Lecture 10:

Animal Form and

Function 1

Prof. Bui Hong Thuy - School of Biotechnology

Group 8
1 LÊ HOÀNG GIA HÂN - BTFT IU21104
2 TRỊNH NGUYỄ N PHƯƠNG KHANH -B TFTUN21002
3 NGUYỄN HỒNG ANH - BTFTIU21095
4 TRẦN KHÁNH NHÃ UYÊN - BT FTIU21136
5 LÊ QUÝ DI LUÂN - BTFTIU21045
QUESTION 1
RELATE STRUCTURE WITH FUNCTION
AND IDENTIFY DIAGRAMS OF THE
FOLLOWING ANIMAL TISSUES:
EPITHELIAL, CONNECTIVE TISSUE (SIX
TYPES), MUSCLE TISSUE (THREE
TYPES), AND NERVOUS TISSUE.
QUESTION 1

• A tissue is a group of cells, in close proximity, organized

to perform one or more specific functions.
• Four basic tissue types defined by their morphology and
function: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue,
and nervous tissue.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- creates protective boundaries
- is involved in the diffusion of
ions and molecules.
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CHARACTERISTIC
BASAL SURFACE
Highly cellular, function as receptors
Basement membrane,
form a barrier, minimal extracellular
hemidesmosomes
matrix, avascular, innervated

APICAL SURFACE LATERAL SURFACE

Microvilli, cilia, stereocilia Adhering junctions, desmosomes,
tight junctions, gap junctions
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue
underlies and supports
other tissue types
 CELL TYPES
FIBERS
Structural, immunological,
Collagen, reticular, elastic
defense, energy reservoir

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CHARACTERISTIC
Proper: Loose; dense (regular, irregular) connective tissue
Embryonic: Mesenchymal; mucous connective tissue
Specialized: Cartilage; adipose; bone; blood
 MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle tissue contracts to initiate movement
in the body.
 MUSCLE TISSUE
SKELETAL
CHARACTERISTIC
Rapid and strong contraction;
Extensible, elastic,
large, cylindrical, elongated cells;
contractile,
syncytium; peripheral and ovoid nuclei;
organized into bundles
striated; present in voluntary skeletal
muscles

CARDIAC LATERAL SURFACE

Strong contraction; striated; Weak and slow contractions;
single and centrally located nucleus, spindle shaped cells;
connected by gap junctions and single and central nucleus;
intercalated discs; syncytium; nonstriated; found in involuntary
found in the myocardium muscles (viscera)
NERVOUS TISSUE
- transmits and
integrates information
through the central and
peripheral nervous
systems.
 NEUTRON
NERVOUS TISSUE FUNCTION
transmission of electrical impulses

STRUCTURE
soma (cell body), axons (transmit impulses away
from soma), dendrites (transmit incoming impulses)

ORGANIZATION
ganglia (PNS) and nuclei (CNS)
 FUNCTION

GLIA support and nourish neurons

ASTROCYTES

NERVOUS TISSUE
support synapses, form a protective barrier
around blood vessels

OLIGODENDROCYTES
insulate axons and increase impulse projection in
the CNS

SCHWANN CELLS
Schwann cells: oligodendrocytes equivalents in
the PNS

MICROGLIA
defend the nervous system
QUESTION 2

Define metabolic rate and explain how it

can be determined for animals
 Can be measured by rate of heat loss, size, amount
of oxygen consumed, and rate of food consumption
Metabolic rate =
the amount of
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) or standard
energy metabolic rate (SMR) is a measure of an
an animal uses animal’s metabolic rate when it is quiet, not
stressed out or excited, and not doing anything
in kcal/minute active
 Metabolic rate
Metabolic rate varies with activity level. More
active animals have a higher metabolic rate than
less active animals
 Metabolic rate
An animal’s metabolic rate determines how
much food it must consume to maintain its body
at a constant mass
QUESTION 3
DEFINE THERMOREGULATION.
EXPLAIN HOW ENDOTHERMS AND
ECTOTHERMS MANAGE THEIR HEAT
BUDGETS
THERMOREGULATION
a process where animals maintain
a steady body temperature in a
tolerable range
 ENDOTHERM S
Endotherms: warm-blooded animals, generate heat
by metabolism, be independent of the environment,
can maintain body temperature
 ECTOTHERM S
Ectotherms: cold-blooded animals, gain heat from external
resources, depend on the environment,
cannot maintain body temperature.
QUESTION 4
DESCRIBE FOUR MAIN STAGES
OF FOOD PROCESSING
 INGESTION
the act of eating, begin to break down the food by enzyme amylase

FOOD PROCESSING DIGESTION

break down food into small molecules, fats/carbohydrates/proteins
are broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.

ABSORPTION
body’s cells absorb small molecules of amino acid and simple sugar.
absorb nutrients such as: carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins

ELIMINATION
undigested material is disposed of out of the digestive compartment,
such as: fiber, dead cells, etc.
Question 5:
Distinguish between
a complete digestive tract and a
gastrovascular cavity.
GAS T R O VAS C U LAR CAV I TY
- is a digestive tract found in two major primitive
phyla in kingdom Animalia.

- is a primary organ involved in the digestion of

food and circulation of nutrients throughout the
body.

- aids in the circulation of

oxygen and wastes.

- has only one opening

to the environment.
 ALI M E N TARY CANAL
- is an organ which extends from
mouth to anus.

- is the muscular tube : food enters

our body and moves out through
the anus after digestion.

- there are two openings in the alimentary canal,

making it a one-way digestive tract.

