Engineering Drawing

ENGINEERING DRAWING
DRAWING
Drawing is the graphic language of engineers.
Designers record and convey their ideas, by means of
drawing. Engineers describe structures or Machine Parts
with the help of drawing.
GEOMETRICAL DRAWING
It is the art of representing geometrical objects
such as circle, square, triangle, cylinders, pyramid etc
MECHANICAL DRAWINGS
It is the art of representing Mechanical objects such as

cylinders, Machine parts etc.
CIVIL DRAWING
It is the art of representing civil objects such as Bridges, dams,

Buildings etc
ELECTRICAL DRAWING.
It is the art of representing electrical objects like Motor,

Generators, poles, etc.
PROJECTION DRAWING
a) Sketching
Sketching is the freehand expression of the graphic language. It is the
most important tool for the engineers engaged in technical works.
Technical ideas can be expressed quickly and effectively by the
sketches without the use of instruments.
 Understanding of original drawing
 Ability to visualize three dimensional objects and its different views.
 A clear concept and appreciation of the shape size proportion and
design.
 Expressing power, of ideas of mind, on the paper quickly and clearly by
sketches
 Speed and accuracy of the drawing work using pencil and other
drawing
instruments
 Interest in the drawing work.
b) Working drawing
A working drawing is a fully dimensioned drawing, which is prepared to
give full information for the purpose of manufacture, construction,
erection of a machine parts or structures.
SCALES
INSTRUCTION
In general the largest scale conveniently possible should be
selected.
Drawings of parts or assemblies drawn larger than full size
should, where practicable, include an undimensioned view to
actual size.
The scale of a drawing shall decide the size of sheet to be
used.
INDICATION
The scale or scales of a drawing should be indicated in the
appropriate place in the title block. If more than one detail
drawn to different scales are shown, the corresponding scale
should be shown under each relevant detail.

SCALES
ISI RECOMMENDED SCALES
Full Scale Reduced Scale Enlarged Scale
1:1 1:2 100:1

1:2.5 50:1
1:5 20:1
1:10 10:1
1:20 5:1
1:50 2:1
1:100
1:200
LINES
LINES
For engineering drawings the lines shown in the table below

shall be used as in Fig.1 Thickness of the line should be chosen
according to the type and size of the drawing. The line group is
identified by the thickest line. For a given view or section the lines
employed should be chosen from one of the lines of the group as
shown in Fig.2
Center line should project for a short distance beyond the

out line to which they refer but, where necessary, to aid
dimensioning or to correlate views, they may be extended.
Hidden lines to show interior or hidden surfaces should be

included only where their use definitely assists in the interpretation
of the drawing.
LINES
LINES
LINES
Line Conventions
• Visible Lines – solid thick lines that represent visible edges or contours
• Hidden Lines – short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features
• Section Lines – solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces
• Center Lines – alternating long and short dashes
• Dimensioning
– Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension extent/direction
– Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension applies
– Leaders – direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on drawing
• Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines – indicate location of cutting planes for
sectional views and the viewing position for removed partial views
• Break Lines – indicate only portion of object is drawn. May be random “squiggled”
line or thin dashes joined by zigzags.
• Phantom Lines – long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate
alternate positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and
repeated detail
• Chain Line – Lines or surfaces with special requirements
Hidden and Center Lines
• Hidden Line – used to represent features that
cannot be seen in the current view
• Centerlines – used to represent symmetry and to

mark the center of circles and the axes of
cylinders, and the axes of symmetrical parts,
such as cylinders and bolts
For Example:
1. Visible
2. Hidden
3. Center
Precedence of Lines
• Visible lines takes precedence over all other

lines
0.70 mm
• Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take

precedence over center lines 0.35 mm
• Center lines have lowest precedence

0.35 mm
Example:
Application of Precedence
Intersecting Lines in
Orthographic Projections
Solid Line Intersections
Dashed Line Special Case Intersections
Gap
Two-View Drawings
• Some objects can be fully described by
two views, look for:
– Symmetry or Bodies of Rotation
Front View Right Side View Front Right

