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Univariate Bivariate & Multivariate Analysis of Data

This document discusses various topics related to quantifying and analyzing data. It covers defining variables, coding data, data cleaning procedures like checking for errors and inconsistencies, and basic univariate and bivariate analyses. These include measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, contingency tables to examine relationships between two variables, and the purposes of univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis techniques.

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Leah Mae Agustin
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462 views

Univariate Bivariate & Multivariate Analysis of Data

This document discusses various topics related to quantifying and analyzing data. It covers defining variables, coding data, data cleaning procedures like checking for errors and inconsistencies, and basic univariate and bivariate analyses. These include measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, contingency tables to examine relationships between two variables, and the purposes of univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis techniques.

Uploaded by

Leah Mae Agustin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantifying Data

Data Entry
 Define variables, enter case data, conduct runs

 Coding and Recoding


– If numeric values not pre-assigned, decide
on coding system

– If there is open-ended data, would need to


decide how to deal with responses
 

 Defining your variables


Data Cleaning
 Reread each set of responses back (immediately) to
confirm accuracy
 “Possible-code cleaning”
– easiest way to check is to run a frequency
distribution
 

 Contingency cleaning
– On the “if” questions
 

 “Sort” by response
– do you recycle… then check the “what do you
recycle” variable
 Can also run cross tabs and make sure cells are
empty
Basic Analysis – Measures of Central Tendency
 Mean: sum of values divided by the number of
cases
– simple average

 Median: middle attribute in a list of observed


attributes
– extreme cases eliminated
 

 Mode: most frequently occurring attribute


– used with nominal variables, i.e.. sex
• most respondents were women
• usually report with percentage, 60% were women
Cross Tabs
 Used often with Bivariate data

 Convention usually places


– “independent variables” across top in
columns

– “dependent variables” in rows below


Coding and data entry options
 Transfer sheets are special forms ruled off in
80 columns

 Edge coding involves recording code #'s in


margins of questionnaires

 Direct data entry involves entering data directly


into computer; eliminating transfer sheets

 Data entry by interviewer (CATI)

 Optical scan sheets


Coding
 What is it?
– It is the assignment of numerical values to
information or responses gathered by
a research instrument

 Codebook: describes the locations of


variables and lists the codes assigned to
the attributes of the variables
Data Management Process
 concerned with the process by which raw
data gathered by some instrument are
converted into numbers for analysis
purposes
 Collect information with data gathering instrument

 Use codebook to transfer this information to a transfer


sheet or code sheet (optional)

 Create data file from information on code sheet by


entering data from a computer keyboard

 Check/clean up data file for accuracy


– Data cleaning done by
– Computer edit programs
– Examine distributions
– Contingency cleaning
 What about open-ended items?
– Read through responses a create a preliminary code
based on responses

– If more than 10% of responses fall into "other"


category, code needs to be revised to include many of
these responses
Elementary Quantitative Analyses
 To understand the meaning of
univariate, bivariate, and multivariate
analysis

 To become familiar with the meaning


of several univariate and bivariate
statistics
Analysis Strategies
 Why do we have to have them?
– People who read our ‘research’
are interested in the highlights
– Should try to communicate
findings in an understandable and
‘painless fashion’
Three types of analysis
 Univariate analysis
– the examination of the distribution of cases on
only one variable at a time (e.g., college
graduation)
 Bivariate analysis
– the examination of two variables
simultaneously (e.g., the relation between
gender and college graduation)
 Multivariate analysis
– the examination of more than two variables
simultaneously (e.g., the relationship between
gender, race, and college graduation)
“Purpose”
 Univariate analysis
– Purpose: description
 Bivariate analysis
– Purpose: determining the empirical
relationship between the two variables
 Multivariate analysis
– Purpose: determining the empirical
relationship among the variables
Types of Statistics
 Techniques that summarize and describe
characteristics of a group or make
comparisons of characteristics between
groups are knows as descriptive statistics.

 Inferential statistics are used to make


generalizations or inferences about a
population based on findings from a sample.

 The choice of a type of analysis is based on


the evaluation questions, the type of data
collected, and the audience who will receive
the results. 
Univariate Analysis
 Involves examination of the distribution
of cases on only ONE variable at a time
 Frequency distributions are listings of the
number of cases in each attribute of a
variable
– Ungrouped frequency distribution
– Grouped frequency distribution

 Proportions express number of cases of


the criterion variable as part of the total
population; frequency of criterion
variable divided by N
 Percentages are simple 100 X
proportion
– Or [100 X (frequency of criterion
variable divided by N)]

 Rates make comparisons more


meaningful by controlling for
population differences
Measures of Central Tendency
 Measures of central tendency reflect the
central tendencies of a distribution

– Mode reflects the attribute with the


greatest frequency

– Median reflects the attribute that


cuts the distribution in half

– Mean reflects the average; sum of


attributes divided by # of cases
Measures of Dispersion
 Measures of dispersion reflect the
spread or distribution of the
distribution
– Range is the difference between largest &
smallest scores; high – low
– Variance is the average of the squared
differences between each observation and
the mean
– Standard deviation is the square root of
variance
Types of Variables
 Continuous: increase steadily in tiny
fractions

 Discrete: jumps from category to


category
Subgroup Comparisons
 Somewhere between univariate &
bivariate, are Subgroup Comparisons

 Present descriptive univariate data for


each of several subgroups
– Ratios: compare the number of cases in one
category with the number in another
Bivariate Analysis
 Bivariate analysis focus on the
relationship between two
variables
Contingency Tables
 Format: attributes of independent variable
are used as column headings and attributes of
the dependent variable are used as row
headings
 Guidelines for presenting & interpreting
contingency tables
– Contents of table described in title
– Attributes of each variable clearly described
– Base on which percentages are computed should be
shown
– Norm is to percentage down & compare across
– Table should indicate # of cases omitted from analysis
Multivariate Analysis
 Multivariate Analysis allow the
separate and combined effects of
the independent variable to be
examined

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