Topic for the class : Ethernet physical layer, Ethernet

mac sub layer protocol. Video Box Position

Module II: Ethernet
Date & Time : 8/02/2021
N.V.S.V.VIJAY KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of EECE.
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: vnandam@gitam.edu
Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 1
 Course objectives
• To understand the Ethernet used in a Computer
network.
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• To understand the types of Data transmission in a

computer network.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 2
 Learning Outcomes
• students will be able to understand the Ethernet after
hearing a class/ watching the video lecture.
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• At the end of this lecture/ session, Students will be able
to understand types of Data transmission in a Computer
Network.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 3
 CONTENTS

• Ethernet Video Box Position

• Types of Data Transmission.

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 Ethernet

• Tt is time to apply principles in the real systems.

• These designs are used in personal, local, and
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metropolitan area networks with help of IEEE 802.
• The Ethernet is most popular protocol is IEEE 802.3.
wireless LAN (802.11 ).
Bluetooth (wireless PAN)
wireless MAN (802.16 )

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 5
 Ethernet

• Two kinds of Ethernet exist:

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Classic Ethernet
and
Switched Ethernet

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 6
 Classic Ethernet Physical Layer

• Architecture of classic Ethernet

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• Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol

• Unicasting
• Multicasting
• broadcasting
Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 7
 Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol

Frame formats. (a) Ethernet (DIX). (b) IEEE 802.3.

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Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 8
 Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol
• Preambles
• Address Video Box Position
• Type and Length
• Data
• Pad
• Check Sum

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 9
 Switched Ethernet
• The problems associated with finding breaks or loose
connections drove it toward a different kind of wiring
pattern, in which each station has a dedicated cable
running to a central hub. Video Box Position

• The another way to deal with increased load: switched

Ethernet. The switch contain a high-speed backplane
that connects all of the ports.
• They are both boxes, typically with 4 to 48 ports, each
with a standard RJ-45 connector for a twisted-pair cable.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 10
 Hub and Switch

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 Key points
• In a hub, all stations are in the same collision domain.
They must use the CSMA/CD algorithm to schedule
Their transmissions. In a switch, each port is its own
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independent collision domain.
• A switch looks just like a hub. They are both boxes,
typically with 4 to 48 ports, each with a standard RJ-45
connector for a twisted-pair cable.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 12
 Duplexing
• Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet supports two different modes of
operation: full-duplex mode and half-duplex mode.
• Full duplex mode : which allows traffic in both directions at the
same time. This is used when there is a central switch connected Video Box Position
to computers. In this configuration, all lines are buffered so each
computer and switch is free to send frames whenever it wants to.
• Half Duplex mode : the computers are connected to a hub rather
than a switch. A hub does not buffer incoming frames. Instead, it
electrically connects all the lines internally, simulating the
multidrop cable used in classic Ethernet. In this mode, collisions
are possible, so the standard CSMA/CD protocol is required.

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 Wireless LAN
• wireless LAN standard is 802.11, to understand the 802.11
the following concepts are the key points. They are , protocol
stack, physical-layer radio transmission techniques, the MAC
sublayer protocol, the frame structure, and the services. Video Box Position

• The access points may be connected together, typically by a

wired network called a distribution system, through these AP
the client is connected. This is called as infrastructure
Network.
• The other mode is a collection of computers that are
associated so that they can directly send frames to each
other. This is called as Adhoc Network.
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 Wireless LAN

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802.11 architecture. (a) Infrastructure mode. (b) Ad-hoc mode.

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 The 802.11 protocol stack.

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 CSMA/CA Protocol

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 Collision
The main differences as follows First, Standby early helps to
avoid collisions. This avoidance is worthwhile because
collisions are expensive, as the entire frame is transmitted Video Box Position

even if one occurs. Second, acknowledgements are used to

infer collisions because collisions cannot be detected.
DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) because each station
acts independently, without any kind of central control. The
standard also includes an optional mode of operation called
PCF (Point Coordination Function) in which the access point
controls all activity in its cell Example :- cellular base station.
Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 18
 Terminal Problems
A wants to send to B B wants to send to C
but cannot hear that but mistakenly thinks
B is busy the transmission will fail

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(a) The hidden terminal problem. (b) The exposed terminal problem.

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Virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA.

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Request To Send and Clear To Send

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 802.11 Frame Structure

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 Conclusions

Discussed about Ethernet and types of Data Video Box Position

transmission.

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 MCQ

Session Quiz:- https://forms.gle/oARstVobbLBMNHBt8 Video Box Position

Note : above link available only

through GITAM ID

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 23
 REFERENCE

1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum and David J Wetherall,

Computer Networks,
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2. TCP/IP and Advanced Topics, Through Coursera.
3. The Bits and Bytes of Computer Networking,
Through Coursera.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 24
 THANK YOU
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