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Mri 10

This document discusses various artifacts that can occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It describes artifacts related to patient motion, physiological motion like respiration and cardiac motion, as well as metal artifacts caused by implants or other metallic objects. It provides examples of how these artifacts appear on MRI images and discusses various methods that can be used to reduce or correct artifacts, such as patient immobilization, gating, and adjusting imaging parameters.

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Hatem Dheer
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44 views

Mri 10

This document discusses various artifacts that can occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It describes artifacts related to patient motion, physiological motion like respiration and cardiac motion, as well as metal artifacts caused by implants or other metallic objects. It provides examples of how these artifacts appear on MRI images and discusses various methods that can be used to reduce or correct artifacts, such as patient immobilization, gating, and adjusting imaging parameters.

Uploaded by

Hatem Dheer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MRI artefacts

• As we all know, real life is far from perfect and MRI is just as bad! MR
scanners do not have absolutely uniform magnetic fields, the
gradients don’t produce exactly the pulse shapes programmed by the
pulse sequence and patients don’t keep still. These problems, and
many others, produce artefacts in MR images
• In this chapter we will describe the most common artefacts
encountered in MRI, along with ways to avoid or minimize them.
MRI artefacts
• Many different artefacts can occur during magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), some affecting the diagnostic quality, while others may
be confused with pathology.

• An artefact is a feature appearing in an image that is not


present in the original object.

• Artefacts depending on their origin can be classified as patientrelated,


signal processing-dependent and hardware (machine)-related.
MRI artefacts
• We well presents an overview of MRI artefacts and possible rectifying
methods.
• It is important to recognize these artefacts and have a basic
understanding of their origin, especially those mimicking pathology.

• It is impossible to eliminate all artifacts though they can be reduced


to acceptable level.(Why?????)
MRI artefacts
• Patient-related MR artefacts
Motion is one of the most common artefacts in MR imaging, causing
either ghost images or diffuse image noise in the phase-encoding
direction.
While a few twitches or only small movements
cause a few subtle ghosts which may leave
an acceptable image.
MRI artefacts
Why are ghosts only produced in the phase-encode direction?

The reason for mainly affecting data sampling in the phase-encoding


direction is the significant difference in the time of acquisition in the
frequency- and phase-encoding directions.
MRI artefacts
• Frequency-encoding sampling in all the row of the matrix (128, 256 or
512) takes place during a single echo (milliseconds).
• Phase-encoded sampling takes several seconds, or even minutes,
owing to the collection of all the k-space lines to enable Fourier
analysis.
• Major physiological movements are of millisecond to seconds
duration and thus too slow to affect frequency-encoded sampling, but
they have a pronounced effect in the phase-encoding direction.
K-space
. An area where data are stored until the scan is over
K-space
• The cells of k-space are commonly displayed on rectangular grid with
principal axes kx and ky. The kx and ky axes of k-space correspond to
the horizontal (x-) and vertical (y-) axes of the image. The k-axes,
however, represent spatial frequencies in the x- and y-directions
rather than positions. The individual points (kx , ky ) in k-space do not
correspond one-to-one with individual pixels (x,y) in the image. Each
k-space point contains spatial frequency and phase information about
every pixel in the final image. Conversely, each pixel in the image
maps to every point in k-space.
MRI artefacts
Patients may move involuntarily if they are suffering from a movement
disorder, or they may have difficulty understanding or remembering the
instructions to keep still during the scan. In these cases it may be
necessary to sedate the patient or even use a general anesthetic in
order to get a diagnostic scan.
MRI artefacts
More often patients become uncomfortable in the scanner and move to relieve
pain or muscle cramps. Careful preparation for the scan should minimize the
patient’s discomfort. This should include a clear description of what they will
hear and feel during the imaging, as well as using pads and immobilization
straps to help them keep still. Visco-elastic foam cushions are particularly useful
for making the patient comfortable and able to lie still for long periods.

If a scan is unacceptably degraded due to motion artefact, the only solution is


to repeat the scan.
MRI artefacts
• 1. Physiological motion
• Respiration, the beating heart and peristalsis can all cause motion
artefacts on scans, appearing as multiple ghost images in the phase-
encoding direction. Ghost image intensity increases with amplitude
of movement and the signal intensity from the moving tissue.
MRI artefacts
• For scans of the chest, heart and abdomen, these artefacts clearly
must be minimized in order to produce diagnostic images, but there
are also other situations where motion correction improves the scan.
For example, a brachial plexus scan looks better with respiratory and
cardiac gating, although the artefact may not interfere directly with
the anatomy of interest.
MRI artefacts
• Several methods can be used to reduce motion artefacts, including
patient immobilisation,1 cardiac and respiratory gating,2 signal
suppression of the tissue causing the artefact,1 choosing the shorter
dimension of the matrix as the phase-encoding direction, view-
ordering or phase-reordering methods3 and swapping phase and
frequency-encoding directions1 to move the artefact out of the field
of interest.
MRI artefacts
• 2. Metal artefacts
• Metal artefacts occur at interfaces of tissues with different magnetic
susceptibilities, which cause local magnetic fields to distort the external
magnetic field.
• This distortion changes the precession frequency in the tissue leading to spatial
mismapping of information. The degree of distortion depends on the type of
metal (stainless steel having a greater distorting effect than titanium alloy),4 the
type of interface (most striking effect at soft tissue-metal interfaces), pulse
sequence and imaging parameters.
MRI artefacts
• Metal artefacts are caused by external ferromagnetics such as cobalt containing
make-up, or internal ferromagnetics such as surgical clips, spinal hardware and
other orthopedic devices.
• Manifestation of these artefacts is variable, including
• total signal loss,peripheral high signal and image distortion

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