View Side
Other Two-View Examples
1Viewing-plane line
3Dimension Line 4
Center Line
2Extension line
5Hidden Line
6Break Line
7Cutting-plane Line
8Visible Line
9Center Line (of motion)
10
Leader
Phantom Line
14
13
Section Line
12
SECTION A-A 11
VIEW B-B
Source: http://www.genium.com/pdf/dmpc.pdf
Basic Dimensioning
• Dimensions allow a part to be

manufactured
• Dimensions are ALWAYS in real world
units
• Dimensions should be applied in a
concise, coherent manner
Dimension Terminology:
Extension linesExtension lines
should be
offset from
the part by one
half the text
height and
should extend
one text height
beyond the
dimension line
Dimension
The first row
Spacing of dimensions
must be a
minimum of 3
text heights
away from the
part.
Any dimensions
beyond it must
be a minimum
of 2 text
heights apart
Arrowheads:
Should be 3 times longer than they
are wide.
Dimensioning Rules
• Avoid placing any dimensions on • Dimension cylindrical objects as
the part (inside the view) unless diameters in their rectangular
there is no other option. view.
• Avoid dimensioning to hidden • Always place the first row of
features dimensions a minimum distance of
• Always place the dimension where 3 text heights away from the edge
the characteristic shape is shown of the part. Additional stacks can
in the most descriptive view. (This be a minimum of 2 text heights
means don’t place a dimension on away from each other.
object lines making a “T joint”.) • Keep dimensions between the
• Always dimension holes in their views whenever possible
circular view by stating the • Extension lines may cross each
diameter of drilled holes. Specify other and over other lines on the
the hole depth of special features part, but dimension lines should
such as countersinking with a note never be crossed.
following the dimension. • The overall dimension should
• Dimension rounded corners and always be given. It should be
arc features as radii where they placed outside of smaller
appear in their rounded views. dimensions and be the furtherest
• If the same value is repeated dimension from the part.
many times, then use a general
note for the features.
See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics
Chapter 4
Dimensioning Rules
• Do not duplicate dimensions and • Conserve space and time by using
avoid using unnecessary or abbreviations and standardized
superfluous dimensions symbols whenever possible.
• When all of the dimensions are • Reference dimensions should be
expressed in inches, do not use placed in parentheses or should
inch mark (“) or the abbreviation include the abbreviation “REF”.
for inches (in.) • Basic sizes (to be toleranced)
• For drawings dimensioned in should be placed inside a
inches, values less that one inch rectangular box
should not be preceded with a • Extend leaders from the first of
zero. last word in a note. Point them
• For metric drawings, omit the use toward the center of circular
of the millimeter (mm) notation features that they are specifying.
following the numeral, as • Place dimensions among the
millimeters are the default units. various views to avoid crowding.
• The origin for baseline or ordinate Stagger horizontal dimensions to
dimensions used as a datum avoid contact or crowding of
should be extended from a values.
finished edge of the part.

Chapter 4
1. Avoid placing dimensions on the
part (inside of the view).

Chapter 4
2. Avoid dimensioning to hidden
features
There is one
exception:……
When the
hidden line is
a finished (√)
surface

Chapter 4
3. Always place dimensions where the
characteristic shape is shown in the
most descriptive view

Chapter 4
4. Always dimension holes in their
circular view with the Ø. Specify
special features (hole types) with a
note.
Also:
Remember
to locate
hole
position
with
ordinate
dimensions
Chapter 4
to hole
5. Dimension rounded corners and arc
features as radii where they appear in
their rounded view.

Chapter 4
times, then use a general note for the
feature.
(ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS
ARE .125R)

Chapter 4
7. Dimension cylinders in their
rectangular view with a diameter
symbol….Ø.

Chapter 4
8. Place the first row of dimensions 3
text heights (3/8 ”or 10 mm) away
from the edge of the part.
Additional
stacks of
dimensions
can be a
minimum of
two text
heights (1/4
”or 6 mm)
away from
Chapter 4 each other
9. Keep dimensions between views
whenever possible .

Chapter 4
other and over other lines on the
part, but dimension lines should
never be crossed. (Hint no “arrow-
headed” lines can cross “arrow-headed”
lines)

Chapter 4
11. The overall dimension should
always be given. It should be placed
outside of smaller dimensions and be
the farthest from the part.

Chapter 4
12. Do not duplicate dimensions and
avoid using
unnecessary or superfluous
dimensions

Chapter 4
13. When all of the dimensions are
expressed as inches. DO NOT use inch
marks ('') or the abbreviation (.in)

Chapter 4
14. For drawings dimensioned in
inches, values less than 1 inch should
not be proceeded with a zero.

Chapter 4
15. For metric dimensions less than 1 mm
DO place a zero in front of the decimal
point.

