32- + H+  HCO3-
    (3) HCO3- + H+  CO2 + H2O

    (C) Neutralization of bicarbonate ions


    (4) HCO3- + H+  CO2 + H2O
    Funnel
    Conical Flask

    Pipette
    Methyl orange
    Phenolphthalein
    Procedure:
    1)Burette is filled with standard acid solution.

    2)Alkaline water is pipette out in a conical flask.

    3) Alkaline water is titrated with acid solution using


    first phenolphthalein and then methyl orange
    indicator.

    4)The volume of acid solution consumed is noted


    at phenolphthalein and methyl orange end points
    and same experiment is repeated to get concordant
    reading.
    Observation Table:

    S. Vol Burette Burette Burette Vol of acid Total vol of


    No. of reading reading reading Solution used at acid solution
    water Initial (ml) P ml M ml Ph. End point, P used, M ml
    (ml) ml

    1 10 o.o V1 V2

    2 10 o.o V3 V4 V3 V4

    3 10 0.0 V3 V4
    The type and extent of alkalinity of water can be
    Calculation: determined by comparing the values of P and M
    alkalinities with the help of following table;

    Alkalinity OH- CO32- HCO3-

    P=0 0 0 M

    P=M P or M 0 0

    P=M/2 0 2P or M 0

    P<M/2 0 2P M-2P

    P>M/2 2P-M 2(M-P) 0


    Result: The total alkalinity present in the given
    water sample is ………….ppm.

    Precautions:
    1)Burette and pipette should be rinsed before
    experiment.

    2)Burette should be filled up to zero mark.

    3)Air bubbles should be removed from burette.

    4)Last drop from pipette should not be transferred


    into conical flask.

    5)End point should be noted carefully.

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