=> Foods go in through the mouth, and

wastes are excreted out from the anus
G A S T R O VA S C U L A R C AV I T Y

QUESTION 5

AL I M E N TA RY C A NA L
Question 6:
Describe the function of
erythrocytes, leukocytes,
platelets, fibrin.
RED BLOOD CELLS

- Are responsible for transporting oxygen from

your lungs to your body’s tissues.
- Your tissues produce energy with the oxygen and
release a waste, identified as carbon dioxide.
- Your red blood cells take the carbon dioxide waste
to your lungs for you to exhale.
RED BLOOD CELLS
LEUKOCYTES

Defends the body against infection and disease by:

- ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris
- destroying infectious agents and cancer cells
- producing antibodies.
LEUKOCYTES
 P L AT E L E T S
- Tiny blood cells help form clots to stop bleeding.

- If one of your blood vessels gets damaged,

it sends out signals to the platelets -> then rush to
the site of damage -> form a plug (clot)
-> the damage will be fixed.
P L AT E L E T S
 F I B R I N ( FA C T O R I A )
- Is a fibrous, non-globular protein
- Involved in the clotting of blood
- Is formed by the action of the protease thrombin
on fibrinogen, which causes it to polymerize.
-> The polymerized fibrin, together with platelets,
forms a hemostatic plug or clot over a wound site.
FIBRIN
QUESTION 7

Compare and contrast

open and closed circulatory
systems
QUESTION 8

Distinguish between the

following pairs of terms: hormones an
local regulators, paracrine and
autocrine signals
HORMONES
- are chemical messengers that are
released straight into the bloodstream,
where they are carried to the body's
organs and tissues to perform their
activities.

- come in a variety of forms and affect

many body functions and activities
 Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands - a type of gland that secretes enzymes through
- a group of glands in your body a duct on the surface of the body. Sweat
- produce hormones that allow cells to glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands
communicate with one another. are the most visible exocrine glands
 - Paracrine signaling is a process in which local
regulators are released by cells that make them send
messages to nearby cells.
LOCAL
REGULATORS
- Local regulators act on adjacent target cells in
milliseconds or less, which are chemical signals that
There are two sorts
travel over short distances by diffusion.
of local regulators:
Autocrine, Paracrine - Blood pressure, nervous system function, and
reproduction are all aided by local regulators.
 QUESTION 9:
Explain how the antagonistic hormones
insulin and glucagon regulate
carbohydrate metabolism.
- A hormone created by our pancreas
- Controls the amount of glucose in our
bloodstream.
- Helps store glucose in your liver, fat,
and muscles
- Regulates your body’s metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
-Insulin acts as a “key” to open up
the cells to store glucose.

-These can be used when energy

needs increase.

-Blood sugar level // insulin amount.

-Hyperglycemia: excess glucose in

bloodstream->insulin encourages the
storage of glucose as glycogen in
the liver, muscle, and fat cells.
How the antagonistic hormones
insulin regulate carbohydrate
metabolism
- After a carbohydrate-rich meal, the rising level
of blood glucose promotes Beta cells of the
pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin into the
blood.

- --
Insulin triggers the uptake of glucose from
the blood into body cells and stimulates the
liver to store glucose as glycogen.
- A hormone regulates blood glucose
levels
- Comes from alpha cells found in the
pancreas

- Related to insulin-secreting beta cells

- Keeps the body’s blood glucose levels

stable.
-Causes the liver to convert stored
glucose into a usable form.

-release it into the bloodstream.

(glycogenolysis)

- Stops the liver from

taking in and storing glucose.
- Helps the body make glucose.
How glucagon regulate
carbohydrate metabolism?
- After fasting, blood in the hepatic
portal vein has a much lower
glucose concentration
- Alpha cells secrete the hormone
glucagon into the blood

- Stimulates the liver to break down

glycogen, convert amino acids and
glycerol to glucose and release it.
 QUESTION 10
Describe the evidence that steroid hormones
have intracellular receptors, while water-
soluble hormones have
cell-surface receptors
WH AT A R E IN T R A CE L L U LA R R EC E P TO R S ?

Intracellular receptors are typically

designated for extremely lipid-soluble
medicines
- anti-infl ammatory steroids
- thyroid hormones
- vitamin A or D.

These receptors belong to a superfamily of

DNA-binding proteins.
T HE E VI D E NCE TH AT ST E RO ID H O RMO NE S
H AV E I NT R AC E L L UL A R RE C E PTOR S

- Steroid hormones are generally

lipid-soluble.

- Sensitive to these hormones have

internal receptor molecules which
bind specifi cally to that hormone.

- Intracellular receptor proteins are

often transcription factors.
WH AT ARE CELL-SURFACE RECEPTO RS

- Transmembrane proteins
embedded into the plasma
membrane
- Play an essential role in
maintaining communication
· Internal processes within the cell
· Various types of extracellular
signals
DE SC R I BE T H E E VID EN CE WAT E R-SO L UB L E
HO RM O NE S HAV E CE L L -SU RFAC E R EC E PTO RS
-They have melanosomes
· Clustered around the nucleus
-> skin is lighter
· Spread throughout the cytoplasm
-> skin is darker
· Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
was placed in the interstitial fl uid
-> Melanosomes dispersed
throughout the cytoplasm
· Directly injected into the cell
-> No dispersal
 B

SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Y
T H A N K Y O U F O R WAT C H I N G

THANK YOU SO MUCH

F O R WAT C H I N G < 3
Do you have any question for us?