Chapter 4
16. For metric drawings, omit the use of
the millimeter (mm) notation following
the numeral, as millimeters are the
default units.

Chapter 4
17. The origin for baseline or ordinate
dimensions used as a datum should be
extended from a finished edge  of the
part.

Chapter 4
18. Conserve space and time by using
abbreviations and standardized
symbols whenever possible.

Chapter 4
19. Reference dimensions should be
placed in parenthesis or should include
the abbreviation “REF”. Basic sizes (to
be toleranced) should be placed inside of
a rectangular box

Chapter 4
20. Extend leaders from the first or
last word in a note. Point them toward
(but not touch) the center of the
circular features that they are
specifying.

Chapter 4
21. Place dimensions among the various
views to avoid crowding. Stagger
horizontal dimensions to avoid contact or
crowding of the values

Chapter 4
Angular features:
Dimension angular features with either:
X,Y coordinate location or Vertex location &
degrees

Chapter 4
Dimension Styles
Unidirectional Aligned dimensions
dimensions are read align with individual
from the lower left dimension lines.
corner of the sheet

Chapter 4
A short review on Dimension
•What is… “elements”
•an Extension line ?
•an Extension line gap ?
•an Extension line extension ?
•a Dimension line ?
•a Dimension numeral ?
•a leader ?
•When are…
•Decimals used ? Not used ?
•Unit designators (in. or mm) listed on dimension
lines ?
•What size…
•Is an Arrowhead ?
Dimensioning
In AutoCAD
Dimensioning in AutoCAD
• AutoCAD does semi-automatic dimensioning

• You select the features which should be
dimensioned and the location for each
dimension
• AutoCAD measures the distance in question and
applies the appropriate dimension complete
with arrowheads, extension lines, and dimension
lines
The Dimensioning Toolbar
• The dimensioning commands can be

easily accessed by:
– Right Click on an existing toolbar and
activate the dimensioning toolbar;
– Or, From the “pull down” menu
• View
– Toolbars
Linear Dimensions
• Linear dimensions are use to show basic

dimensions of parts
• They can be orientated either in a
horizontal or vertical (or even aligned)
fashion
• AutoCAD will automatically measure the
length specified and insert all the parts of
the dimension.
Leaders
• Leaders are used to apply thread notes

and other annotations
• Leaders begin at the arrow and continue
from their elbow to their annotation
• The annotation can be any text string
you want to type
Radius and Diameter
• By selecting a circular feature (arc or

circle) with the Radius or Diameter
option AutoCAD will measure the size
and place the dimension at a user
selected point
• Using the Center option will place
automatic centerlines on arcs or circles
AutoCAD Dimension
Variables:
See Essentials of AutoCAD by Whiteacre

appendix 6
AutoCAD Dimension Variables:
Variable Default Description
dimaso on All parts of the dimension are one entity.
1.00 Changes sizes of text arrows.
dimscale
dimasz .18 Sets arrowhead length.
dimexe .18 Extension beyond dimension line.
dimtad off Places text above the dimension line.
dimtxt .18 Sets height of text.
dimtix off Forces text inside of extension lines.
dimdec ?? Sets number of decimal places of
dimension
dimcen ?? Sets center tick mark size
See Essentials of AutoCAD appendix 6
Special Characters in
AutoCAD:
• %%c will show as the Diameter symbol: Ø
• %%d will show as the Degree symbol: 
• %%p will show as the Plus-minus symbol: 
• %%u will start/stop text underlined
• %%o will start/stop text overline
Spotfaced holes:
No depth required. Cleans an uneven surface
deep enough to allow full contact with bolt or
washer.
Counterbore holes
Require both a diameter and a depth
dimension.
Counterdrilled holes:
Require both a diameter and a depth
dimension. (measured to the shoulder).
Countersunk holes:
Used with flat
head screws and
bolts. They become
flush when
tightened. Used
extensively in the
aerospace
industry. The 82
angle is common
for cutting tools
and screw threads
Chamfers:
Break away sharp

edges and help
guide the part into
a mating assembly.
May be specified
with one distance
and one angle, or
with two distances.
Necks:
Necks are
used for “O”
ring seals,
parts turned
on lathes,
and designed
failure points
Knurls:
Knurling is a
process of rolling
patterns onto
cylindrical
objects to make
them easier to
grip.
Dimensioning in small places
Repetitive features
A combination of
dimensioning & notes
is used. A number in
parenthesis indicates
how many are
required. The word
TYPICAL (or TYP)
indicates that all
shown are the same.
SI symbol
When dimensions
on the drawing are
all stated in
millimeters, place
an SI symbol near
the title block.
SI symbol:
1st vs 3rd angle projection.
Metric Units and Metric Units and

