Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 85 views

    CSC 222: Computer Organization: & Assembly Language

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Rahman
    This document discusses the basics of computer organization and assembly language. It covers topics like the instruction cycle, instruction representation, instruction types, number of addresses in instructions, and basic processor operations. The key points are: 1) The basic instruction cycle has three steps - fetch, decode, and execute. The processor fetches instructions from memory, decodes them to determine the operation, and executes them. 2) Instructions are represented as sequences of bits with fields for the operation code and operands. Common instruction types include data processing, storage, movement, and control transfer. 3) The processor clock synchronizes all internal activity. The program counter addresses memory locations to fetch instructions in sequence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CSC 222: Computer Organization: & Assembly Language

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Rahman
    85 views22 pages
    This document discusses the basics of computer organization and assembly language. It covers topics like the instruction cycle, instruction representation, instruction types, number of addresses in instructions, and basic processor operations. The key points are: 1) The basic instruction cycle has three steps - fetch, decode, and execute. The processor fetches instructions from memory, decodes them to determine the operation, and executes them. 2) Instructions are represented as sequences of bits with fields for the operation code and operands. Common instruction types include data processing, storage, movement, and control transfer. 3) The processor clock synchronizes all internal activity. The program counter addresses memory locations to fetch instructions in sequence.

    Original Title

    Lecture 4

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the basics of computer organization and assembly language. It covers topics like the instruction cycle, instruction representation, instruction types, number of addresses in instructions, and basic processor operations. The key points are: 1) The basic instruction cycle has three steps - fetch, decode, and execute. The processor fetches instructions from memory, decodes them to determine the operation, and executes them. 2) Instructions are represented as sequences of bits with fields for the operation code and operands. Common instruction types include data processing, storage, movement, and control transfer. 3) The processor clock synchronizes all internal activity. The program counter addresses memory locations to fetch instructions in sequence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    85 views22 pages

    CSC 222: Computer Organization: & Assembly Language

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Rahman
    This document discusses the basics of computer organization and assembly language. It covers topics like the instruction cycle, instruction representation, instruction types, number of addresses in instructions, and basic processor operations. The key points are: 1) The basic instruction cycle has three steps - fetch, decode, and execute. The processor fetches instructions from memory, decodes them to determine the operation, and executes them. 2) Instructions are represented as sequences of bits with fields for the operation code and operands. Common instruction types include data processing, storage, movement, and control transfer. 3) The processor clock synchronizes all internal activity. The program counter addresses memory locations to fetch instructions in sequence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    CSC 222: Computer Organization

    & Assembly Language

    4 – Processor Basics

    Instructor: Ms. Nausheen Majeed


    CPU Overview
    Outline
     Basic Operational Concepts
     Processor Clock
     Instruction Representation
     Instruction Cycle

    3
    References
     Chapter 1, Ytha Yu and Charles Marut, “Assembly Language Programming
    and Organization of IBM PC”
     Chapter 3, William Stallings, “Computer Organization & Architecture”
     Chapter 2, Subrata Ghoshal, “Computer Organization & Architecture”

    4
    Basic Operational Concepts
    Machine Instruction Elements
     Each instruction must have elements that contain the
    information required by the CPU for execution.
     These elements can be:
     Operation code: Specifies the operation to be performed (e.g.. ADD,
    I/O). The operation is specified by a binary code, known as the
    operation code, or opcode.
     Source operand reference: The operation may involve one or more
    source operands, that is, operands that are inputs for the operation.
     Result operand reference: The operation may produce a result. Also
    called destination operand.
     Next instruction reference: This tells the CPU where to fetch the
    next instruction.

    6
    Reference: http://cnx.org/content/m29425/latest/
    Instruction Representation
     Within the computer, each instruction is represented by a
    sequence of bits.
     16 bits instruction
     4 bit opcode, 6 bit operand 1, 6 bit operand 2
     4 bit opcode, 12 bit operand
     32 bits instruction
     64 bits instruction

    Figure: A Simple Instruction Format

    7
    Contd..
     Binary representations of machine instructions is difficult to
    remember.
     Use a symbolic representation of machine instructions.
     Opcodes are represented by abbreviations, called mnemonics,
    that indicate the operation. Common examples include:

    8
    Instruction Types
     Data processing: Arithmetic and logic instructions
     Data storage: Memory instructions
     Data movement: I/O instructions
     Transfer of Control: Test and branch instructions

    9
    No. of Addresses in an Instruction
     Three addresses
     Operand 1, operand 2, result
     Two addresses
     Source
     Destination
     One addresses
     Source or Destination
     Zero address
     Zero-address instructions are applicable to a special memory
    organization, called a Stack. A stack is a last-in-first-out set of
    locations.

    10
    Types of Operands
     Machine instructions operate on data.
     The most important general categories of data are:
     Addresses
     Numbers
     Characters
     Logical data

    11
    Basic Operations – Processor
     Execute the software by fetching instruction from memory
     Look for any external signal and react accordingly
     Input signals from keyboard or mouse etc.

    12
    Processor Clock
     Heart of any processor
     Simple digital signals at equal time intervals
     Alternate On Off states
     All activity within the CPU is synchronized with the edges
    (rising or falling) of this clock signal.

    Rising Edge Falling Edge

    Reference: http://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.artofasm.com/Linux/HTML/
    SystemOrganizationa4.html

    13
    Program Counter (a.k.a. Binary Counter)
     With every falling edge or rising edge (depending upon processor) of clock
    signal, the counter is incremented by one.
     Width varies from processor to processor
     The contents of PC are used as target address for the memory area

    Control Unit Memory


    Read
    (CU)
    Read
    PC Address
    Memory address
    Data Buffer Data

    Data from Memory Memory


    Microprocessor
    Figure: Reading from memory
    14
    Basic Instruction Cycle
     Fetch  Decode  Execute
     Fetch
    1. Fetch an instruction from memory
    2. Decode the instruction to determine the operation
    3. Fetch data from memory if necessary
     Execute
    4. Perform the operation on the data
    5. Store the result in memory if needed

    15
    Contd..
     Internal CPU Registers used in instruction cycle:
     Program Counter (PC) = Address of instruction
     Instruction Register (IR) = Instruction being executed
     Accumulator (AC) = Temporary Storage

    16
    Computer Components: Top Level View Contd..

    17
    Detailed Steps
     Address in the Program Counter register
     Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch
     Fetch the instruction from the memory
     Increment the Program Counter
     Unless told otherwise
     Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR)
     Decode the type of instruction
     Fetch the operands
     Execute the instruction
     Store the results

    18
    Example Program Execution

    19
    Instruction Execution Cycle

    PC Program (RAM)
    I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4
    fetch
    op1
    Data op2 registers I-1
    (RAM) Instruction
    Queue

    decode

    ALU

    execute

    store the output

    20
    Instruction Cycle State Diagram

    21
    Contd..
     Instruction Fetch
     Read instruction from memory into processor
     Instruction Operation Decoding
     Determine the type of operation to be performed and operand(s) to be used.
     Operand Address Calculation
     If operation involves reference to an operand in memory or I/O, then
    determine the address of operand.
     Operand Fetch
     Fetch from memory or read from I/O
     Data Operation
     Perform the operation
     Operand Store
     Write into memory or out to I/O if required

    22

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy