CHE 464

Submitted By: Merve Ece Akkan

Meral Göçmen
Submitted To: Assist. Prof. Ekrem Özdemir
FILTRATION TYPES

BIOFILTRATION

FILTER MEDIA AND EQUIPMENT

SCALEUP AND DESIGN OF FILTRATION SYSTEMS

FILTRATION PRINCIPLES

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There are three major types of filtration: biological,
mechanical, and chemical. Most filtering systems
either use one of these or a combination of the three.
Biological filtration is the most complicated of the
three.
Mechanical filtration is the simplest of the three
types of filtration. Mechanical filtration relies on a
matrix material, such as fiber floss, to capture
particles in the water which is passed through it. As a
result, tiny particles are removed from the water, and
gradually begin to accumulate in the matrix material.
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Chemical filtration is the last of the three types of
filtration. Chemical filtration relies on adsorption and
adsorption of molecular compound in the water by a
filter media. There are a vast number of filter media,
the most common of them being the tiny bubbles
used by a protein skimmer, which attract molecular
particles in the water, and cause them to collect in a
container.

Source: http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/aquariums/874
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Filtration is used to separate particulate or solute
components in a fluid suspension or solution
according to their size by flowing under a pressure
differential through a porous medium. There are two
broad catagories of biological filtration which differ
according to the direction of the fluid feed in relation
to the filter medium.

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The fluid flows perpendicular to the medium, which
generally results in a cake of solids depositing on the
filter medium. Conventional filtration is typically used
when a product has been secreted from cells, and the
cells must be removed to obtain the product that is
dissolved in the liquid. Antibiotics and steroids are
often processed by using conventional filtration to
remove the cells. Conventional filtration is also
commonly used for sterile filtration in
biopharmaceutical production.

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The fluid flows parallel to the medium to minimize
buildup of solids on the medium. Crossflow filtration
has been used in a wide variety of applications,
including the separation of cells from a product that
has been secreted, the concentration of cells, the
removal of cell debris from cells that have been lysed,
the concentration of protein solutions, the exchange
or removal of a salt or salts in a protein solution, and
the removal of viruses from protein solutions.

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Figure 1: Schematic diagrams for filtration types.

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 Woven fabrics (>10 µm)
 Metal fabrics or screens (>5 µm; nickel, copper, brass,
aluminum, stainless steel)
 Rigid porous sheets and tubes (metals, silica, porcelain,
and synthetic polymers)
 Biological and synthetic polymeric membrane filters for
sterile filtrations (>0.22 and >0.45 µm)
 Filter Aids (diatomite and perlite) for improving filtrations

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Figure 2: Plate and Frame Filters Figure 3: Rotary-Drum Vacuum Filters
Figures are from respectively, http://www.china-filterpress.com/guidance.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotary_vacuum-drum_filter.svg 10
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 Ultrafiltration (UF) and Microporous (MF) membranes
 MF membranes - Pore size: > 0.1 µm; Molecular weight
cutoff (MWCO) > 1,000,000 Da
 UF membranes – Pore size: 0.001 to 0.1 µm; MWCO:
1,000 Da - 1,000,000 Da
 UF and MF membranes are generally made of polymers
such as cellulose acetate, polyamide, polyester,
polycarbonate, polyethylene, regenerated cellulose,
poly(vinylidine fluoride) (PVDF),
poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)

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Figure 4: Hollow-fiber module Figure 5: Spiral module
Figures are from respectively, http://www.co2crc.com.au/aboutccs/cap_membranes.html,
http://www.co2crc.com.au/images/imagelibrary/cap_diag/spiral_wound_membrane_media.jpg 13
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Small-scale testing procedures are described for the
two basic types of conventional filtration, vacuum
filtration and pressure filtration. A large majority of
all continuous filters use vacuum as the driving force
for filtration. Occasionally, however, an enclosed
pressure filter is needed in a bioprocess because of the
presence of biohazards.

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More different types of designs possible for crossflow
filtration compared to conventional filtration because
of the various modes of operation that can be used for
crossflow filtration and because there is often a choice
between batch and continuous operation for
crossflow filtration. The determination of size of a
plant unit can be done by a direct scaleup of the
filtration area based on the feed or output flowrate.

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For this scaleup, however it is important that the
following variables be kept constant.
 Inlet and outlet pressures
 Crossflow velocity
 Flow channel sizes (height and width)
 Feed stream properties
 Membrane type and configuration

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Darcy’s Law describes the flow of liquid through a
porous bed of solids and can be written as follows:

Eqn. 1

• Where V is the volume of filtrate, t is time, A is the cross-

sectional area of exposed filter medium, Δp is the pressure
drop through the bed of solids (medium plus cake), µ0 is the
viscosity of the filtrate, R is the resistance of the porous bed.

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R is a combination of the filter medium resistance
(Rm) and cake solids resistance (R c).

Eqn. 2

•If we write R c in terms of a specific cake resistance α as

follows:
Eqn. 3

•Where ρc is the mass of dry cake solids per volume of

filtrate.
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• When we combine Equations 1, 2 and 3 and integrate
for the case of zero filtrate at the time zero, we obtain:

Eqn. 4

• This is a convenient form of the integrated equation, since a

plot of t/(V/A) versus V/A should give a straight line.
Filtration data plotted in this manner for Streptomyces
Griseus fermentation broth are shown in the Figure 6.

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Figure 6: Filtration data for Streptomyces Griseus broth with ΔP=2.0
bar. 21
At steady state the rate of convective mass transfer of
solute equal to the rate of mass transfer of solute by
diffusion away from the membrane surface, which is
described by the Fick’s Law:

Eqn. 5

• Where J is the transmembrane fluid flux, c is the concentration

of the solute, and D is the diffusion coefficient of the solute.

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Figure 7: Schematic representation of the boundary layer in crossflow
filtration with a dissolved solute in the feed.

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 For a boundary layer thickness of δ, the solution of
the Fick’s Law is:
Eqn. 6

• Where cw is the elevation of the solute concentration at the

membrane surface, cb is the elevation of the solute
concentration in the bulk solution.
• The term D/δ can be also defined as a mass transfer
coefficient k.
•The ratio cw/cb is called the polarization modulus and indicates
the extent of concentration polarization.
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 For laminar flow, boundary layer theory has been
applied to yield analytical solutions (known as the
Leveque and Graetz solutions) for k:

Eqn. 7

• Where γw is the fluid shear rate at the membrane surface

and L is the length of the flow channel over the membrane.

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The equation for a rectangular slit of height 2h and
bulk stream velocity ub is,

Eqn. 8

•The equation for a circular tube of diameter D is,

Eqn. 9

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  For turbulent flow, emprical correlations have been developed for the
mass transfer coefficient. These correlations are based upon
dimensional analysis of the equations of change for forced convection
mass transfer in a closed channel, which gives:

Eqn. 10

• A typical correlation that has been developed for this Sherwood number
is:
Eqn. 11
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 THANKS
FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION

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