3rd angle 1st angle
projection projection
Finish marks:
Rough surfaces that

need to be machined
to provide a smooth,
finished surface are
indicated with finish
marks. The vertex of
the √ needs to touch
the edge view of the
surface.
Individual Assignment:
• AutoCAD
– Plate 51………………..…….…all
– Plate 52……………………C & D
– Plate 53 …………….……..B & D
– Plate 54 ……………….…..A & D
• Due: Beginning of class 12.2
Preview:
• Tolerances:………………. Plate 57-63
– You will need your “paper copy” of the Vinson
plate book for this assignment
Dimensioning Errors:
• What is wrong with:
Learning Objectives
• Apply dimensions to objects using

AutoCAD
• Be able to write correct notes for
machined holes
Objectives
• Orthographic Projections
• View Selection
• Glass Box Approach
• First and Third Angle Projections
• Line Precedence
• Two View Drawings
• Tips
• Reference: Technical Graphics, Chap 3:

• Advantage – Represent features of an
object more accurately
• Example Problem
• Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D

drawings that work together to give an accurate
overall representation of an object.
Defining the
Six Principal
Views or
Orthographic
Views
Which Views to Present?
General Guidelines
• Pick a Front View that is most descriptive of object
• Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the
width (or depth)
• Most common combination of views is to use:
– Front, Top, and Side View
• Any other view different from the Principal Views is
called an Auxiliary View (see 3.15 in the Technical
Graphics text)
Glass Box Approach
• Most powerful technique to understand
orthographic projections
• Suspend the object with transparent strings

inside a glass box
• Freeze the view from each direction (each of the

six sides of the box) and unfold the box
• Animation illustrates glass-box approach

Glass Box Approach
• Available on the FEH website:
• http://feh.osu.edu
– Lecture Notes
– Engineering H191 – Autumn 2006
– Glass Box Animation
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
First and Third Angle
Projections
Third-angle Projection
First-angle Projection
• First Angle – International

• Third Angle – U.S.
Conventional Orthographic Views
Width
Top View Depth
Right
Front View Side Height
View
Is The Orthographic View
OK?
Orthographic Must Be In
Projection
Objectives
• Review – Sectioning of Revolved Solids

– Tips and reminders
• Sectioning Assembly Drawings

– What is an assembly drawing?
– How to section multiple parts in one drawing
– What parts not to section
Tips For Sectioning Solid
Revolutions
• Ribs, webs and other thin features are
normally not sectioned
• Align (rotate into true size & shape):
– Ribs
– Bolt holes
– Lugs
– Spokes
Assembly Drawing
1 3
• Shows how
multiple parts
fit together
• Orthographic
• Pictorial (1)
• Exploded (2) 2
• Bill of Materials
(3)
Orthographic Sectioned
Assembly
• Note cross-hatching style of adjacent parts
Conventions for Standard
Parts
• Not Sectioned – show all exterior features for:
– Shafts
– Bearings, roller or ball
– Gear Teeth
– Threaded Fasteners, Nuts and Bolts
– Rivets
– Ribs, Spokes and Lugs
– Washers
– Keys and Pins
– Springs
Example Sectioned
Assembly
Broken Out Assembly With
B.O.M.
Assignments
• Drawing 20 – T55
– Conventional breaks and section views
• Drawing 21 – B21
– Sectioned assembly
SECTIONING
HATCHING
Hatching is used to make sections evident. It is executed by thin lines at

an angle of 45 degrees to the axis or to the main outline of the section.
Preferred Hatching Angle Hatching of Adjacent Component
Hatching of More then

Two Adjacent Component
SECTIONING
Hatching of Large Areas Hatching of a Part in

Hatching Interrupted for
Deferent Parallel Planes
Dimensioning
SECTIONING
The hatching of adjacent component should be carried out in
different direction.
More than two adjacent components, hatching is done in different

direction and varying the spacing of the hatching lines Spacing between the
hatching lines should be chosen in proportion to the area of the section to be
hatched.
In larger areas, the hatching may be limited to a zone following the

contour of the hatched area.
Where sections of the same part in parallel planes are shown side by
side, the hatching lines should be similarly spaced, but offset along the
dividing line between the sections.
Hatching may be interrupted for dimensioning.

