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    Chapter - 6 - Running Water and Ground Water

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    Rinen Paracad
    The document discusses the water cycle and movement of water on and below Earth's surface. It describes key processes like evaporation, infiltration, precipitation, and discharge. It also summarizes features of streams like meanders, valleys, and floodplains. Finally, it outlines groundwater distribution and movement, as well as subsurface features like aquifers, springs, wells, caverns, and karst topography.

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    Chapter - 6 - Running Water and Ground Water

    Uploaded by

    Rinen Paracad
    111 views39 pages
    The document discusses the water cycle and movement of water on and below Earth's surface. It describes key processes like evaporation, infiltration, precipitation, and discharge. It also summarizes features of streams like meanders, valleys, and floodplains. Finally, it outlines groundwater distribution and movement, as well as subsurface features like aquifers, springs, wells, caverns, and karst topography.

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    Chapter_6_running water and ground water

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    The document discusses the water cycle and movement of water on and below Earth's surface. It describes key processes like evaporation, infiltration, precipitation, and discharge. It also summarizes features of streams like meanders, valleys, and floodplains. Finally, it outlines groundwater distribution and movement, as well as subsurface features like aquifers, springs, wells, caverns, and karst topography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    111 views39 pages

    Chapter - 6 - Running Water and Ground Water

    Uploaded by

    Rinen Paracad
    The document discusses the water cycle and movement of water on and below Earth's surface. It describes key processes like evaporation, infiltration, precipitation, and discharge. It also summarizes features of streams like meanders, valleys, and floodplains. Finally, it outlines groundwater distribution and movement, as well as subsurface features like aquifers, springs, wells, caverns, and karst topography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Running Water and

    Chapter

    6 Groundwater
    6.1 Running Water

    The Water Cycle


     Water constantly moves among the
    oceans, the atmosphere, the solid
    Earth, and the biosphere. This
    unending circulation of Earth’s water
    supply is the
     _____________ ______________.
    6.1 Running Water

    The Water Cycle


     Processes involved in the cycle are
    •_____________________________
    •_____________________________
    • infiltration—the movement of surface _______into
    _________ through cracks and _________ spaces
    • _____________
    • _________________—the release of water into
    the atmosphere from plants through the ground
    6.1 Running Water

    Earth’s Water Balance


     Balance in the water cycle
    means the average annual
    precipitation over Earth
    equals the amount of water
    that _________________.
    Distribution of Earth’s Water
    The Water Cycle
    6.1 Running Water

    Streamflow
     The ability of a stream to erode and
    transport materials depends largely on its
    velocity.
    • Gradient
    ______________________________________
    ______________________________________
    _____________________________________.
    6.1 Running Water

    Streamflow
    • Channel Characteristics
    - The _____________________________ is
    the course the water in a stream follows.
    - Shape, size, and roughness
    • Discharge _____________________________
    _______________________________________
    _______________________________________
    ______________________________________.
    6.1 Running Water
    Changes from Upstream to Downstream
     While gradient ______________ between
    a stream’s headwaters and mouth,
    discharge ___________________.
     Profile
    • Cross-sectional view of a stream
    • From head (source) to mouth
    - Profile is a smooth curve
    - Gradient decreases from the head to the
    mouth
    6.1 Running Water
    Changes from Upstream to Downstream
     Profile
    • A tributary _____________________________
    ______________________________________.

