Chapter 8 Perception

Perception
Chapter 8
Previous Class
 Chapter 6: Personality
 Coursework Assignment 1 Discussion
 Lecturing Assistants: Feel Free to Volunteer
 Daily Video: Daily Video: 16 Personalities at a Job Interview
 Daily Video 1: 16 Personalities Introducing Themselves
 Daily Exercise: What do you think?
 Daily Reading: Myers-Briggs Personality Types
 Quiz #3
Current Class
 Chapter 8: Perception
 Coursework Assignment 1 Discussion
 Lecturing Assistants: Feel Free to Volunteer
 Daily Video: What is Perception | Explained in 2 min
 Daily Reading: What Is Perception?
 Announcement: IX Student Scientific Conference ECON 2022
 Case Study: Differing Perceptions at Clarkston Industries
Learning Objectives
Identify the main features of the process of perception.
Distinguish between the bottom-up processing of sensory
information and the top-down interpretation of that information.
Understand the nature and implications of selective attention and
perceptual organization.
Give examples of how behaviour is influenced by our perceptions.
Learning Objectives
Explain and illustrate the main processes and problems in
perception, including false attributions, halo effects, and
stereotyping.
Explain some less widely appreciated sources of discrimination at
work arising from characteristics of the person perception and
attribution processes.
Suggest techniques for improving perceptual accuracy and avoiding
errors.
What Do We See?
What Do We See?
Perception
 Perception is perhaps the one which most clearly sets
social science apart from natural science
 For a natural scientist, there is a reality ‘out there’ to
observe and study. For a social scientist, ‘reality’ is often
what people perceive it to be.
 Perception is the dynamic psychological process
responsible for attending to, organizing, and interpreting
sensory data.
Perception contd.
 We each perceive the world around us in different ways.
 We often find ourselves unable to understand other
people’s behaviour
 “I just don’t get this person”
 To understand each other’s behaviour, we need to be able
to understand each other’s perceptions.
Elements in the Process of Perception
Elements in the Process of Perception by
Sakshi Verma
 The bottom-up phase concerns the way in which we process the
raw data received by our sensory apparatus; need for selectivity.
 The top-down phase, in contrast, concerns the mental
processing that allows us to order, interpret, and make sense of
the world around us; our environment, and our search for
meaning.
 This sent nce us incorr ct, bit U wull stell B abl to udersta d
it.
Perceptual World by Sakshi Verma
 Perceptual world is the individual’s personal internal image,

map, or picture of their social, physical, and organizational
environment.
 “There is a chemistry between us”. What does it mean?
 Successful interpersonal relationships depend on some overlap
between our perceptual worlds, or we would never be able to
understand each other.
Selective Attention by Sakshi Verma
 Selective attention: the ability, often exercised unconsciously, to

choose from the stream of sensory data, to concentrate on
particular elements, and to ignore others.
 Perceptual threshold: a boundary point, either side of which
our senses respectively will or will not be able to detect stimuli
such as sound, light, or touch.
Selective Attention by Sakshi Verma
 Habituation: the decrease in our perceptual response to

stimuli once they have become familiar.
 Our perception is inﬂuenced by what are called perceptual filters
(individual characteristics, predispositions, and preoccupations
that interfere with the effective transmission and receipt of
messages)
The Internal Factors Affecting Perception by
Sakshi Verma
 Learning (10,000 hours theory)
 Personality
 Motivation
 Problems arise when we and others act as if our culture had a
monopoly on ‘right thinking’ on such issues
Perceptual Organization
 Perceptual organization: the process through which
incoming stimuli are organized or patterned in systematic
and meaningful ways.
 What is your opinion on Donald Trump?
 What is your opinion on Vladimir Putin?
 What is your opinion on Barak Obama?
 What do you think of Joe Biden?
Perception Set
 Perceptual set: an individual’s predisposition to respond to
people and events in a particular manner.
What Do We See?
What Do We See?
Perception Set
 What is the situation regarding bullying at workplace? (Who
should decide on its occurrence?)
 Is there a freedom of expression?
 What about sexual harassment?
 We each live in our own perceptual world.
Do we see to know or know to see?
 Conclusions after facts or facts after conclusions?
 The most important word in the world: BUT!
 Halo effect: a judgement based on a single striking
characteristic, such as an aspect of dress, speech, posture, or
nationality.
 First impression: you will never get a second chance to make
that first impression
Stereotyping
 Stereotype: a category or personality type to which we
allocate people on the basis of their membership of some
known group.
 Australian wine, Belgian chocolates, French perfume,
German cars, Italian clothes, Scottish whisky
 “Pictures in the head”
 Specify one stereotype that you have
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
 Self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction that becomes true simply

because someone expects it to happen.
 The UK government discovered in 2012 that the quickest way
to create a fuel crisis was to announce that ‘motorists are
advised not to start panic-buying petrol’
Attribution
 Attribution: the process by which we make sense of our
environment through our perceptions of causality.
 Attribution is simply the process of attaching causes or
reasons to the actions and events we see.
 What is the definition of the economist?
 Attribution: internal or external
Attribution contd.
 In case of achievements (exam success), we point to our
capabilities, but when we are explaining our lack of success,
we blame our circumstances (poor teaching). This is known
as projection.
 However, we tend to attribute the behaviour of others to their
disposition, that is, to aspects of their personality. We met the
fundamental attribution error.
 Why are poor people poor?
Sources of Perceptual Errors
 Not collecting enough information about other people;
 basing our judgements on information that is irrelevant or insignificant;
 seeing what we expect to see and what we want to see, and not investigating
further;
 allowing early information about someone to colour our judgement, despite
later and contradictory information;
 allowing our own characteristics to inﬂuence our judgements of others;
 accepting stereotypes uncritically;
Perceptual Errors: How To Avoid Them
 Take more time and avoid instant or ‘snap’ judgements about

others.
 Collect and consciously use more information about other people.
 Develop self-awareness, and an understanding of how our
personal biases and preferences affect our perceptions and
judgements of other people
 Check our attributions
Key Terms
 Perception  Perceptual set

 perceptual world  halo effect
 selective attention  Stereotype
 perceptual threshold  self-fulfilling prophecy
 Perceptual organization  Attribution
 Habituation
Ahead of the Next Class
 Read Chapter 9: Motivation
 Work on your Coursework Assignment 1

Chapter 8 Perception

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Chapter 8 Perception

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Perception

 Perceptual world is the individual’s personal internal image,

 Selective attention: the ability, often exercised unconsciously, to

 Habituation: the decrease in our perceptual response to

 Self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction that becomes true simply

 Take more time and avoid instant or ‘snap’ judgements about

 Perception  Perceptual set

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