SECTIONING
SECTIONING
THIN SECTION
This section may be shown entirely black;
thin space is left between adjacent section.
SECTIONING
SECTIONING
 When drawing sections, the general rules for
arrangement of views shall apply.
 Cutting planes are indicated by long chain lines,

thickened at ends, bends and change of directions and
thin elsewhere and designated by capital letters, the
direction of viewing is shown by arrows resting on the
cutting line.
 In certain cases the parts located behind the

cutting plane may not be drawn completely. In
principle, ribs, bolts, shafts, spokes of wheels and the
like should not be shown in longitudinal section.
SECTIONING

The following types of cutting planes are used in drawings:
 Section in one plane.

 Section in two parallel planes.
 Section in three contiguous planes.
 Section in two intersecting planes, one shown revolved into the
plane of projection. EDGE VIEW OF CUTTING PLANE
SECTIONING
SECTIONING

Cross sections may be revolved in a place or removed.

In the first case, the outline is shown in thin lines with
hatching and further identification is not necessary.
REVOLVED SECTION REMOVED SECTION

SECTIONING

Symmetrical parts may be drawn in view and partly as a section
Un Section View Half Sectional View Solid View

SECTIONING

A local section may be drawn if a complete or half section is

not convenient. The local break is shown by a continuous thin
regular line.
LOCAL (PARTIAL) SECTIONS

SECTIONING

If, through lack of space, it is not possible to arrange

successive sections, the arrangement shown may be used.
SECTIONS ARRANGED DUE TO LACK OF SPACE

SECTIONING
SPECIAL CASES
a) Adjacent Parts
Where their representation is necessary, parts adjacent
to an object are drawn with continuous thin lines. The adjacent
part shall never hide the principle part, but may be hidden by
the later. These parts should be hatched only to avoid confusion
and hatching should then be only along the outlines.
ADJACENT PARTS
SECTIONING
b) Intersections
The lines of intersections of surfaces, which are joined

by fillets or rounded corners may be indicated, using continuous
thin lines with suitable breaks at the ends. The intersections with
the large curve shall be as in figure.
INTERSECTION OF SURFACE
SECTIONING
c) Representation of Some Plane Surfaces
In order to avoid drawing a supplementary view, a

square, a tapered square or flat on a cylindrical part may
be indicated by the two diagonals drawn as continuous
thin lines.
REPRESENTATION OF SOME
PLANE SURFACES
SECTIONING
d) Parts Located In Front Of A Cutting Plane
When it is necessary to represent parts located

in front of the cutting plane, long chain thin lines
represent these parts.
PARTS LOCATED IN FRONT OF A

CUTTING PLANE
SECTIONING
e) Partial View of Symmetrical Objects
To save time and space symmetrical objects may be

drawn as a fraction of the whole. The line of symmetry is
identified by two short parallel strokes drawn at each end
and perpendicular to it and this need not shown in case of
objects, which are self-evident by dimensioning.
PARTIAL VIEW OF SYMMETRICAL OBJECTS

SECTIONING
f) Interrupted Views
In order to save time and space, only those parts of long

objects may be drawn which are sufficient for its definition. The limits
of parts retained are shown as partial views and the parts are drawn
close to each other.
INTERRUPTED VIEWS
SECTIONING
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF THREADED
PARTS
a) External Threads – For external threads, the major diameter of

threads are defined by a continuous thick line and the minor diameter of
threads by a continuous thin line.
EXTERNAL THREADS EXTERNAL THREADS IN SECTION

SECTIONING
b) Internal threads –Internal threads shown in section,
the major diameter of thread is defined by continuous
thin line and the minor diameter of threads by a
continuous thick line.
Hidden internal threads, the major and minor
diameter of threads are shown by short dashed line.
INTERNAL THREADS THROUGH INTERNAL THREADS BLIND

SECTIONING
c) Section of threaded parts – Threaded parts shown
in section, hatching should be extended to the line defining
the minor or major diameter of the threads for internal
threads respectively.
INTERNAL THREADS THROUGH INTERNAL THREADS BLIND