    • Factors that increase downstream


    - velocity
    - discharge
    - channel size
    Sea Level and Streams
    6.1 Running Water
    Changes from Upstream to Downstream
     Profile
    • Factors that decrease downstream include
    - gradient, or slope
    - channel roughness
    Rivers with Many Meanders
    6.1 Running Water
    Changes from Upstream to Downstream
     _____________ _________________
    • Lowest point to which a stream can erode
    • Two general types
    - ultimate— ________ __________
    - temporary, or local
    • A stream in a broad, flat-bottomed valley that is
    near its base level often develops a course with
    many bends called ______________________.
    6.2 The Work of Streams
    Erosion
     Streams generally erode their
    __________________, lifting
    loose particles by abrasion,
    grinding, and by dissolving
    soluble material.
    6.2 The Work of Streams
    Deposition
     A stream’s ____________________ is solid
    material too large to carry in suspension.
     The _______________________ of a stream is the
    maximum load it can carry.
     Deposition occurs as stream flow drops below the
    critical settling velocity of a certain particle size.
    The deposits are called ___________________.
     ______________ are an accumulation of sediment
    formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean.
     A _______________ parallels a stream and helps
    to contain its waters, except during flood stage.
    6.2 The Work of Streams
    Stream Valleys
     Narrow Valleys
    • A narrow __-shaped valley shows that the
    stream’s primary work has been down cutting
    toward base level.
    • Features often include
    - __________________
    - _________________
    The Yellowstone River Is an Example
    of a V-Shaped Valley
    6.2 The Work of Streams
    Stream Valleys
     Wide Valleys
    • Stream is near base level.
    - Downward erosion is __________dominant.
    - Stream energy is directed from ____to ___.
    • The floodplain ___________________________
    _________________________________________
    _________________________________________
    ____________.
    6.2 The Work of Streams
    Stream Valleys
     Wide Valleys
    • Features often include
    - ______________________
    - ________________________
    - __________________ ______________
    Formation of a Cutoff and
    Oxbow Lake
    6.2 The Work of Streams
    Floods and Flood Control
     A flood occurs when the discharge of a
    stream becomes so great that it _________
    the capacity of its channel and overflows its
    ______________.
     Measures to control flooding include
    ___________________, flood control
    ____________, and placing ____________
    on floodplain development.
    Ohio River Flooding
    6.2 The Work of Streams
    Drainage Basins
     A drainage basin ___________________
    __________________________________
    __________________________________.

     A divide __________________________
    __________________________________
    __________________________________
    __________________________________
    _________________________________.
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Distribution and Movement of Water
    Underground
     Much of the water in soil seeps downward
    until it reaches the ___________________.
     The _____________________ is the area
    where water fills all of the open spaces in
    sediment and rock.
    • _______________ is the water within this zone.
    • The ___________ _____________ is the upper
    level of the saturation zone of groundwater.
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Distribution and Movement of Water
    Underground
     Movement
    • Groundwater moves by twisting and turning
    through interconnected small openings.
    • The groundwater moves more slowly when the
    pore spaces are ____________________.
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Distribution and Movement of Water
    Underground
     Movement
    • Porosity
    - The ____________________ of pore spaces
    - Determines how much groundwater can be
    _________________________
    • Permeability
    - Ability to _____________________ water
    through connected pore spaces
    - ____________ are permeable rock layers or
    sediments that transmit groundwater freely
    Features Associated with
    Subsurface Water
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Springs
     A spring forms whenever the water table
    intersects the ground surface.
     _______ ___________
    • Water is 6–9ºC warmer than the mean air
    temperature of the locality.
    • Water is heated by cooling of igneous rock.
     ______________
    • Intermittent hot springs
    • Water turns to steam and erupts.
    Geyser Eruption Cycle
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Wells
     A well is __________________________
    __________________________________.
    • An ____________ well is any formation in which
    groundwater rises on its own under pressure.
    • Pumping can cause a drawdown (lowering) of
    the water table.
    • Pumping can form a cone of depression in the
    water table.
    Cone of Depression
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Environmental Problems Associated
    with Groundwater
     __________ and ____________ threatens
    groundwater supplies in some areas.
    • Treating it as a nonrenewable resource
    • Land subsidence caused by its withdrawal
    • Contamination
    Groundwater Contamination
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Caverns
     A _______________________ is a
    naturally formed underground chamber.
     Erosion forms most _________ at or below
    the water table in the zone of saturation.
     ______________________________ is a
    form of limestone that is deposited by hot
    springs or as a cave deposit.
    Dissolving of Groundwater
    Creates Caverns
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Caverns
     Characteristics of features found within
    caverns
    • Formed in the zone of aeration
    • Composed of dripstone
    • Formed from calcite deposited as dripping
    water evaporates
    • Common features include stalactites (hanging
    from the ceiling) and stalagmites (growing
    upward from the floor).
    6.3 Water Beneath the Surface
    Karst Topography
     Formed by dissolving rock at, or near,
    Earth's surface
     Common features
    • ___________________—surface depressions
    - ____________________ form when
    bedrock dissolves and caverns collapse.
    • Caves and caverns
     Area lacks good surface drainage.
    Sinkhole Formation

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