SECTIONING
EXCEPTIONAL CASES
The general rule for indicating sectioning should be

made where the cutting plane passes through pulley arms,
shafts, bolts, nuts, rods, rivets, keys, pins etc,. These parts
should be shown by normal views and not in sectional view.
SECTIONING
Aligned Sections
Any part having odd number of spokes, ribs or holes

shall give an unsymmetrical and misleading section if the
principles of projection are strictly adhered to in such cases,
when the actual projection of a part could not lead to
confusion. The inclined placed elements shall be rotated into
the plane containing the cutting plane.
Aligned Sections
SECTIONING
Intersection
When a section is drawn through an intersection

in which the exact figure or curve of intersection is small
or of no consequence, the figure of curve of intersection
may be simplified
Small Intersections
T MC
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
Symbols (General Outline).
Detailed Discussion, application techniques,

Interpretations & practical exercises.
a) Flatness, Straightness, Roundness & Cylindricity
b) Profiles of Lines & Surfaces
c) Parallelism, Perpendicularity & Angularity
d) Runout, True Position, Concentricity & Symmetry
e) True Position in depth
Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

Geometrical Tolerancing NTTF
‘GEOMETRICAL’ Means
• Form
• Orientation
• Position
‘GEOMETRICAL’ Means
• Form (of a single feature)
• Orientation (of related features)
• Position (of related features)
Geometrical Tolerances
Characteristic Symbol
Straightness
Form of
Single
Feature
Straightness
Form of
Single
Feature
Straightness
Flatness
Form of
Single
Feature
Straightness
Flatness
Form of
Single
Feature
Straightness
Flatness
Form of
Single
Circularity / Roundness
Feature
Straightness
Flatness
Form of
Single
Feature
Straightness
Flatness
Form of
Single
Feature
Cylindricity
Straightness
Flatness
Form of
Single
Feature
Cylindricity
CHARACTERISTICS TO BE TOLERANCED
ORIENTATION PARALLELISM
OF RELATED
FEATURES
OF RELATED
FEATURES
OF RELATED PERPENDICULARITY
FEATURES (SQUARENESS)
ANGULARITY
ANGULARITY
POSITION OF
RELATED POSITION
FEATURES
Geometrical Tolerancing
POSITION OF
RELATED POSITION
FEATURES
POSITION OF
RELATED POSITION
FEATURES
CONCENTRICITY
COAXIALITY
POSITION OF
RELATED POSITION
FEATURES
CONCENTRICITY
COAXIALITY
POSITION OF
RELATED POSITION
FEATURES
CONCENTRICITY
COAXIALITY
SYMMETRY
POSITION OF
RELATED POSITION
FEATURES
CONCENTRICITY
COAXIALITY
SYMMETRY
Run-out is represented by ?
0.1
0.1 A
0.1 / 100 A
References:
• IS919:(2Parts)ISO System of Limits &
Fits
• IS8000:(4Parts)Tolerances of Form &
Position For Engineering Drawings
T MC
TOLERANCES OF FORM
For Single Feature

For Related Features
FLATNESS
SQUARENESS
PERPENDICULAR
STRAIGHTNESS TO:-
ANGULARITY
ROUNDNESS
CIRCULARITY
PARALLEL TO:-
CYLINDRICITY
RUNOUT
PROFILE
TOTAL RUNOUT
SURFACE

T MC
TOLERANCES OF POSITION
TRUE POSITION
CONCENTRICITY
SYMETRY

T MC
FLATNESS
Note! Surface finish
control can be used in
conjunction with
Flatness control BUT
NOT instead of Flatness
control

T MC FLATNESS
Inspection & Gauging methods

T MC STRAIGHTNESS
[Applied to a FLAT surface]

T MC STRAIGHTNESS
[Applied to a cylinder]

T MC STRAIGHTNESS
MAX. MATERIAL
(Use of Modifier) CONDITION
DIAMETER
32

T MC STRAIGHTNESS
Compare with
“Cylindricity”
call out later 31
32

T MC STRAIGHTNESS– Unit Length Basis
Compare with
“Cylindricity”
call out later
31
32

T MC ROUNDNESS (CIRCULARITY)

T MC Roundness of a Cone

T MC Inspecting Roundness

T MC Roundness of a Sphere

T MC CYLINDRICITY
25
26

T MC
Cylindricity & Roundness
0.05 M 0.10/25 M
Part or Element length
25mm
25
26

T MC ROUNDNESS & CYLINDRICITY
EVALUATION

T MC PROFILE
42
33

T MC SURFACE
37

T MC

T MC Application of
Tolerance Zone
Profile or Surface
Equi-spaced either side NOMINAL is Least NOMINAL is

of the NOMINAL form Material Condition Maximum Material
(LMC) Condition (MMC)
35

Complex Surface or Profile
Complex Surface or Profile
SURFACE
“Point-to-
point” or
“Between”
M
Preferred
option
“All round”
FEATURES
• A feature is a general term applied to

a physical portion of part, such as a
surface, hole or slots.
• An easy way to remember this term

is to think of a feature as a part
surface.
FEATURES
Features
Feature Of Size Non-Feature Of Size
External Internal
Feature Of Size Feature Of Size
FEATURE OF SIZE
• This is one cylindrical or spherical surface,
or set of two opposed elements or parallel
surfaces associated with size dimension
which has an axis, center line or center
plane contained within it.
• Features of size are features, which do

have diameter or thickness.
• These may be cylinders, such as shafts

and holes. They may also be slots,
rectangular or flat parts, where two
parallel flat surfaces are considered to
form a single feature.
How many feature of size are
there?
FEATURE OF SIZE NON FEATURE OF SIZE
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FOS
• External FOS are comprised of part

surfaces that are external surfaces.
– Like shaft diameter or width and height
of a planner surfaces.
• Internal FOS is comprised of part
surfaces (or elements) that are
internal part surfaces.
– like hole diameter or the width of a slot.
Example:
FEATURE OF SIZE
DIMENSIONS
• A feature of size dimension is a dimension
that is associated with a feature of size.
ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE
= PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART.
• The Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of

an external feature of size is a
similar perfect feature counterpart of
the smallest size that can be
circumscribed about the feature so it
just contacts the surfaces at the
highest points with in the tolerance
zone.
Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an
external FOS
ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE
= PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART
• The actual mating envelope (AME) of

an internal feature of size is a similar
perfect feature counterpart of the
largest size that can be inscribed
within the feature so that it just
contacts the surfaces at their highest
points with in the tolerance zone.
Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal
FOS
Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal
FOS
MATERIAL CONDITIONS
• A geometric tolerance can be specified to
apply at the largest size, smallest size or
actual size of a feature of size.
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

Maximum material condition is the
condition in which a feature of size
contains the maximum amount of material
everywhere within the stated limits of
size.
MMC of external Feature Of Size
MMC
MMC of internal Feature Of Size
MMC
LEAST MATERIAL
CONDITION (LMC)
• Least material condition is the condition in
which a feature of size contains the least
amount of material everywhere within the
stated limits of size .
LEAST
MATERIAL
CONDITION
Regardless of feature size
(RFS)
• Regardless of feature size is the term that
indicates a geometric tolerance applies at
any increment of size of the feature within
its size tolerance.
• RFS applied only to size features, such as

hole, shafts, pins, etc.; feature which have
an axis, centerplane or centerline.
• Symbol : S
Material Condition Usage
• Each material condition is used for different
functional reasons.
• Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply

at MMC when the function of a FOS is assembly.

at LMC to insure a minimum distance on a part.

at RFS to insure symmetrical relationships.
MODIFIERS
• Modifiers communicate additional

information about the drawing or
Tolerancing of a part.
• There are nine common modifiers

used in geometric tolerancing.
Nine modifiers
PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE
• Symbol: P
• The projected tolerance zone modifier changes
the location of the tolerance zone on the part.
• It projects the tolerance zone above the part

surface.
• Height of the projected tolerance zone should be

equal to the max. thickness of the mating part.
EXAMPLE
TANGENT PLANE MODIFIER
• The tangent plane modifier denotes that only
the tangent plane of the toleranced surface
needs to be within this tolerance zone.
DIAMETER MODIFIER
• The diameter symbol is used two ways:

inside a feature control frame as a modifier
to denote the shape of the tolerance zone,
or outside the feature control frame to
simply replace the word "diameter“.
Ø Inside the feature Ø Outside the feature
control frame control frame
Reference modifier
• The modifier for reference is simply
the method of denoting that
information is for reference only.
• The information is not to be used for

manufacturing or inspection.
• To designate a dimension or other

information as reference, the
reference information is enclosed in
parentheses.
Reference
Example:
RADIUS MODIFIER
• Arcs are dimensioned with radius symbol
on drawings.
• A radius is a straight line extending from
the center of an arc or a circle to its
surface.
• The Symbol for a radius is "R“.
• When the "R" symbol is used, it creates a
zone defined by two arcs.
• The part surface must lie within this zone.
• The part surface may have flats or
reversals within the tolerance zone.
Radius modifier
Controlled Radius
• The symbol for a controlled radius is "CR“.
• it creates a tolerance zone defined by two

arcs.
• The part surface must be within the

crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be an
arc without flats or reversals.
CONTROL RADIUS
INTRODUCTION TO
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
• Geometric characteristic symbols are a
set of fourteen Symbols used in the
language of geometric tolerancing.
• The symbols are divided into five
categories:
1. Form
2. Profile
3. Orientation
4. Location
5. Runout
Feature Control Frame
• Geometric tolerances are specified
on a drawing through the use of a
feature control frame.
Symbol of Zone of
P.D S.D T.D
Geometric Tol. Tolerance
W or w/o zone Modifier

Feature Control Frame
Direction of Lay
Surface Roughness
Surface roughness symbols
Surface roughness symbols
Method of Indicating Surface
Roughness
Roughness
Roughness
Roughness
Surface Finishes from Common Manufacturing Processes(Raw Material)
Roughness Value Ra in micrometer
No Process 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
1 Flame Cutting
2 Snagging Average Application
3 Sawing Less frequent Application
4 Sand Casting
5 Hot Rolling
6 Forging
7 Permanent Mold Casting
8 Investment Casting
9 Extruding
10 Cold Rolling, Drawing
11 Die Casting
Process 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
Surface Finishes from Common Manufacturing Processes (Machining)
Process 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
Drilling
Chemical Milling
Electro-discharge Machining
Milling
Broaching
Reaming
Boring, Turning
Process 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
Legend Average Application Less Frequent Application

Surface Finishes from Common Manufacturing Processes (Finishing)
Process 50 25 13 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
Barrel Finishing
Electrolytic Grinding
Roller Burnishing
Grinding
Honing
Polishing
Lapping
Superfinishing
Process 50 25 13 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
Legend Average Application Less Frequent Application

3.2
3.2
Specified Roughness may be

obtained by any production
method
3.2
3.2
Specified Roughness may be

obtained by machining
3.2
3.2
Specified Roughness to be
obtained without removal of
material
Machining Symbol
b
c
a
e d
Machining Symbol
‘a’ - Roughness Value in microns
b
‘b’- Production method / Treatment / Coating
c
‘c’ - Sampling Length
a
‘d’ - Direction of Lay
‘e’ - M/C allowance e d
SYMBOLS USED TO DENOTE SURFACE
ROUGHNESS
OLD METHOD
PRESENT
METHOD IN
0.012 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2
MICRON
IN
GRADES
N1 N2 N3 N4
ROUGHNESS
OLD METHOD
PRESENT
METHOD IN
0.4 0.8
MICRON
IN
GRADES
N5 N6
ROUGHNESS
OLD METHOD
PRESENT
METHOD IN
1.6 3.2 6.3
MICRON
IN
GRADES
N7 N8 N9
ROUGHNESS
OLD METHOD
PRESENT
METHOD IN
12.5 25
MICRON
IN
GRADES
N9 N10
ROUGHNESS
OLD METHOD
PRESENT
METHOD IN
50
MICRON
IN
GRADES
N12
Thank You

Engineering Drawing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Drawing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Drawing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENGINEERING DRAWING

It is the art of representing Mechanical objects such as

It is the art of representing civil objects such as Bridges, dams,

It is the art of representing electrical objects like Motor,

should be shown under each relevant detail.

ISI RECOMMENDED SCALES

Full Scale Reduced Scale Enlarged Scale

1:1 1:2 100:1

For engineering drawings the lines shown in the table below

Center line should project for a short distance beyond the

Hidden lines to show interior or hidden surfaces should be

• Centerlines – used to represent symmetry and to

• Visible lines takes precedence over all other

• Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take

• Center lines have lowest precedence

Dashed Line Special Case Intersections

Front View Right Side View Front Right

9Center Line (of motion)

• Dimensions allow a part to be

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

See Essentials of Engineering Design Graphics

• AutoCAD does semi-automatic dimensioning

• The dimensioning commands can be

• Linear dimensions are use to show basic

• Leaders are used to apply thread notes

• By selecting a circular feature (arc or

See Essentials of AutoCAD by Whiteacre

Break away sharp

Metric Units and Metric Units and

Rough surfaces that

• Apply dimensions to objects using

• Reference: Technical Graphics, Chap 3:

• Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D

• Suspend the object with transparent strings

• Freeze the view from each direction (each of the

• Animation illustrates glass-box approach

• Available on the FEH website:

• First Angle – International

Top View Depth

• Review – Sectioning of Revolved Solids